HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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HERITAGE CITATION REPORT�
Name Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage
Precinct
Heritage Overlay
Address Casley, Bennett, Duncan, Louis, Victoria Streets
Property No:
VHR Number N/ABuilding Type
Residential buildings private, former church,
special uses land, reserved former mine lands
HI Number N/A
Heritage Status Recommended listing of
Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage Precinct
as an individual item within the heritage overlay
File Number N/A
Precinct Recommended significant and
contributory places within the Precinct Hermes Number
Heritage Study Ironbark Heritage Study
Author Mandy Jean
Year
2010 Grading Local significance
Designer/Architect unknown
Architectural Style Vernacular to Modern 1950s
Bungalows
Maker/Builder unknown Date 1870s to 1950s
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History and Historical Context
History of the Area
Bendigo gold field commenced in 1851 and continued over the next 153 years through times of boom,
decline, revival and stagnation. The last underground historic mine closed in 1954 with continued
production locally. The Bendigo Goldfields is Australia's second largest in terms of historical
production after Western Australia's Golden Mile (Boulder, Kalgoorlie).1 It produced the largest
amount of gold of any field in Eastern Australia and retains the largest evidence of its mining past
within the inner city area. The history of mining shaped and created Bendigo. It left a chaotic
industrial landscape which was in a state of perpetual flux with seemingly random, scattered, small
and often very isolated settlements of people across a wide area.2
The Bendigo goldfields, about 12 kilometres wide, extend 30 kilometres from north to south. It is
made up of folded beds of sedimentary rock, eroded sandstone and shale ridges which formed
anticline and syncline folds that run approximately 300 metres apart in parallel formation, north-south
towards Eaglehawk. The close association of all types of gold reefs with the anticline axis was
recognised early in the development of the field. This early breakthrough in the predictability of ore
gave mine management and investors confidence in the practice of deep shaft sinking on productive
anticlines as the main exploration tool. The Bendigo Goldfield represents the largest concentration of
deep shafts anywhere in the world. Deep, often speculative, shaft sinking remained the pre-eminent
exploration tool throughout the early productive life of the field (1851 to 1954).3
The majority of the Bendigo goldfields mines were worked from the 38 north-south anticline lines of
reef that lay from Bendigo East to Kangaroo Flat. Gullies and dry creeks cut across the ridges in a
west to easterly direction, flowing into the Bendigo Creek, which flows across the gravel plains of
Epsom, a former shallow sea in the north, and thence into the Campaspe River, a tributary of the
Murray River. The area was covered by dense Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands and was the
traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung Indigenous people who had managed the lands for thousands
of years. In 1848 the Mount Alexander North, known later as Ravenswood pastoral lease, a
government lease for grazing stock over Crown Land, was granted over this area, acquired by Stewart
and Gibson.4 With the discovery of gold and the thousands of gold diggers, who rushed to the area,
the Government managed access to land through the issue of mining leases. Mining leases, pastoral
leases and Indigenous native title rights co-exist over Crown Land, but at the time the Indigenous
Australians were pushed to the margins of society and their rights were not considered as legitimate. �
In 1854 the character of the city of Bendigo (Sandhurst) changed from a collection of irregular
diggings on Crown Land to a town when the area was surveyed by government surveyor, Richard
Larritt. A government camp was established and the geometric grid layout of the town was laid out,
streets surveyed and land auctioned for sale under Torrens Title. The primary factor governing
settlement in the area was mining. It was to the outer gullies and creeks within the watershed of
���������������������������������������� �������������������1 Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining to the present see website for Bendigo Mining
http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htm 2 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History 1993 3 Quoted from Bendigo Mining, op cit.
4 Ravenswood Homestead, Heritage Victoria, http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/967
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Bendigo Creek where the alluvial miners first worked.5 By mid 1852 more than 4,000 diggers were
arriving each week, until over 40,000 miners had arrived in the space of a few years. Tent settlements
were established in 1851-2 by ‘diggers’ intent on finding the available alluvial gold.6 By 1861 the
entire Sandhurst mining district had 41,000 people spread through a score of small mining
settlements. But majority of the goldfields remained temporary and transitional in nature with
haphazard settlements and roads. Other times, lack of water drove the miners on, leaving behind
Crown Land that had been dug up, trees cleared, dry gullies clogged up and a wasteland created.7 It
left a legacy of large tracts of Crown Land former mine sites that encircle the city and penetrate deep
within it. It is these Crown Lands and National parks in which the Dja Dja Wurrung native title
interests are now recognized.
With the published discovery of gold late in 1851, the name Bendigo became synonymous with gold.
By the end of 1850s miners were experimenting with steam powered mills as well as crushers and
open cut mining. More extensively than elsewhere, Bendigo miners used puddling machines. By mid
1854 there were 1,500 machines. Attention was also turning to the mining of quartz reefs and steam
powered machinery for mining was being set up as early as 1855. Supporting the miners were small
foundries and accompanying this phase of mining came the building of more substantial buildings.
Towards the end of the 1860s the dominance of the alluvial miner was drawing to a close and by 1868
there were 4,000 alluvial miners and 3,000 quartz reef miners in Bendigo. The success of the deep
shafts had grown on Hustlers Reef and Victoria Reef with associated small crushing works. The reef
miners turned to steam driven crushing machines, larger mining companies were employing bigger
work forces.
In the early 1860s Bendigo experienced its first mining boom with the formation of hundreds of
companies. As technology and mine administration improved, so did the confidence of investors.
Larger steam plants and winding engines were installed so the mines could be worked at greater depth
and also control ground water inflow. Another mining boom was in full swing in 1871 and boosted
the establishment of foundries and engineering works. In a two-year period, over one thousand new
mining companies were floated with thousands of small mining leases. A frenzy of buying and selling
shares occurred at the Beehive Mining Exchange. The boom soon burst, but some mines continued to
operate by digging deeper into the reefs. In the early 1870s companies built up a paid work force and
mining became the staple form of male employment in Bendigo. With capitalized works, the floating
population of diggers diminished. Company mining altered the social structure of Bendigo. It
established a new class of investors. Mining had created distinctly working class areas in town that
housed the waged miners, which was separated from the wealthy socially as well as geographically.8
The boom of the late 1860s and early 1870s was over by 1873 but until the early 1890s mining
remained central to the Bendigo economy. The town was untidy, disordered, brash and with
conflicting land uses right in the heart of the city.9 The early ethnic mining groups were overlaid by
new social divisions of wealth and power. 10
A wider range of housing appeared during the 1870-80s.
