Integrated rice-shrimp as a smart strategy to cope with climate change in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Integrated rice-shrimp as a smart strategy to cope with climate change in

the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

MontpellierMarch 16-18, 2015

Trinh Q. Tu1, Tran V. Nhuong2, Phan T. Lam3

1Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Vietnam2WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia3Research Institute for Aquaculture No.2, Vietnam

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Results

4. Conclusions & recommendations



Introduction

• The MD extents 4.0mil.ha, is the country’s“rice bowl & fish baket”

• Rice & aqua. constitute a major part of dietand livelihoods and for export.

Rice : > 54 % of the country’s total

Aqua: > 72 % (GSO 2011)

+ Shrimp: 94 %



• Among three most vulnerable deltas to impactsof CC & SLR (UNDP 2011; Francisco 2011)

o 1m SLR: flooding 39% of area; affecting 35% of the pop.

The need for more sustainable approach:

o Increases productivity & resilience

o Reduces GHGs emission

o Enhances national food security & dev. goals

Introduction



• Integrated agri-aqua are widespread in the MD

• SR started in 1960s, increased substantially sincethe 1980s.

Shrimp culture in dry season

Rice cultivation in wet season

89

.50

86

.23

11

8.0

1

11

1.8

0

14

3.0

0

13

0.7

6

13

4.3

1

16

8.6

3

16

0.3

3

16

3.5

7

33

2.5

7

38

1.1

9

39

1.2

2

41

0.7

9

41

3.9

2

43

1.5

9

42

2.9

6

41

5.9

9

39

3.6

6

40

2.9

1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Shrimp-rice area (ha) Other shrimp area (ha)

Introduction



Study objectives:

Evaluate the potential of Integrated shrimp-rice practice as a CSA to cope with CC.

Research questions:

• What is perforemace of SR production?;

• To what extent do SR contribute to rural HH’s income/food security, resilience & mitigation to to CC?

Introduction



Methodology

My Xuyen

District

Study site:

My Xuyen dist., Soc Trang prov.

• 2FGDs + 1 SW

• HH survey in 9 communes (2014)

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2gGh7KsmiFBZmM&tbnid=O0H8fBcgh7BWrM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=https://www.challengetochange.org/climate.htm&ei=ruphUuHSD5HM9gTh6IBo&psig=AFQjCNECqo2d7V8wVjsTyY-ePDZa9M-Yig&ust=1382235182312882

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=2gGh7KsmiFBZmM&tbnid=O0H8fBcgh7BWrM:&ved=0CAgQjRwwAA&url=https://www.challengetochange.org/climate.htm&ei=ruphUuHSD5HM9gTh6IBo&psig=AFQjCNECqo2d7V8wVjsTyY-ePDZa9M-Yig&ust=1382235182312882



Farming type

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp Total

Surv

eyed c

om

mune

Gia Hoa 1 8 2 10

Gia Hoa 2 12 1 13

Hoa Tu 1 6 4 10

Hoa Tu 2 7 19 26

Ngoc Dong 14 9 23

Ngoc To 3 15 18

Tham Don 0 6 6

Thanh Phu 3 4 7

Thanh Quoi 11 2 13

Total 64 62 126

Methodology



Results

Before 1982 2002 2004 2011 20131982 -2001 -2004 -2011 -2013 -2014

Mono rice

• Shrimp-rice practice• Mono-shrimp & Rice

shrimp areas

• Intensified mono shrimp (30%)

•Disease outbreak•Move to shrimp rice

• Keep shrimp-rice system•Species shifted

• Keep shrimp-rice system• Disease outbreak

Historical development of My Xuyen



J F M A M J J A S O N D

Shrimp-rice

1S(T) + 1R

2S(W) + 1R

Mono-shrimp

2S (T)

3S (W)

RR R R

RR R R

Crop calendar

Results



Tiger shrimp, 6.5%

White-leg shrimp, 45.2%

Both, 48.4%

Mono-Shrimp

Tiger shrimp, 23.4%

White-leg shrimp, 25.0%

Both, 51.6%

Shrimp-rice

ResultsCulture species



ResultsProduction performance

Farming type

Shrimp-rice Mono-Shrimp

M Std. Dev M Std. Dev

Shrimp area (ha) 1.04 0.61 1.20 0.80

Rice area (are) 0.71 0.42 - -

Shrimp stocking

density (ind. m-2)14.10 12.42 16.47 15.32

Shrimp yield (kg ha-1) 595.88 499.64 1,170.95 994.92

Rice yield (kg ha-1) 5,569.26 2,113.34 - -



ResultsProduction income

Net profits (VND mil./HH/year) N Mean Std. DeviationShrimp Shrimp-rice 64 60.87 199.52

Mono-Shrimp 62 115.92 217.86

Rice Shrimp-rice 64 19.88 12.44

Mono-Shrimp 62 - -

Total Shrimp-rice 64 80.76 196.83

Mono-Shrimp 62 115.92 217.86

Total 126 98.06 207.36



ResultsHH’s income share

70.59

83.23

10

.59

4.4

3

4.6

2

3.0

3

0.5

5

1.9

510

.81

10

.21

0

20

40

60

80

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp

Shrimp Rice

Livestock Hired labor

Crop Other



Contribute to reduce GHG emissionInput use (vnd .000/kg) N Mean Std. Deviation

Petrol Shrimp-rice 43 4.32 4.67

Mono-shrimp 53 5.85 14.20

ChemicalsShrimp-rice 52 12.47 10.75

Mono-shrimp 57 13.25 22.73

Electricity

Shrimp-rice 27 5.65 4.24

Mono-shrimp 46 6.41 4.64

Total 73 6.13 4.48

Results



Contribution to reduce GHG emission

Results

RICE productionEstimatedby officer

(Mono rice)

Surveyd(Shrimp-rice)

Total revenue (VND mil./ha) 42.00 33.88

Total costs (VND mil./ha) 23.58 11.55

- Chemicals/Fetilizers (VND mil./ha)

12.09 4.09

Total benefits(VND mil./ha) 18.42 22.33



ResultsCSA perception

CSA_Q1 Increase HH’s income

CSA_Q2 Increase HH’s food production

CSA_Q3 Reduce risks from CC & disease outbreak

CSA_Q4 Increase resilience & reproduction

CSA_Q5 Reduce use of chemicals & fertilizers

CSA_Q6 Reduce soild degradation

CSA_Q7 Reduce water pollution

Q: Evaluate the SMART ability of the SR system to response to impacts of CC (likert scale from 1-5) :

1= Not at all to 5 = Very much



ResultsCSA perception

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp Total(N=64) (N=62) (N=126)

CSA_Q1 4.02 3.98 4.00CSA_Q2 4.14 4.18 4.16CSA_Q3 4.23 4.15 4.19CSA_Q4 4.25 4.32 4.29CSA_Q5 4.41 4.42 4.41CSA_Q6 4.30 4.37 4.33CSA_Q7 4.20 4.21 4.21Cronbach's Alpha

0.85 0.87 0.86



Conclusions

Economics:

• Better financial security

• Food security for the farm HH

Environment:

• Less use of chemicals & fertilizers

• Reduce soil degradation & water pollution

Social issue:

• Reduce inequality



Recommendations

• Detailed planning for SR area, including infrastructure development.

• Research on high salinity tolerance rice

• Formation of associations/cooperatives

• Increase awareness on CC & its impacts



Thank you !