HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City Type of Place Hermes Number Heritage Place Report HERITAGE CITATION REPORTName Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage Precinct Heritage Overlay Address Casley, Bennett, Duncan, Louis, Victoria Streets Property No: VHR Number N/A Building Type Residential buildings private, former church, special uses land, reserved former mine lands HI Number N/A Heritage Status Recommended listing of Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage Precinct as an individual item within the heritage overlay File Number N/A Precinct Recommended significant and contributory places within the Precinct Hermes Number Heritage Study Ironbark Heritage Study Author Mandy Jean Year 2010 Grading Local significance Designer/Architect unknown Architectural Style Vernacular to Modern 1950s Bungalows Maker/Builder unknown Date 1870s to 1950s
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HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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Type of Place
Hermes Number Heritage Place Report
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HERITAGE CITATION REPORT�
Name Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage
Precinct
Heritage Overlay
Address Casley, Bennett, Duncan, Louis, Victoria Streets
Property No:
VHR Number N/ABuilding Type
Residential buildings private, former church,
special uses land, reserved former mine lands
HI Number N/A
Heritage Status Recommended listing of
Carlisle United / Garden Gully Heritage Precinct
as an individual item within the heritage overlay
File Number N/A
Precinct Recommended significant and
contributory places within the Precinct Hermes Number
Heritage Study Ironbark Heritage Study
Author Mandy Jean
Year
2010 Grading Local significance
Designer/Architect unknown
Architectural Style Vernacular to Modern 1950s
Bungalows
Maker/Builder unknown Date 1870s to 1950s
HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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History and Historical Context
History of the Area
Bendigo gold field commenced in 1851 and continued over the next 153 years through times of boom,
decline, revival and stagnation. The last underground historic mine closed in 1954 with continued
production locally. The Bendigo Goldfields is Australia's second largest in terms of historical
production after Western Australia's Golden Mile (Boulder, Kalgoorlie).1 It produced the largest
amount of gold of any field in Eastern Australia and retains the largest evidence of its mining past
within the inner city area. The history of mining shaped and created Bendigo. It left a chaotic
industrial landscape which was in a state of perpetual flux with seemingly random, scattered, small
and often very isolated settlements of people across a wide area.2
The Bendigo goldfields, about 12 kilometres wide, extend 30 kilometres from north to south. It is
made up of folded beds of sedimentary rock, eroded sandstone and shale ridges which formed
anticline and syncline folds that run approximately 300 metres apart in parallel formation, north-south
towards Eaglehawk. The close association of all types of gold reefs with the anticline axis was
recognised early in the development of the field. This early breakthrough in the predictability of ore
gave mine management and investors confidence in the practice of deep shaft sinking on productive
anticlines as the main exploration tool. The Bendigo Goldfield represents the largest concentration of
deep shafts anywhere in the world. Deep, often speculative, shaft sinking remained the pre-eminent
exploration tool throughout the early productive life of the field (1851 to 1954).3
The majority of the Bendigo goldfields mines were worked from the 38 north-south anticline lines of
reef that lay from Bendigo East to Kangaroo Flat. Gullies and dry creeks cut across the ridges in a
west to easterly direction, flowing into the Bendigo Creek, which flows across the gravel plains of
Epsom, a former shallow sea in the north, and thence into the Campaspe River, a tributary of the
Murray River. The area was covered by dense Box-Ironbark forests and woodlands and was the
traditional lands of the Dja Dja Wurrung Indigenous people who had managed the lands for thousands
of years. In 1848 the Mount Alexander North, known later as Ravenswood pastoral lease, a
government lease for grazing stock over Crown Land, was granted over this area, acquired by Stewart
and Gibson.4 With the discovery of gold and the thousands of gold diggers, who rushed to the area,
the Government managed access to land through the issue of mining leases. Mining leases, pastoral
leases and Indigenous native title rights co-exist over Crown Land, but at the time the Indigenous
Australians were pushed to the margins of society and their rights were not considered as legitimate. �
In 1854 the character of the city of Bendigo (Sandhurst) changed from a collection of irregular
diggings on Crown Land to a town when the area was surveyed by government surveyor, Richard
Larritt. A government camp was established and the geometric grid layout of the town was laid out,
streets surveyed and land auctioned for sale under Torrens Title. The primary factor governing
settlement in the area was mining. It was to the outer gullies and creeks within the watershed of
���������������������������������������� �������������������1 Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining to the present see website for Bendigo Mining
http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htm 2 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, Vol 2, Thematic History 1993 3 Quoted from Bendigo Mining, op cit.