���������������������������������������� �������������������5 Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History.
6 Ballinger, Robyn, Ironbark Hill Precinct Report, City of Greater Bendigo, October 2005
7 Ibid
8 Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History
9 Ibid p 30 10 Ibid p. 34
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On some hills an elite suburbia emerged. The pattern of segregation was often a product of
topography, between high and low land. The elite found on hill tops and the cottages in low lying
gullies. Public streets were planted with trees. There were a few well known mine investors and
owners, who built alongside their mines such as Lazarus and Lansell.
At the beginning of the 20th century mines were still a major employer in Bendigo but the self-image
of Bendigo was changing to one of a garden city with a fine climate.11
By the 1890s architects who
had reaped lucrative public contracts in the 1870s and 1880s turned to working for private clients
bringing their own international style to Bendigo.
Mining declined from the early years of the twentieth century. In 1917 the majority of surviving
mines were amalgamated with operations ceasing in 1923. Gold mining revived in 1930s when as
many as 1,500 men worked in the alluvial mining and cyaniding. The old tailings and battery sands
were re-worked by about thirty cyanide plants, employing 300 men.12
Bendigo Mines Ltd began an
extensive mining program on the Nell Gwynne, Napoleon and Carshalton lines of reef. Mines such as
Royal George, Moonta and Central Nell Gwynne operated throughout this period but with little
success. In contrast, the Central Deborah Mine started production in 1939 and continued until 1954.13
The capitalised mining boom rose and fell in a cycle like that of the digging rushes of the 1850s.A
sudden find attracted a rush of investors who put money into new leases. Many mines sunk proved
uneconomic, investors withdrew, returned after rumours of new wealth and over the decades a small
number of profitable companies survived from hundreds formed in the excitement of the richest
discovers. But by that time the traditional manufacturing industries of the 19th century such as black
smithing, brick making, tanners, coach building, confectioneries, cordial manufacturers, flour milling
and foundries had also declined. Increasingly, local primary industries converted to manufacturing
foodstuff to marketable commodities. Growth occurred in motor vehicles, electrical engineering,
housing construction and railway workshop trades. 14
Bendigo began to present itself as the
Sanatorium of the South a pleasant, healthy resort. 15
History of Long Gully and Ironbark Gully
Shaping Victoria’s Environment: The Natural Landscape
The cultural landscape of Long Gully and Ironbark Gully contains some of the richest gold bearing
reefs on the Bendigo goldfields and had the highest concentration of quartz mines in Bendigo. Eleven
gold bearing lines of reef spread across the area. These include, starting from the head of Long Gully
at Specimen Hill in the west and running parallel eastwards, Thistle, Lancashire, Napoleon, Nell
Gywnne, New Chum, Sheepshead, Garden Gully, the smaller Paddy Gully’s, Derby’s, Miller’s to
���������������������������������������� �������������������11 Ibid p.48 12
Cusack, F. Bendigo a history, revised edition, 2002, Lerk & McClure, 2002, p.244 13
Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study Significant Mining Areas and Sites Repo, Vol 3 pp.123-235 14 Ibid Vol 4 p.1 Appendix 1 15 Ibid p. 49
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Hustlers line of reef in the extreme east, the point where Ironbark Gully and Long Gully merge
together before entering Bendigo Creek.16
The thickly forested gullies of Ironbark Gully and Long Gully were well known to alluvial miners
from the early 1850s. Gold finds by Shanahan & Glen & Thompson in 1852 paralleled with many
others across the Bendigo field gullies.17
At Ironbark, J. Harris & party discovered the famous
Hustler’s Reef in 1853 between Iron Bark and Commissioner’s gullies. 18
One story of the earliest
reefers in the area was of two boys, who discovered the Victoria Reef near Ironbark Gully and sold
their claim to Christopher Ballerstedt. The ‘eccentric German’ Ballerstedt, an old soldier of Blucher’s
army, with his son Theodore, brought a puddler for £60 after seeing specimens on the surface at the
end of 1853. He soon had a half-ton of gold at the Bendigo treasury.19
The Hustler’s line was
discovered in 1853 by an African American named Jonathan Harris, who found gold on the northern
slope of Mac’s or Hustler’s Hill in the lease held later by the Great Extended Hustler’s Company. In
1854, J. Hustler, Jonathan Latham and John Watson bought Harris’s ground (12 foot by 12 foot), and
purchased several of the adjacent claims. These, by amalgamation, became the famous Great
Extended Hustler’s mine. Rich gold started at the surface - the first crushing yielded 26 ounces to the
ton - and was worked down the northern slope of the hill to Ironbark Gully.
The area became one of the earliest quartz reef mines with early but unsuccessful open cut mines
replaced later by more successful deep shafts that operated from 1861. The mines at first were small
and worked by local miners who lived in the area. Large scale mining became more feasible than
small claims which were amalgamated. By 1871, a number of mines were operating in the area
including the Victory and Pandora. The Eastern Victorian Consols mine (associated with Victoria
Hill) was sunk on the Sheepshead Reef in 1865 on Rae’s Hill (Ironbark Hill) in 186520
and was still in
operation as the Ironbark South mine in 1940. ‘The number of shafts sunk on the reef from its outcrop
to the Ironbark Gully gave it more the appearance of shallow alluvial mining than of vein mining,’
says William Nicholas in one of his letters on ‘The Golden Quartz Reefs of Australia’, contributed to
the London Mining Journal in 1884.21
Local stories tell of the rush to clear the local Ironbark forest
for use in the mines. The name of Ironbark and the iron like characteristics of the tree have become a
symbol of history of the place.22
Building Victoria’s Industries and Workforce: Mining labour force and technological achievements
By the late 1860s the successful quartz reef mining industry necessitated sinking much deeper shafts
making production dependent upon highly capitalised mines with massive machinery and a large
work force. The earliest successful ore crusher was Ballerstedt’s works in Long Gully, where he
employed a large workforce. Shares in mines on Victoria Hill and in Garden Gully line of reef were
later purchased by George Lansell, who became a leader in quartz mining in Bendigo.�The New Chum
and Nell Gwynne lines of reef are central elements to the Victoria Hill and include Adventure &
���������������������������������������� �������������������16
Birrell, R.W. and James A. Lerk, Bendigo’s Gold Story, pub Lerk 2001 p 4 17 Ibid Vol 3 p 23 18 Mining Chronology Vol 3�19 Age, 11 Jan 1856, in Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria 20
A. V. Palmer, Gold Mines of Bendigo, Book Two, p. 52; Mines Department map Bendigo 1923, reissued 1936 21 Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria 22
See press clippings of the 1998 ‘The Save Ironbark Campaign’ supported by over 1000 local community
members.
