Integrated rice-shrimp as a smart strategy to cope with climate change in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Integrated rice-shrimp as a smart strategy to cope with climate change in

the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

MontpellierMarch 16-18, 2015

Trinh Q. Tu1, Tran V. Nhuong2, Phan T. Lam3

1Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1, Vietnam2WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia3Research Institute for Aquaculture No.2, Vietnam

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Outline

1. Introduction

2. Methodology

3. Results

4. Conclusions & recommendations

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Introduction

• The MD extents 4.0mil.ha, is the country’s“rice bowl & fish baket”

• Rice & aqua. constitute a major part of dietand livelihoods and for export.

Rice : > 54 % of the country’s total

Aqua: > 72 % (GSO 2011)

+ Shrimp: 94 %

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

• Among three most vulnerable deltas to impactsof CC & SLR (UNDP 2011; Francisco 2011)

o 1m SLR: flooding 39% of area; affecting 35% of the pop.

The need for more sustainable approach:

o Increases productivity & resilience

o Reduces GHGs emission

o Enhances national food security & dev. goals

Introduction

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

• Integrated agri-aqua are widespread in the MD

• SR started in 1960s, increased substantially sincethe 1980s.

Shrimp culture in dry season

Rice cultivation in wet season

89

.50

86

.23

11

8.0

1

11

1.8

0

14

3.0

0

13

0.7

6

13

4.3

1

16

8.6

3

16

0.3

3

16

3.5

7

33

2.5

7

38

1.1

9

39

1.2

2

41

0.7

9

41

3.9

2

43

1.5

9

42

2.9

6

41

5.9

9

39

3.6

6

40

2.9

1

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Shrimp-rice area (ha) Other shrimp area (ha)

Introduction

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Study objectives:

Evaluate the potential of Integrated shrimp-rice practice as a CSA to cope with CC.

Research questions:

• What is perforemace of SR production?;

• To what extent do SR contribute to rural HH’s income/food security, resilience & mitigation to to CC?

Introduction

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Methodology

My Xuyen

District

Study site:

My Xuyen dist., Soc Trang prov.

• 2FGDs + 1 SW

• HH survey in 9 communes (2014)

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Farming type

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp Total

Surv

eyed c

om

mune

Gia Hoa 1 8 2 10

Gia Hoa 2 12 1 13

Hoa Tu 1 6 4 10

Hoa Tu 2 7 19 26

Ngoc Dong 14 9 23

Ngoc To 3 15 18

Tham Don 0 6 6

Thanh Phu 3 4 7

Thanh Quoi 11 2 13

Total 64 62 126

Methodology

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Results

Before 1982 2002 2004 2011 20131982 -2001 -2004 -2011 -2013 -2014

Mono rice

• Shrimp-rice practice• Mono-shrimp & Rice

shrimp areas

• Intensified mono shrimp (30%)

•Disease outbreak•Move to shrimp rice

• Keep shrimp-rice system•Species shifted

• Keep shrimp-rice system• Disease outbreak

Historical development of My Xuyen

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

J F M A M J J A S O N D

Shrimp-rice

1S(T) + 1R

2S(W) + 1R

Mono-shrimp

2S (T)

3S (W)

RR R R

RR R R

Crop calendar

Results

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Tiger shrimp, 6.5%

White-leg shrimp, 45.2%

Both, 48.4%

Mono-Shrimp

Tiger shrimp, 23.4%

White-leg shrimp, 25.0%

Both, 51.6%

Shrimp-rice

ResultsCulture species

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

ResultsProduction performance

Farming type

Shrimp-rice Mono-Shrimp

M Std. Dev M Std. Dev

Shrimp area (ha) 1.04 0.61 1.20 0.80

Rice area (are) 0.71 0.42 - -

Shrimp stocking

density (ind. m-2)14.10 12.42 16.47 15.32

Shrimp yield (kg ha-1) 595.88 499.64 1,170.95 994.92

Rice yield (kg ha-1) 5,569.26 2,113.34 - -

Research Institute for

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ResultsProduction income

Net profits (VND mil./HH/year) N Mean Std. DeviationShrimp Shrimp-rice 64 60.87 199.52

Mono-Shrimp 62 115.92 217.86

Rice Shrimp-rice 64 19.88 12.44

Mono-Shrimp 62 - -

Total Shrimp-rice 64 80.76 196.83

Mono-Shrimp 62 115.92 217.86

Total 126 98.06 207.36

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

ResultsHH’s income share

70.59

83.23

10

.59

4.4

3

4.6

2

3.0

3

0.5

5

1.9

510

.81

10

.21

0

20

40

60

80

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp

Shrimp Rice

Livestock Hired labor

Crop Other

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Contribute to reduce GHG emissionInput use (vnd .000/kg) N Mean Std. Deviation

Petrol Shrimp-rice 43 4.32 4.67

Mono-shrimp 53 5.85 14.20

ChemicalsShrimp-rice 52 12.47 10.75

Mono-shrimp 57 13.25 22.73

Electricity

Shrimp-rice 27 5.65 4.24

Mono-shrimp 46 6.41 4.64

Total 73 6.13 4.48

Results

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Contribution to reduce GHG emission

Results

RICE productionEstimatedby officer

(Mono rice)

Surveyd(Shrimp-rice)

Total revenue (VND mil./ha) 42.00 33.88

Total costs (VND mil./ha) 23.58 11.55

- Chemicals/Fetilizers (VND mil./ha)

12.09 4.09

Total benefits(VND mil./ha) 18.42 22.33

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ResultsCSA perception

CSA_Q1 Increase HH’s income

CSA_Q2 Increase HH’s food production

CSA_Q3 Reduce risks from CC & disease outbreak

CSA_Q4 Increase resilience & reproduction

CSA_Q5 Reduce use of chemicals & fertilizers

CSA_Q6 Reduce soild degradation

CSA_Q7 Reduce water pollution

Q: Evaluate the SMART ability of the SR system to response to impacts of CC (likert scale from 1-5) :

1= Not at all to 5 = Very much

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ResultsCSA perception

Shrimp-rice Mono-shrimp Total(N=64) (N=62) (N=126)

CSA_Q1 4.02 3.98 4.00CSA_Q2 4.14 4.18 4.16CSA_Q3 4.23 4.15 4.19CSA_Q4 4.25 4.32 4.29CSA_Q5 4.41 4.42 4.41CSA_Q6 4.30 4.37 4.33CSA_Q7 4.20 4.21 4.21Cronbach's Alpha

0.85 0.87 0.86

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Conclusions

Economics:

• Better financial security

• Food security for the farm HH

Environment:

• Less use of chemicals & fertilizers

• Reduce soil degradation & water pollution

Social issue:

• Reduce inequality

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Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Recommendations

• Detailed planning for SR area, including infrastructure development.

• Research on high salinity tolerance rice

• Formation of associations/cooperatives

• Increase awareness on CC & its impacts

Research Institute for

Aquaculture No1 (RIA1)

Thank you !