Birrell, R.W. and James A. Lerk, Bendigo’s Gold Story, pub Lerk 2001 p 4 17 Ibid Vol 3 p 23 18 Mining Chronology Vol 3�19 Age, 11 Jan 1856, in Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria 20
A. V. Palmer, Gold Mines of Bendigo, Book Two, p. 52; Mines Department map Bendigo 1923, reissued 1936 21 Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria 22
See press clippings of the 1998 ‘The Save Ironbark Campaign’ supported by over 1000 local community
members.
HERITAGE PLACE REPORT Greater Bendigo City
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Advance, Ballerstedt, Central Nell Gwynne, Great Central Victoria, Lansell’s 180, New Chum
Syncline, Old Chum, William Rae and Victoria Quartz mines.23
William Rae found large quantities of
gold from his open cut mine on Victoria Hill, where he later built a 35 head battery in Happy Valley. 24
The reef miners, Carl Roeder and Carl Mueller, were also prominent figures in Happy Valley Road,
Victoria Hill. The Carshalton, Lancashire, Napoleon and Nell Gwynne lines of reef were mined by the
mining magnate, Barnet Lazarus. The mines were located near Harveytown comprising the Prince of
Wales and Saxby group and had connections to the mines around Lazarus and Harvey Streets in Long
Gully. Well known investors were B.D. Lazarus and George Lansell, both of whom massed a fortune.
Beneath these men, was an echelon of mining investors who speculated successful on mines as well as
taking part in other aspects of commercial life such as for example Darnton Watson, who lived in
Ironbark, a dealer in hay and corn but made more money from mining as well as Truscott.25
For years mines on the Garden Gully line of reef and Hustler’s line of reef proved exceedingly rich
investments. Mines that operated in this area include the Victory & Pandora Shaft, Victory and
Pandora Amalgamated (which was continuously occupied between 1857 and 1914); Victory Shaft,
Bells, Old Carlisle, North Garden Gully United, Pass-by and Unity (which was continuously occupied
between1870-1912); Garden Gully United site (which was continuously occupied between 1857 and
1921). Other mining operations included, Golden Fleece, Central Garden Gully/North Kent, Watson’s
Kentish/Carlisle United and Carlisle site (which were continuously occupied from 1860s onwards
through to 1927 and is now representative of the 1890s mining revival on the Garden Gully line). J.B.
Watson was credited with taking 13 tons of gold on the Garden Gully line of reef leases which he
consolidated into the Kentish Mine. He amassed a fortune and became one of the richest men in the
colony.26
Other mining investors associated with the area include, Barnet Lazarus, George Lansell,
William Johnson, Joseph Bell, W. & A. Hunter, Schmidt and Barker. Henry Koch’s Long Gully
pyrites treatment works opened in 1869 and he later pioneered the use of the diamond drill in the
Koch’s Long Gully Pioneer Gold Mine. Many small black smithies and large iron foundries serviced
the local mines. The earliest foundry was Wellington Ironbark foundry-Swalling Briggs & Delaneyengineers now Central Foundry and nearby W. Gradling blacksmith.
27 In Long Gully to the north on
Eaglehawk Road was Horsfield, engineers and Dennis, blacksmiths.