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Advance, Ballerstedt, Central Nell Gwynne, Great Central Victoria, Lansell’s 180, New Chum
Syncline, Old Chum, William Rae and Victoria Quartz mines.23
William Rae found large quantities of
gold from his open cut mine on Victoria Hill, where he later built a 35 head battery in Happy Valley. 24
The reef miners, Carl Roeder and Carl Mueller, were also prominent figures in Happy Valley Road,
Victoria Hill. The Carshalton, Lancashire, Napoleon and Nell Gwynne lines of reef were mined by the
mining magnate, Barnet Lazarus. The mines were located near Harveytown comprising the Prince of
Wales and Saxby group and had connections to the mines around Lazarus and Harvey Streets in Long
Gully. Well known investors were B.D. Lazarus and George Lansell, both of whom massed a fortune.
Beneath these men, was an echelon of mining investors who speculated successful on mines as well as
taking part in other aspects of commercial life such as for example Darnton Watson, who lived in
Ironbark, a dealer in hay and corn but made more money from mining as well as Truscott.25
For years mines on the Garden Gully line of reef and Hustler’s line of reef proved exceedingly rich
investments. Mines that operated in this area include the Victory & Pandora Shaft, Victory and
Pandora Amalgamated (which was continuously occupied between 1857 and 1914); Victory Shaft,
Bells, Old Carlisle, North Garden Gully United, Pass-by and Unity (which was continuously occupied
between1870-1912); Garden Gully United site (which was continuously occupied between 1857 and
1921). Other mining operations included, Golden Fleece, Central Garden Gully/North Kent, Watson’s
Kentish/Carlisle United and Carlisle site (which were continuously occupied from 1860s onwards
through to 1927 and is now representative of the 1890s mining revival on the Garden Gully line). J.B.
Watson was credited with taking 13 tons of gold on the Garden Gully line of reef leases which he
consolidated into the Kentish Mine. He amassed a fortune and became one of the richest men in the
colony.26
Other mining investors associated with the area include, Barnet Lazarus, George Lansell,
William Johnson, Joseph Bell, W. & A. Hunter, Schmidt and Barker. Henry Koch’s Long Gully
pyrites treatment works opened in 1869 and he later pioneered the use of the diamond drill in the
Koch’s Long Gully Pioneer Gold Mine. Many small black smithies and large iron foundries serviced
the local mines. The earliest foundry was Wellington Ironbark foundry-Swalling Briggs & Delaneyengineers now Central Foundry and nearby W. Gradling blacksmith.
27 In Long Gully to the north on
Eaglehawk Road was Horsfield, engineers and Dennis, blacksmiths.
Transforming the land: Mining Wastelands
The depths of mineralisation at Bendigo placed some of the field at the leading edge of mining
technology with shafts being the deepest in the world at that time. 28
Throughout the mining history of
the Bendigo goldfields in excess of 5,000 shafts were sunk (90 km of shaft sinking in total). Despite
this amount of shaft sinking the vast majority of the field is tested to depths of less than 200 m due to
the physical and technical constraints on mining and exploration in the 19th Century.29
The
combination of small leases and the great depths of mineralisation created problems in raising capital,
limited the utilisation of expensive assets, reduced the chances of developing economies of scale and
limited geological knowledge to a small fraction of the whole field. Massive problems were caused by
���������������������������������������� �������������������23 Ibid Vol 2 p. 34 24 Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 45 25 Ibid p 32 26 Ibid p 31 27 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Thematic History Vol 2 p 24 28
Ibid 29
Bendigo Mining history http://www.bmnl.com.au/about_us/goldfield_history.htm
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mining with resultant sludge, silt and flooding contaminating the water supplies. Lack of water, severe
drought, wind blown contaminated dust caused severe outbreak of diseases, blindness, cholera,
typhoid which was a major problem.30
The disused mine sites became contaminated industrial wastelands creating a physical barrier that
separated early residential areas into small isolated pockets of scattered miners’ cottages from the rest
of the growing suburbs of Bendigo. After the major decline in mining in the early to mid 20th
century,
these large areas of mining wastelands of sand heaps, old sludge dams and cyanide tailing dams
remained un-developed, ‘a dry slum’.31
These factors resulted in the creation of a poor working class
suburb that remained under resourced and largely intact until the mid to late 20th century. Attempts at
dust mitigation by planting of peppercorn trees was minimal, the land remained a source of dust and
contamination until the 1950s and 1960s when some parcels of land were cleaned up for low cost
housing and state government commission housing.32
Peopling Victoria’s Places And Landscapes: Transnational Migration
Ironbark was noted for its high percentage of early residents, who were skilled Cornish and German
miners. They came in large affiliated family groups from Europe and America and from Burra Burra,
Kapunda and Moonta in South Australia as well as California. The early German miners, who
established early mining claims are associated with Ironbark Hill settlement. They came with
skills and experience. They frequently formed mining partnerships amongst themselves such as
and included C. Ballerstedt and his son, Carl Roeder (Harz miner), Carl Mueller, Carl Schier
(Harz miner), C. Schroeder, F. Schilling, Carl Weber, H. Waswo and others like the Pole,
Barnet Lazarus who mined nearby on Nell Gwynne, Napoleon and Lanchashire line of reef. The skills of the German quartz miners and speculators had a significant influence on the
development of quartz mining in Bendigo. They were noted for their introduction of German mining
equipment and skill in underground tunneling, examples of which have World Heritage listing in the
Harz mining area of Germany, from where many Bendigo German miners came. German mining
development and machinery has had a continuing influence on mining in Australia. Unlike the
Cornish miners in the area, the majority of the German miners left as soon as they could and
established orchards, viticulture and other agricultural businesses.
Another large ethnic group in the area was the Chinese, numbering 400-500 in 1868. There were
several large Chinese villages in the Bendigo district of which one was located in Long Gully, near
the junction with Sparrowhawk Gully.33
Chinese miners worked the mullock heaps and discarded ore
bodies in Long Gully and Ironbark Gully, in spite of concerted political agitation to discourage them.
It was John Quick, former resident of Ironbark, who introduced the first bill into Parliament in 1888
���������������������������������������� �������������������30
Butler, et al, Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History 31
Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 47. 32
Ibid . 33
The largest historic Chinese settlement was located in Bridge Street to Finn and Thunder Streets, an area
which was once regarded as part of Ironbark.
