History of computers

Van Hoang Nguyen

Mail: [email protected]

Department of Computer Science

Introduction to Computer Architecture

Introduction to Computer ArchitectureVAN HOANG NGUYEN

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Agenda

• What is a computer?

• Classes of computers

• What is computer architecture?

• History of computers


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What is a computer ?


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Is a device which processes information


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Classes of computers

• Have many ways to clasify

• Essential of Material

– Machanics

– Electronics

– Biology

• How is used

– Desktop computer

– Server computer

– Embedded computer


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What „s computer architecture?

How to make a computer?

Step 04

Determine

requirementsSpecify

requirements

Design

Step 1 Sep 02 Step 03

Implementation

Instruction Set Architecture(ISA) Organization Hardware


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What‟s computer architecture?

• Programer‟view: ISA – Amdahl,1964

• Design of Computer system from it‟sinstruction set and structure down to functionunits – Harold S. Stone, 1987

• System concept integrating hardware,softwarem algorithm and languages – Hwangand Briggs, 1984

• Instruction Set Design, Organization, andHardware – Hennessy and Patterson, 1990


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What‟s computer architecture?

Computer system‟s Abstraction Levels

Compiler

Instr. Set Proc I/O System

Data Path and Control

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Layout

OS

ISA

Application• Coordination of many levelsof abstraction

• Under a rapidly changingset of forces

• Design, Measurement, andEvaluation


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History of computers

Abacus

• Abacus considered first mechanicalcomputing device

• Used beads and rods to count numbers.


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William Oughtred (1575–1660)

• 1612, John Napier used floating pointarithmetic and invented the logarithm

• 1622, William Oughtred created the sliderule based on Napier‟s logarithms.


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Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)

• 1642, Blaise Pascal created a machinewhich could add and substract,automatically carrying numbers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise_Pascal


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Gottfried Leibniz(1646–1716)

• 1673, Gottfried Leibnitz built a calculatorwhich could mutiply as well.

http://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Lebniz.html


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Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834)

• Starting the industrial age

http://www.thocp.net/timeline/1773.htmhttp://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/manufactures/textile/jacquard.htm

• He invented an automatic loom usingpunched cards to control patterns in thefabrics.


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Charles Babbage(1752–1834)

• 1833, He designed the Analytical Engine

http://www.computermuseum.li/Testpage/DifferenceEngineBabbage.htmhttp://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2008/04/01/43442/babbages-difference-engine-heads-for-california.htm

• 1822, He designed the Difference Enginewhich can compute navigational tables.

• 1991, it is built by the Science Museum inLondon


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Herman Hollerith(1860–1929)

• Founded Hollerith Tabulating CompanyWhich became IBM in 1924

http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/accession/102630712http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith

http://s960.photobucket.com/albums/ae87/writeaprogram/Nov2010/?action=view&current=herman-hollerith-tabulating-machine.gif&newest=1

• He developed a mechanical tabulatorbased on puched cards to rapidly tabulatestatistics from millions of pieces of data


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• 0th Generation( - 1900): Mechanics


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zusehttp://mytechnologyworld9.blogspot.com/2009/01/most-powerful-supercomputers-brains-and.html

Konrad Zuse(1910-1995)

• 1935 – 38, He developed Z1 and Z2mechanical computers using binaryarithmetic.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Berry

John Vincent Atanasoff(1903-1995)

• 1936 – 39, They built Atanasoff-BerryComputer(ABC) for solving linear systemsin physics. Introduced ALU and rewritingmemory

Clifford Berry(1918-1963)


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turinghttp://www.umass.edu/wsp/methodology/outline/turing.html

Alan Turing(1912-1954)

• 1943, Alan Turing built Colossus which isused to break German codes(is encryptedby ENIGMA machine).


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aikenhttp://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?year=1944

Howard Hathaway Aiken(1900-1973)

• 1944, Harvard Mark 1 is built, which isused to compute artillery and navigationtables


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• ENIAC – The first Electronic Computer

• 1943, work started on ENIAC atUniversity of Pennsylvania under JohnMauchly and J. Presper Eckert withHerman Goldstein


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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

• Used 18000 vacuum tubes

• U shaped, 25m long, 2.5m high, 1.5m wide

• Programmed by plugging cables and setting switches

• From 1 hour to 1 day to programm


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• 1944, He joined to ENIAC team

John von Neumann(1900-1973)

• Credited with the idea of storing programs as numbers

• 1945, He proposed a stored program computer called EDVAC


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John von Neumann‟s Architecture

• Stored program

• Instructions in a linear memory array

• Instructions in memory can be modified just like data

• Sequential instruction processing

• Program counter identifies the current instruction

• Instruction is fetched from memory and excuted

• Program counter is advanced(according to instruction)

• repeat


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• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen,Walter Brattain invent the transistor

• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridgedeveloped EDSAC, the first large scale,fully operational stored program computer

• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 toUS government for $1 000 000


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History of computers• 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter

Brattain invent the transistor

• 1949, Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge developedEDSAC, the first large scale, fully operational storedprogram computer

• 1951, Remington-Rand sold UNIVAC 1 to USgovernment for $1 000 000

• 1950‟s, IBM produces series of computers(IBM701,702)

• 1957, Fortran - the first programming language isinstroduced


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• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vancuum tube


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History of computers• 1958, Integrated Circuit invented

• 1960, DEC PDP-1, Precursor to the Minicomputer

• 1965, IBM/360 Mainframe is introduced using integrated circuits

• 1965, DEC introduced PDP-8, first minicomputer

http://www.galeon.com/colposfesz/hiacomp/tercerag.htm http://www.cedmagic.com/history/dec-pdp-8.html


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• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transitor


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• Integrated Circuit(IC): Small Scale Integration(SSI), Medium Scale Integration(MSI), Large Scale Integration(LSI).

• 1971, Intel 4004 the first microprocessor

• 1973, Xerox invents Ethernet

• 1975, First PC, MITS Altair 8800, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote a BASIC compiler for the Altair.

http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/filmi_sangeet/film_song_1971.html http://oldcomputers.net/altair.html


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History of computers• 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak develop Apple I

in their parent‟s garage.

• 1976, Cray-1: The first supercomputer announced

• 1977, TRS-80 released by Tandy Corporation


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• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI


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History of Computers

• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Super Large Scale Integration(SLSI)

• IBM PC 1981, Intel 8088 and DOS OS

• 1981, First “Portable Computer”


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• 1982, Commodore 64 released

• Sold in Retail Stores

• 10 000 commerical software titles

• Best-selling single personal computer model of all time


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• 1983, First PDA released

– Had 8K of RAM

– Cost $199,95 (US)

• 1984, Apple Macintosh introduced


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• 1991 – First 64bit Microprocessor produced by MIPS Technologies –R4000

• 2000 – IBM Releases first “Dual-Core” CPU –Power4

• 2003 – 64 bits brought mainstream with AMD64

• 2004 – Intel follows with EMT64

• 2005 – Intel releases Pentium D Dual-Core 64 bit processor


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• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI

• 4th Generation(1981-): VLSI, SLSI


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References

• Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing, Kai Hwang & Fayer A. Briggs, McGraw-Hill Colege, 1984, ISBN 13: 9780070315563

• High Performance Computer Architecture, Harold S. Stone, Printice Hall, 1993, ISBN 13: 9780201526882

History of computers

Technology

History of computers