Transforming the land: Mining Wastelands
The depths of mineralisation at Bendigo placed some of the field at the leading edge of mining
technology with shafts being the deepest in the world at that time. 28
Throughout the mining history of
the Bendigo goldfields in excess of 5,000 shafts were sunk (90 km of shaft sinking in total). Despite
this amount of shaft sinking the vast majority of the field is tested to depths of less than 200 m due to
the physical and technical constraints on mining and exploration in the 19th Century.29
The
combination of small leases and the great depths of mineralisation created problems in raising capital,
limited the utilisation of expensive assets, reduced the chances of developing economies of scale and
limited geological knowledge to a small fraction of the whole field. Massive problems were caused by
���������������������������������������� �������������������23 Ibid Vol 2 p. 34 24 Ellis, G. E., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, City of Greater Bendigo, 2000, p 45 25 Ibid p 32 26 Ibid p 31 27 Eaglehawk and Bendigo Thematic History Vol 2 p 24 28
Ibid 29
Bendigo Mining history http://www.bmnl.com.au/about_us/goldfield_history.htm
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mining with resultant sludge, silt and flooding contaminating the water supplies. Lack of water, severe
drought, wind blown contaminated dust caused severe outbreak of diseases, blindness, cholera,
typhoid which was a major problem.30
The disused mine sites became contaminated industrial wastelands creating a physical barrier that
separated early residential areas into small isolated pockets of scattered miners’ cottages from the rest
of the growing suburbs of Bendigo. After the major decline in mining in the early to mid 20th
century,
these large areas of mining wastelands of sand heaps, old sludge dams and cyanide tailing dams
remained un-developed, ‘a dry slum’.31
These factors resulted in the creation of a poor working class
suburb that remained under resourced and largely intact until the mid to late 20th century. Attempts at
dust mitigation by planting of peppercorn trees was minimal, the land remained a source of dust and
contamination until the 1950s and 1960s when some parcels of land were cleaned up for low cost
housing and state government commission housing.32
Peopling Victoria’s Places And Landscapes: Transnational Migration
Ironbark was noted for its high percentage of early residents, who were skilled Cornish and German
miners. They came in large affiliated family groups from Europe and America and from Burra Burra,
Kapunda and Moonta in South Australia as well as California. The early German miners, who
established early mining claims are associated with Ironbark Hill settlement. They came with
skills and experience. They frequently formed mining partnerships amongst themselves such as
and included C. Ballerstedt and his son, Carl Roeder (Harz miner), Carl Mueller, Carl Schier
(Harz miner), C. Schroeder, F. Schilling, Carl Weber, H. Waswo and others like the Pole,
Barnet Lazarus who mined nearby on Nell Gwynne, Napoleon and Lanchashire line of reef. The skills of the German quartz miners and speculators had a significant influence on the
development of quartz mining in Bendigo. They were noted for their introduction of German mining
equipment and skill in underground tunneling, examples of which have World Heritage listing in the
Harz mining area of Germany, from where many Bendigo German miners came. German mining
development and machinery has had a continuing influence on mining in Australia. Unlike the
Cornish miners in the area, the majority of the German miners left as soon as they could and
established orchards, viticulture and other agricultural businesses.
Another large ethnic group in the area was the Chinese, numbering 400-500 in 1868. There were
several large Chinese villages in the Bendigo district of which one was located in Long Gully, near
the junction with Sparrowhawk Gully.33
Chinese miners worked the mullock heaps and discarded ore
bodies in Long Gully and Ironbark Gully, in spite of concerted political agitation to discourage them.
It was John Quick, former resident of Ironbark, who introduced the first bill into Parliament in 1888
Dingle, Tony, The Victorians, Setting, Farifax, Syme & Weldon & Ass, 1984, p 99
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area between Duncan, Bennett, Casley and Louis Streets, and the 1950/60s housing subdivisions
facing Peters Street, on the site of the former Kent mine.