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for the disenfranchisement of Chinese holding a Miner’s Right.34
Chinese herbalists and shop keepers
continued to operate businesses in Ironbark well into the 20th century.
35
Cornish mining technology was essential in Victoria mining in the years after 1860 and the influence
of the Cornish permeated into other aspects of social and cultural life in the Victorian central gold
fields.36
Cornish mining practice and managers became prominent in the quartz mines of Victoria. It
was the Cornishman's traditional skills of shaft sinking and stoping and the tribute system, which was
well known in Cornwall that were in immediate demand. This historical process relates the area and
Victoria to an international context that had its beginning with the collapse in the summer of 1866 of
the Cornish copper mining industry. It resulted in a massive exodus of Cornish miners and their
families, who introduced their mining labour practices, tributing system, technology and culture to
new areas around the world.
The Carlisle United/Garden Gully heritage precinct is particularly associated with John Boyd Watson,
a mining magnate and investor, who was born in September 1828 at Paisley, Scotland.37
His family
settled at Windsor near Sydney where Watson became a currier (a person who dresses and colours
leather after it is tanned). He moved to Sydney but in 1850 left for the Californian diggings. On his
return, he set off for the Victorian gold fields, and in late 1852 reached Bendigo Creek. He was quick
to realize the potential richness of the Bendigo reefs, and was amongst the first to erect a crushing
battery. Watson's initial quartz-mining venture was the Old Chum Claim on New Chum Hill. Next,
with a partner he bought a claim in Paddy's Gully. With others he floated the Cornish United Co. and
in the late 1860s secured an interest in the adjoining Golden Fleece, Kent and Garden Gully claims,
later buying and amalgamating them under one lease as the Kentish Mine, which he owned until
1889. It produced huge amounts of gold in 1871-80, one reef alone yielding about thirteen tons of
gold valued at some £1,500,000. He owned much property in Sandhurst and his extensive Melbourne
holdings included the freehold of some of the most valuable inner-city properties. He was a founder,
director and principal shareholder of the Federal Bank and a large shareholder in the Melbourne
Tramways Co., the Deniliquin and Moama Railway Co. and a Sydney steamship company. He had
mining and pastoral interests in Queensland, owned wharves in Sydney and in 1879, with a group of
Sandhurst investors; he launched the Sydney Daily Telegraph. In the history of quartz mining at
Bendigo, George Lansell, in the development of deep quartz mining a handful of other speculators —
such as Ernest Mueller, John Boyd Watson, Edward Isaac Dyason, Barnett Lazarus, Carl Roeder and
the Hunter brothers — reaped substantial rewards from the Ironbark quartz reefs and mines located
along the Garden Gully line of reef.38
���������������������������������������� �������������������34
Bendigo Chinese Association Museum, publication Chinese Footsteps, 2000 p. 36 35
Ibid. p. 40 Quinn store in Milroy Street, also evidence from Bendigo rates books. 36
Fahey, Charles, From St Just to St Just Point, Cornish migration to Victoria, Cornish Studies, 2nd
Series Vol
15, University of Exeter, UK pp117-140 for survey of Cornish migration to Bendigo and Ironbark. 37
On-line Australian Dictionary of Biography provided most of the information on John Boyd Watson,
summarised in Australian Post mining stamps 38
Charles Fahey For the wealth of Bendigonians in the last two decades of the nineteenth century see J. C.
Fahey, ‘Wealth and Mobility in Bendigo and Northern Victoria 1879–1901, Unpublished Ph.D., Melbourne
University, 1981
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Governing Victorians: Government and Surveillance
The cultural landscape of Long Gully/Ironbark area of Bendigo clearly demonstrates the impact of the
particular mining leasing system associated with deep quartz mining and the way in which it was
administered and interpreted by the Mining Board in Bendigo. An important consequence of this was
the establishment of large company mining in the area, which led to the highest concentration of
working miners living within one location in Bendigo. But despite the numbers and size of mining
companies operating in the area, lack of capital meant that operations were often intermittent,
necessitating miners to work in several different mines each year. This in turn led to what became a
chronic oversupply of local miners as the mines stopped operating whenever they were not paying and
miners were laid off. To avoid making calls on their shareholders to raise capital the mine companies
and owners let in the tributors. The introduction of tributing, was based on an ancient Cornish mining
tradition, whereby miners formed tribute parties, self employed groups, that leased a mine or part of it
from a larger company in order to receive a percentage of the gold mined. They were contracted to
pay for haulage and crushing ore, timber for propping new underground workings and use of tools,
despite the often irregular or non existent returns. The labour system was highly inefficient and
subject to abuse by mine owners. The practice was hierarchical, hereditary and in some view
rudimentary. Despite this, some of the biggest mining companies such as those owned by Lansell,
would only employ Cornish miners because of the favourable options for tributing, when operations
in the mines slowed due to lack of finance or equipment. This symbiotic relationship between mine
owner, company and workers meant that union agitation for better working conditions was low in
comparison with other fields.
The operations of drilling, blasting and shovelling created excessive dust, which together with poorly
ventilated workings, led to very high mortality rates amongst the miners in the Ironbark and Long
gully areas. Deaths by phthisis and tuberculosis in Bendigo were the highest in the state. 39
Miners
unions were formed in 1870s. Industrial conflicts occurred in 1872, 74 and 79 by which time
organized working class had spread to those employed in bakeries and other factories.
Building Towns, Cities and the Garden State: Buildings Towns and Cities
When quartz mining expanded into these gullies, they took on the character of small villages. The
quartz mining town functioned with a labour force living close to the mine head. The Ironbark Hill
area was a former working class mining residential area associated with the Garden Gully line of reef,
a wide strip of Crown Land, formerly containing extensive mining works, shaft spill dams and
mullock heaps, moving north from Ironbark creek. The working class miners cottages associated with
these deep quartz mining operations could be regarded as one of the first mining company towns of
Australia. The buildings were built by miners, themselves, on Miners’ Residency Areas, which was
usually subject to the approval by the local mine owner as well as the Mine Warden.
For the first 25 years or so, these cottages were occupied almost exclusively by miners who worked
locally. Their homes were connected by a system of informal pathways to the mines, battery stamps,
ore crushing and pyrite refining complexes where they worked. The framework of this early
settlement remains largely intact. Only the original quarter acre blocks, the Miners Residency Areas,
have subsequently been subdivided and developed with in-fill housing of the 1920s and 1950s/60s.
Other areas include the Housing Commission homes built on the reclaimed former Carlisle spill dam
���������������������������������������� �������������������39
Dingle, Tony, The Victorians, Setting, Farifax, Syme & Weldon & Ass, 1984, p 99
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area between Duncan, Bennett, Casley and Louis Streets, and the 1950/60s housing subdivisions
facing Peters Street, on the site of the former Kent mine.
Bibliography
References:
Primary Resources
Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria
George Mackay, editor, Annals of Bendigo Volume Two 1868-1891, p.239
Ironbark Hill Sandhurst, PROV, VPRS 795/P0, unit 1985, item 323
Index to Residence Areas, PROV, VPRS 149/P0, unit 1
PROV Agency VA 508, Housing Commission of Victoria
Register of Residence Area 1876-1885, Sandhurst District Waranga North Division, PROV, VPRS/P0, unit 1
VA 4862 Sandhurst - VPRS 16267 Rate Books 1856-1958, Bendigo Regional Archives Centre (BRAC).
Maps
Bendigo Sewerage Authority Detail Plan No. 94, 15 April, 1930
City of Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme maps 2005
City of Sandhurst Plan Showing Roads and Streets to be Proclaimed 1871, Roll Plan 74, Map Collection, SLV
Hart, G. W., Plan of Mining Tenements on the Garden Gully Johnsons and Other Reefs Sandhurst, in
John Neill Macartney, The Bendigo Goldfields Registry, Melbourne, Charles F. Maxwell, 1871
Mines Department map Bendigo 1923, reissued 1936
Parish of Sandhurst map 1961
Secondary Sources
Ballinger, Robyn, History of Ironbark Hill 2005, City of Greater Bendigo
Bendigo Advertiser, 6 September 2004
Bendigo Library, A Vision Splendid, image database
Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining see website for Bendigo Mining
http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htmBorrie, W, Italians and Germans in Australia: A Study of Assimilation, Australian Nation University, Melbourne, n.d.
Caire, N. J., Views of Bendigo, Bendigo, Bendigo Trust, c1979 Cusack, Frank, Bendigo the German Chapter, German Heritage Society, 1998
Cusack, Frank, Bendigo: A History. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2002 (rev. ed.)
Davison, Graeme, John Hirst and Stuart MacIntyre, The Oxford Companion to Australian History, Melbourne,
Oxford University Press, 1999
Dingle, Tony, ‘Miners and their Cottages’, Nothing But Gold Conference, October 2001, Bendigo
Dingle, Tony , Miner’s Cottages, in Australian Economic History Review, Blackwell Publishing, 2010
Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, 1993, Butler, Significant Mining Areas and Sites Report, Vol 3
pp.123-235
Ellis, George A., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, Bendigo, George A. Ellis, 2000
Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page.asp?ID=124
Fahey, Charles, From St Just to St Just Point, Cornish migration to Victoria, Cornish Studies, 2nd
Series Vol 15,
University of Exeter, UK pp 117-140 for survey of Cornish migration to Bendigo and IronbarkIbid based on
Rates Book information 1865-1920
Fahey, Charles, Senior Lecturer in History, La Trobe University Bendigo, personal communication
HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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Fahey, Charles, Cornish Miner’s in Bendigo: An Examination of their Standard of Living, Department of History Monash
University n.d.
Hopkins, Ruth, Where no Cousin Jack?, Bendigo Bicentenniel Committee, Bendigo 1988
Hopkins, Ruth, Cousin Jack, man for the times:” A History of the Cornish People in Victoria, Ruth Hopkins, Bendigo 1994
James Lerk and Carol Holdsworth pers. communication regarding the work of the Chinese mine contractors on
the tailings
Lerk, James, personal communication
Lerk, James, ‘Discover Bendigo: Ironbark Hill School of John Rae’, Bendigo Weekly, 21.1.2000
Mackay, George, History of Bendigo. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2000 (rev. ed.)
Mackay, George, editor, Annals of Bendigo Volume Two 1868-1920 PROV, VPRS 795/P0, unit 1985 323 Ironbark Hill Sandhurst; George A. Ellis, A Brief History and
Reminiscence of Long Gully, p. 22
Palmer, A.V., Gold Mines of Bendigo, Book Two, Hawthorn, Craftsman Press, 1979
Ravenswood Homestead, Heritage Victoria, http://vhd.heritage.vic.gov.au/places/heritage/967
Relevant Historical Australian Themes
• Shaping Victoria’s Environment: The Natural Landscape
• Peopling Victoria’s Places And Landscapes: Transnational Migration
• Governing Victorians: Government and Surveillance
• Transforming the land: Mining Wastelands
• Building Victoria’s Industries And Workforce: Mining labour force and technological
achievements
• Building Towns, Cities And The Garden State: Buildings towns and cities
• Building Communities: New roads to self improvement
Description of the Precinct
The boundaries of the precinct area reflect the extent of the workings of the former mines inclusive of
Victory & Pandora Shaft, Victory Shaft, Bells, Old Carlisle, North Garden Gully United, Pass-by and
Unity Garden Gully United site Golden Fleece, Central Garden Gully/North Kent, Watson’s
Kentish/Carlisle United and Carlisle mine site, which were continuously occupied from 1857s through
to 1927. With a few exceptions of miners’ cottages, the whole area was dug up, turned over,
excavated, used as storage for tailings, wood and ore bodies prior to cartage, drainage channels, small
sludge dams, shaft pits and entries, pump houses, chimneys, sheds and batteries. At the closure of the
mines in 1930s the area was left a wasteland. There was no regeneration of the area, the soils were de-
stable and blew away as dust and washed away as sludge. It was only after the Second World War
that there was a consistent effort to fill in mine shafts, dismantled the massive brick chimneys and
clean up ready for large government residential development for the disadvantaged such as the public
housing development (1949) between Duncan, Bennett and Louis Street, age care facilities at the
corner of Bennet and Buckley Streets, the site of low cost housing services and development of the
Scope (Vic) Ltd. formerly the Spastic Society of Victoria (1948) in Bennett and Victoria Streets,
which were constructed on the most accessible of mines sites in areas of the least numbers of shafts.