Bibliography
References:
Primary Resources
Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria
George Mackay, editor, Annals of Bendigo Volume Two 1868-1891, p.239
Ironbark Hill Sandhurst, PROV, VPRS 795/P0, unit 1985, item 323
Index to Residence Areas, PROV, VPRS 149/P0, unit 1
PROV Agency VA 508, Housing Commission of Victoria
Register of Residence Area 1876-1885, Sandhurst District Waranga North Division, PROV, VPRS/P0, unit 1
VA 4862 Sandhurst - VPRS 16267 Rate Books 1856-1958, Bendigo Regional Archives Centre (BRAC).
Maps
Bendigo Sewerage Authority Detail Plan No. 94, 15 April, 1930
City of Greater Bendigo Planning Scheme maps 2005
City of Sandhurst Plan Showing Roads and Streets to be Proclaimed 1871, Roll Plan 74, Map Collection, SLV
Hart, G. W., Plan of Mining Tenements on the Garden Gully Johnsons and Other Reefs Sandhurst, in
John Neill Macartney, The Bendigo Goldfields Registry, Melbourne, Charles F. Maxwell, 1871
Mines Department map Bendigo 1923, reissued 1936
Parish of Sandhurst map 1961
Secondary Sources
Ballinger, Robyn, History of Ironbark Hill 2005, City of Greater Bendigo
Bendigo Advertiser, 6 September 2004
Bendigo Library, A Vision Splendid, image database
Bendigo Mining for a summary of the history of mining see website for Bendigo Mining
http://www.bmnl.com.au/safety_environment/community_relations/gold_mining/bendigo_goldfield_history.htmBorrie, W, Italians and Germans in Australia: A Study of Assimilation, Australian Nation University, Melbourne, n.d.
Caire, N. J., Views of Bendigo, Bendigo, Bendigo Trust, c1979 Cusack, Frank, Bendigo the German Chapter, German Heritage Society, 1998
Cusack, Frank, Bendigo: A History. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2002 (rev. ed.)
Davison, Graeme, John Hirst and Stuart MacIntyre, The Oxford Companion to Australian History, Melbourne,
Oxford University Press, 1999
Dingle, Tony, ‘Miners and their Cottages’, Nothing But Gold Conference, October 2001, Bendigo
Dingle, Tony , Miner’s Cottages, in Australian Economic History Review, Blackwell Publishing, 2010
Eaglehawk and Bendigo Heritage Study, 1993, Butler, Significant Mining Areas and Sites Report, Vol 3
pp.123-235
Ellis, George A., A Brief History and Reminiscence of Long Gully, Bendigo, George A. Ellis, 2000
Gazetteer of Historic Mining Sites, Heritage Victoria http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/page.asp?ID=124
Fahey, Charles, From St Just to St Just Point, Cornish migration to Victoria, Cornish Studies, 2nd
Series Vol 15,
University of Exeter, UK pp 117-140 for survey of Cornish migration to Bendigo and IronbarkIbid based on
Rates Book information 1865-1920
Fahey, Charles, Senior Lecturer in History, La Trobe University Bendigo, personal communication
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Fahey, Charles, Cornish Miner’s in Bendigo: An Examination of their Standard of Living, Department of History Monash
University n.d.
Hopkins, Ruth, Where no Cousin Jack?, Bendigo Bicentenniel Committee, Bendigo 1988
Hopkins, Ruth, Cousin Jack, man for the times:” A History of the Cornish People in Victoria, Ruth Hopkins, Bendigo 1994
James Lerk and Carol Holdsworth pers. communication regarding the work of the Chinese mine contractors on
the tailings
Lerk, James, personal communication
Lerk, James, ‘Discover Bendigo: Ironbark Hill School of John Rae’, Bendigo Weekly, 21.1.2000
Mackay, George, History of Bendigo. Lerk & McClure, Bendigo, 2000 (rev. ed.)
Mackay, George, editor, Annals of Bendigo Volume Two 1868-1920 PROV, VPRS 795/P0, unit 1985 323 Ironbark Hill Sandhurst; George A. Ellis, A Brief History and
Reminiscence of Long Gully, p. 22
Palmer, A.V., Gold Mines of Bendigo, Book Two, Hawthorn, Craftsman Press, 1979