The former mine lands remain as important areas of public open space and include the highest
vantage point located off Bell and Roeder Street, an important look out site with panoramic views
along the Garden Gully line of reef, Victoria Hill and Hustlers Hill; the former site of Kent mine once
HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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the richest mine of the Bendigo field, and a small public park off Duncan Street set between the
housing commission estate. The development of the area has not been consistent and there is no
unifying urban principle to the layout and appearance of the place apart from history and the location
of former mines sites. The visual character of the precinct is made up with disjointed parcels of
historic mine lands which are overgrown with long grass, peppercorn trees and tufts of pampas grass
and regrowth ironbark trees. Views to the former mines land, the parcels of vacant Crown Land and
the landscape setting of the large developments are an important feature of the precinct. The former
mine sites provide a loose permeable cultural landscape, a setting for the mid 20th century
development, itself. These have been designed according to 20th century planning ideals as pavilions
in a park land. Except in this case, they have been designed serendipitously, in the middle of mine
wastelands. The development includes the government low cost housing, particularly the small
concrete hollow brick buildings that make up the 1949 estate and small children’s public park in the
northern section of the precinct. The housing commission estate is located opposite the 1950s blond
brick former Roman Catholic church now converted into a residency and is visually linked to the
nearby 1950s bus shelters and concrete public benches.
Statement of Significance What is Significant?
The Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct is associated with the Garden Gully line of reef mines,
which were the richest mines in Bendigo. The area is particularly important in the historic
development of deep lead mines of the central Victorian Bendigo goldfields. It represented the largest
concentration of deep shafts anywhere in the world at the time and included the wealthiest mines,
operated by the largest company mines and managed by some of the richest mining magnates of the
time such as C. Ballerstedt, J.B. Watson, Joseph Bell and George Lansell. As technology and mine
administration improved, so did the confidence of investors. Larger steam plants and winding engines
were installed so the mines could be worked at greater depth and also control ground water inflow.
The Garden Gully line of reef crosses the Ironbark Gully area in a line stretching from Barnard Street
and Eaglehawk Road to Havilah Street in the north. Within this area the former mines comprises
Garden Gully United, the Victory & Pandora Shaft, Victory Shaft, Bells, Old Carlisle, North Garden
Gully United, Passerby, Golden Fleece, Central Garden Gully/North/Kent, Watson’s Kentish/Carlisle
United Carlisle mines. The Carlisle site was continuously occupied from 1860s onwards through to
1927 and is now representative of the 1890s mining revival on the Garden Gully line. The company
which operated this site was the most successful in Bendigo and became Bendigo’s biggest gold
producer. The mine is now known officially as the Carlisle North Garden Gully and Pass-by United,
commonly known as the Carlisle. Its marvellous riches were owned by John Boyd Watson. The
dividends paid by the Garden Gully United made it famous throughout the mining world. Garden
Gully United site was continuously occupied between 1857 and 1921. Unity was continuously
occupied between1870-1921. Victory and Pandora Amalgamated was continuously occupied between
1857 and 1914.
The goldfields became the engine room of the colony. It stimulated industry in the wider area and the
economy of a nation. The quartz mining was reliant upon the manufacture, innovation and expansion
HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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of the metal trades, blacksmiths, metal foundries and engineering manufacturers producing steam
machinery, rock borers and drills, air compressors, gears, sand and water pumping gear, cartage,
winding wheels, crushing batteries, steal housing frames and the like. Long Gully and Ironbark areas
were the location of some of the earliest blacksmiths and foundries and also the biggest in Bendigo
and included, Gretex and Moffat in Long Gully, W. Kidd in Ironbark, and in 1872 Osborne & Co.,
and Taylor Horsfield foundry in Long Gully in 1883. During the early 20th century these industries
were restructured and much of the skills base shifted to the large government North Bendigo Railway
workshops that manufactured railway locomotives and carriages for the Victorian Railways.
Mineralisation within the Bendigo Goldfield is characterised by erratically distributed coarse gold. It
meant that large crushing ore plants and works were sited close to the mines and resulted in an
expansive mining landscape of large dusty mullock heaps and tailing dams, interspersed with the
homes of the miners.
In addition, the spatial barriers created by large areas of mining and contaminated wastelands
separated the small pockets of scattered mining settlements from the rest of Bendigo further
stigmatising the area as a working class suburb for most of the twentieth century. After the major
decline in mining in the early to mid 20th
century, these large areas of mining wastelands of sand
heaps, old sludge dams and cyanide tailing dams remained un-developed, ‘a dry slum’. Attempts at
dust mitigation by planting of peppercorn trees was minimal, the land remained a source of dust and
contamination until the 1950s and 1960s when some parcels of land were cleaned up for low cost
housing and state government commission housing.40
Much of the former mine land now remains reserved as open space and collectively forms one of the
most comprehensive collections of mining artefacts which spans the entire period of mining in
Bendigo from the earliest reef workings from 1853 through to the 1950s.
How is it Significant?
The, has historic, architectural, scientific and social significance at a local level to the City of
Bendigo. (Criteria A, B, C, D and H)
Criterion A: Importance to the course, or pattern, of Victoria’s cultural history.
1) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has historic significance for its
ability to illustrate the colourful mining history of Garden Gully line of reef mines in the Ironbark
area. These mines were the some of the wealthiest and deepest quartz mines of Bendigo. Bendigo
goldfields became one of the world’s great 19th century goldfields, attracting people from all over
the world. The Bendigo goldfields was Australia's second largest in terms of historical production
after Western Australia's Golden Mile (Boulder, Kalgoorlie). It produced the largest amount of
gold of any field in Eastern Australia and retains the largest evidence of its mining past within the
inner city area.
���������������������������������������� �������������������40 Ibid .
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2) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has historic significance for its
associated group of early mining cottages that housed the mine workers. The settlement was
unregulated and developed along unsurveyed roads between the mining shafts, battery and engine
houses, chimneys, tailing dams, holding dams, and other debris associated with deep quartz gold
mining on leased Crown land. This factor, together with the nature of the reef area created large
areas of mining and contaminated industrial lands across Long Gully/Ironbark areas that became
physical barriers that separated early residential areas into small isolated pockets of scattered
miners’ cottages from the rest of the growing suburbs of Bendigo.
3) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has historic significance as it
demonstrates the impact of the declining mining industry in the early to mid 20th century, which
left large tracks of wastelands of sand heaps, deteriorating equipment, disused shafts, old sludge
dams and cyanide tailing dams that impacted on the surrounding residential area with dust and
pollutants.
4) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has historic significance as it
illustrates changing attitudes towards reclamation of mining wastelands. Attempts at dust
mitigation by planting of peppercorn trees was minimal, the land remained a source of dust and
contamination until the 1950s and 1960s when some parcels of land were cleaned up for low cost
housing and state government commission housing, which were built on vacant land between
groups of historic miners cottages.
Criterion B: Possession of uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of Victoria’s cultural history.
5) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct is rare as it provides a visual
corridor of some of the richest former mines land near the centre of Bendigo.
Criterion C: Potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Victoria’s
cultural history.
6) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has significance for its
ability to contribute to an understanding of the gold mining history of Bendigo. There are
extensive archival materials, including but not restricted to the Quarterly Reports of the Mining
Surveyors and Registrars, 1863-91, detailed social demographic information since 1861
particularly in Bendigo and Ballarat goldfields, scholarly research and publications as well as
contemporary journals and diaries.
Criterion D: Importance in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural
places or environments.
7) The cultural landscape of Carlisle United/Garden heritage precinct has heritage
significance for the wide range of historic elements including scattered timber miners’ cottages,
which have collectively retained a high degree of integrity and authenticity.
Criterion H: Special association with the life or works of a person, or group of persons, of
importance in Victoria’s history.
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8) The Carlisle United/Garden Gully heritage precinct is particularly associated with John Boyd
Watson, a mining magnate and investor, who with other mining speculators such as George
Lansell Ernest Mueller, John Watson, Edward Isaac Dyason, Barnett Lazarus, Carl Roeder and
the Hunter brothers had a profound impact on the development of deep quartz mining in Bendigo.
They reaped substantial rewards from the Ironbark quartz reefs and mines located along the
Garden Gully line of reef but also contributed to the development of Bendigo by funding the
establishment of hospitals, mining research, Sustentation Funds for mine workers, the
development of the Bendigo Land and Building Societies, They funded scientific exploration into
the hinterland of Australia. They commissioned elaborate displays of Bendigo’s mining
achievements and local Dja Dja Wurrung Indigenous artefacts which were sent to the Great
Exhibitions of the world such the 1855 and 1878 Paris Exhibition. They built ornate late baroque
colonial style buildings of great elegance that compare well with the legacy of other colonial
cities of the world.
Recommendations 2010 External Paint Controls: No
Internal Alteration Controls: No
Tree Controls: Yes (Refer to Significant Vegetation Map)
Fences & Outbuildings: No
Prohibited Uses May Be Permitted: No
Incorporated Plan: Yes (Ironbark Heritage Area Incorporated Plan)
Aboriginal Heritage Place: No
Other Recommendations
It is recommended that the Carlisle United / Garden Gully Precinct be added to the Heritage Overlay
of the Greater Bendigo City Planning Scheme with the schedule entry as shown above. The extent of
registration is defined by a map. The recommended Incorporated Plan is the ‘Incorporated Plan –
Ironbark Heritage Area’.
CONTRIBUTORY PLACES WITHIN PRECINCT 3
Name No. Street Prop No. Suburb HERMES ID Significance
House 47 Bennett 179259 Long Gully Local
House 49 Bennett 179260 Long Gully Local
House 51 Bennett 179262 Long Gully Local
House 53 Bennett 179264 Long Gully Local
House 55 Bennett 179266 Long Gully Local
House 57 Bennett 179267 Long Gully Local
House 59 Bennett 179269 Long Gully Local
Church 1A Buckley 228366 Long Gully Local
Miner's Cottage 6 Carlisle Pl 181924 Ironbark Local
House 16 Casley 179567 Ironbark Local
Miner's Cottage 18 Casley 179568 Ironbark Local
House 14 Duncan 230111 Long Gully Local
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House 16 Duncan 179894 Long Gully Local
House 2 Louis 181103 Long Gully Local
House 4 Louis 181105 Long Gully Local
House 6 Louis 181108 Long Gully Local
House 8 Louis 181110 Long Gully Local
House 10 Louis 181111 Long Gully Local
Miner's Cottage 14 Robinson 181911 Long Gully Local
Miner's Cottage 23 Victoria 182410 Ironbark Local
Miner's Cottage 27 Victoria 182414 Ironbark Local
House 34 Victoria 182418 Ironbark Local
Miner's Cottage 36 Victoria 182419 Ironbark Local
Archaeological Sites
Mine Site - Garden Gully United
27-29 Bennett 183484 Ironbark Local
Mine Site - North Carlisle United
31-45 Bennett 179246 Ironbark Local
Mine Site - Former Carlisle United/Bell
34-48
Bennett 182906 Long Gully Local
Mine Site - Pass by 11 Casley 179555 Long Gully Local
Mine Site - Victory 38 Victoria 182390 Ironbark Local
Total Contributory Places Precinct 3 28
NON CONTRIBUTORY SITES WITHIN PRECINCT 3
No. Street Prop No. Suburb
12 Louis 230112 Long Gully
25 Victoria 182412 Ironbark
Total Non Contributory Places 2
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Tree species and location was determined without entering private property, as such tree location and
variety may be inexact.
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Victoria. Dept. of Mines. Mining surveyors' map of the district of Sandhurst: showing the different
companies and ground leased up to 1st Nov., 1871, R. Brough Smyth, Secretary of Mines, NLA
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Min
er'
s C
ott
ag
es C
arl
isle
un
ited
/Gard
en
Gu
lly
Usin
g t
his
Lis
t
GE
O
Co
mm
en
t
MC
Cri
teri
a
Cri
teri
on
A
Pro
cess
Cri
teri
on
B
Rarity
Cri
teri
on
C
Researc
h
Cri
teri
on
D
Chara
cte
ristic v
alu
es
Date
Str
eets
cap
e
Co
ntr
ibu
tory
Min
ing
Co
ntr
ibu
tory
Co
lib
an
Map
Herm
es I
D
Indic
ate
s w
heth
er
the s
ite c
ontr
ibute
s t
o t
he h
erita
ge p
recin
ct.
Show
s t
he s
ite layout
and b
uild
ing
footp
rint
taken f
rom
the 1
926 C
olib
an W
ate
r S
ew
er
Maps
Herm
es d
ata
base n
um
ber
if a
pplic
able
A d
eta
iled o
utlin
e o
f th
is c
rite
ria c
an b
e f
ound in V
olu
me O
ne o
f th
e I
ronbark
Herita
ge s
tudy.
This
refe
rs t
o t
he a
ppro
xim
ate
date
of
constr
uction
Genera
l in
form
ation a
bout
featu
res a
nd c
hara
cte
ristics o
f th
e s
treets
cape
Indic
ate
s w
heth
er
the s
ite is c
ontr
ibuto
ry a
nd t
hat
it is s
trong
ly r
ela
ted t
o t
he m
inin
g t
hem
es in t
he I
ronbark
are
a a
nd
rele
vant
pre
cin
ct.
Cri
teri
on
E
Aesth
etic
chara
cte
ristics
Cri
teri
on
F
Cre
ative T
echnic
al
Achie
vem
ents
Cri
teri
on
G
Socia
l
Valu
es
Cri
teri
on
H
Sig
nific
ant P
eople
This
show
s w
heth
er
the p
ropert
y w
as identified f
or
furt
her
work
in t
he E
ag
lehaw
k a
nd B
endig
o H
erita
ge S
tudy 1
993
Conta
ins info
rmation a
bout
the s
tatu
s o
f th
e land c
irca 1
900 ,
the y
ear
it w
as t
ransfe
rred t
o T
orr
ens t
itle
, ow
ners
hip
deta
ils
at
the t
ime o
f tr
ansfe
r and g
enera
l com
ments
about
the s
ubje
ct
site.
If t
he M
C b
ox is t
icked it
indic
ate
d t
hat
the p
ropert
y is a
Min
er's C
ott
ag
e
This
refe
rs t
o t
he A
ustr
alia
n H
erita
ge C
om
mis
sio
n C
rite
ria w
hic
h is a
s f
ollo
ws:
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
1A
Buckle
y S
treet,
Long G
ully
Form
er
min
ing a
rea
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
6 C
arlis
le P
lace,
Long G
ully
His
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
16 C
asle
y S
treet,
Ironbark
His
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
18 C
asle
y S
treet,
Ironbark
His
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
C. D
uggar
(no d
ate
). G
ood
exam
ple
of
a m
id 1
9th
centu
ry
min
er's c
ottage.
1900
19th
C, 1935
Cro
wn L
and. A
n e
xam
ple
of
min
er's c
ottage w
ith late
r additio
n.
Cro
wn L
and. E
xcelle
nt exam
ple
of
late
19th
centu
ry r
esid
ence.
Sandhurs
t T
ruste
es (
no d
ate
).
Mid
20th
centu
ry c
hurc
h,
associa
ted w
ith n
earb
y
govern
ment assis
ted h
ousin
g.
1960
1860
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rme
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sA
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ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
2,4
, 6, 8,1
0
(pic
ture
d)
Louis
Str
eet, 1
4 &
16
Duncan S
treet,
47,4
9, 51, 53, 55,
57, 59, B
ennett
Str
eet Long G
ully
Consid
era
bly
inta
ct
str
eets
cape, an e
arly
Housin
g C
om
mis
sio
n
esta
te w
ith h
ouses in g
ood
conditio
n b
uilt
on
recla
imed m
ine land
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
14 R
obin
son
Str
eet, L
ong G
ully
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
H
ousin
g C
om
mis
sio
n h
ousin
g
arisin
g f
rom
the . H
ousin
g A
ct
1937.. 2
,4,6
Louis
e S
treet -
A
gro
up o
f concre
te h
ouses b
uilt
c
1950. A
Concre
te H
ouse F
acto
ry,
know
n a
s the H
olm
esgle
n
Concre
te H
ouse P
roje
ct, w
as
esta
blis
hed to f
acili
tate
the c
heap
mass p
roduction o
f pre
fabricate
d
houses. (S
andhurs
t N
ort
h D
istr
ict
Tru
ste
es o
f E
sta
te o
f D
. A
rgall)
1950
1890
H. F
ulton 1
897. an e
xam
ple
of
a
late
19th
centu
ry m
iner's c
ottage
with larg
e r
ear
additio
n
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He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
23 V
icto
ria S
treet,
Ironbark
Pro
min
ent la
ndm
ark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
27 V
icto
ria S
treet,
Ironbark
E
levate
d h
isto
ric h
ouses in
inta
ct his
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
34 V
icto
ria S
treet,
Ironbark
Ele
vate
d h
isto
ric h
ouses in
inta
ct his
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
36 V
icto
ria S
treet,
Ironbark
Ele
vate
d h
isto
ric h
ouses in
inta
ct his
toric s
treets
cape
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Cro
wn L
and. T
ypic
al exam
ple
of
a
min
er's c
ottage
Cro
wn L
and. G
ood e
xam
ple
of
a
19th
centu
ry d
welli
ng
Cro
wn L
and. T
ypic
al exam
ple
of
a
min
er's c
ottage
Cro
wn L
and. M
iner's c
ottage w
ith
late
r sid
e a
dditio
n.
1880
1880
1890
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He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
27-2
9 B
ennett
Str
eet, Iro
nbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Arc
ha
eo
log
ica
l S
ite
s
Cro
wn L
and. S
outh
part
of
site
(see im
age)
site o
f B
ell,
Old
Carlis
le a
nd G
ard
en G
ully
min
ing
are
a
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rme
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lac
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sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
Gard
en G
ully
United
27-2
9 B
ennett
Str
eet, Iro
nbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Cro
wn L
and. N
ort
h p
art
of
site
(see im
age)
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rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
Nort
h
Gard
en G
ully
United
31-4
5 B
ennett
Str
eet, Iro
nbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Not A
vaila
ble
Cro
wn L
and. D
evelo
ped: A
ged
Care
Facili
ty. S
ite o
f fo
rmer
Nort
h
Gard
en G
ully
United a
nd P
ass b
y
gold
min
es
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rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
Carlis
le
United a
nd
Kent
34-4
8 B
ennett
Str
eet, Iro
nbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Cro
wn L
and. S
ite o
f fo
rmer
Carlis
le U
nited m
ine s
ite a
nd
nearb
y to K
ent gold
min
e
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rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
Pass b
y N
th
Gard
en G
ully
11 C
asle
y S
treet,
Ironbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Cro
wn L
and. site o
f fo
rmer
Nort
h
Gard
en G
ully
United a
nd P
ass b
y
gold
min
es
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He
rme
s I
DP
lac
e N
am
eA
dd
res
sA
rch
ite
ctu
ral
Sty
le
Da
teS
tre
ets
ca
pe
Vic
tory
,
Pandora
38 V
icto
ria S
treet,
Ironbark
GE
OC
om
ment:
Crite
ria:
Sig
nific
ance
Cro
wn L
and. T
his
site w
as n
ote
d
in the B
endig
o a
nd E
agle
haw
k
Herita
ge S
tudy a
s V
icto
ry a
nd
Pandora
- o
ff B
annerm
an.
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