HEART LOCATION & ANATOMYHEART LOCATION & ANATOMY
right lung
left lung
pericardium
apex of heart
diaphragmMEDIASTINUM
PERICARDIAL LAYERSPERICARDIAL LAYERS
FIBROUS PERICARDIUM
SEROUS PERICARDIUM (parietal layer)
pericardial cavity
SEROUS PERICARDIUM visceral layer (epicardium)
myocardium
endocardium
heart chamber
HEART MUSCLEHEART MUSCLE
cardiac muscle bundles
v Three Layers Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium
HEART CHAMBERSHEART CHAMBERS
ANTERIOR
INTERIOR
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Left atrium
Interventricular septum
HEART CHAMBERS: ATRIAHEART CHAMBERS: ATRIA
pectinate muscles
fossa ovalis
tricuspid valve
(L) pulmonary veins
bicuspid valve
HEART CHAMBERS: VENTRICLESHEART CHAMBERS: VENTRICLES
papillary muscles
pulmonary semilunar valve
chordae tendineae
trabeculae carneae
aortic semilunar valve
aorta
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEARTCIRCULATION THROUGH THE HEARTVena cavae (R) ATRIUM (R) VENTRICLE
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary arteries
LUNGS Pulmonary veins (L) ATRIUM
(L) VENTRICLEAorta
CORONARY CIRCULATIONCORONARY CIRCULATION
(L) coronary artery
(R) coronary artery
marginal artery
posterior interventricular artery anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
CORONARY CIRCULATIONCORONARY CIRCULATION
great cardiac vein
anterior cardiac veins
small cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
coronary sinus
CORONARY CIRCULATION SUMMARYCORONARY CIRCULATION SUMMARYAorta
(R)Coronary artery (L)Coronary artery
Posteriorinterventricular
artery
Marginalartery
Circumflexartery
Anteriorinterventricular
artery
Ventricularwalls
Walls of (R) atrium& (R) ventricle
Walls of (L) atrium& (L) ventricle Ventricular
walls
Cardiac veins
Coronary sinus
(R)atrium
CARDIAC HISTOLOGYCARDIAC HISTOLOGY
v Cardiac Muscle Cells
Striated
1 to 2 nuclei
Numerous, large
mitochondria
Intercalated discs
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMCARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
v Nodal System Autorhythmic Cells
1% of cardiac cells Initiate and conduct and impulse
Unstable resting membrane potential
Continuously depolarize
Trigger contractions of heart muscle
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMCARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
v Nodal System Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Mass of autorhythmic cells Near SVC entrance Depolarizes 70 to 80 times
a minute (100 if no neural control)
Depolarization spreads through atria
Atria contract
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMCARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMv Nodal System
Atrioventricular (AV) Node Autorhythmic cells Above tricuspid valve in
interatrial septum Passes impulse on to AV
bundle (Bundle of His)
Bundle of His (AV Bundle) Conducts impulse to
right and left bundle branches
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMCARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEMv Nodal System
Bundle Branches Right and left branches Branch into purkinje
fibers
Purkinje Fibers Enter myocardium of
ventricle walls and papillary muscles
Carry impulse to ventricles
Ventricular contraction
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
Sinoatrial Node
AV Node
AV Bundle
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
EXTRINSIC INNERVATIONEXTRINSIC INNERVATIONv Autonomic Nervous System
Can slow or accelerate heart Cannot initiate a contraction Cardiac centers in medulla Stimulation by sympathetic
neurons Increase heart rate Increase force of contraction
Inhibition by parasympathetic neurons
Via Vagus nerve Decrease heart rate Decrease force of contraction
CARDIAC CYCLECARDIAC CYCLE
v Interval from end of one contraction to the following contraction
v 0.8 sec.v Consists of Two Phases:
Systole phase Diastole phase
CARDIAC CYCLECARDIAC CYCLEv Systole Phase
Contraction phase
Blood ejected
Atrial Systole (0.1 sec.) Following passive filling
with blood AV valves open, semilunar
valves closed Ventricles fill with blood
RA
LA
RV
LV
semilunar valves (closed)
tricuspid (open)
bicuspid (open)
CARDIAC CYCLECARDIAC CYCLEv Systole Phase (cont.)
Ventricular Systole (0.3 sec.)
AV and semilunar valves closed until pressure opens semilunar valves
Blood pushed into pulmonary trunk
120 mm Hg pressure Atria in diastole
RA
LA
RV
LV
tricuspid (closed)
bicuspid (closed)
semilunar valves (open)
CARDIAC CYCLECARDIAC CYCLE
v Diastole Phase Relaxation phase
Ventricular Diastole Follows ventricular
systole AV valves reopen and
filling begins 80 mm Hg pressure
RA
LA
RV
LV
semilunar valves (closed)
tricuspid (open)
bicuspid (open)
ELECTRICAL EVENTS: ECG ELECTRICAL EVENTS: ECG
P wave:atrial depolarization
QRS complex:ventricular depolarization
QRS complex
T wave:ventricular repolarization
ECG READINGSECG READINGS
Normal
SA Node Dysfunctionno P waves
2nd Degree Heart Block(more P waves)
Ventricular Fibrillation
HEART SOUNDSHEART SOUNDSv Lub-dub
AV valves closing for ventricular systole
Semilunar valves closing
v Pause Quiescent period (0.4 sec.)
Ventricles and atria in diastole simultaneously
CARDIAC OUTPUTCARDIAC OUTPUT
v Amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
v Sympathetic stimulation needed if CO more than 14 liters/min. is needed
v Starling’s Law The greater the volume of blood returned to the
heart by the veins, the greater the volume of blood the heart will pump
HEART RATE REGULATION: Nervous System
HEART RATE REGULATION: Nervous System
v Cardiac Inhibitory Center
Medulla
Parasympathetic
Vagus nerve Continually slows heart to
maintain average of 70 beats/min. v Cardiac Accelerator Center
Medulla
Sympathetic Increases heart rate and force
of contraction when needed
OTHER REGULATORS OTHER REGULATORS v Hormonal Regulation
Accelerators Epinephrine, norepinephrine Thyroxine, T3
v Body Temperature Increase temp. = increase heart rate Decrease temp.= decrease heart rate
v Baroreceptors Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Stretch impulses to inhibitory center vagus nerve decreased heart rate
v Bainbridge (Atrial) Baroreceptors Measure intraatrial pressure
Stimulate accelerator center Increased heart rate and force of contraction
DISORDERSDISORDERSv Tachycardia
Abnormally high heart rate (over 100)v Bradycardia
Abnormally low heart rate (under 60)v Myocardial Infarction
Death of myocardium Replaced with scar tissue
v Arrhythmia Uncoordinated pattern of heart contractions
v Fibrillation Rapid and out of phase contractions
v Angina Pectoris Pain caused by deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium
DISORDERSDISORDERSv Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium Can result in cardiac tamponade
v Congestive Heart Failure Inadequate pumping of the heart Blood back-up in lungs or body Excessive fluid in tissues
v Atherosclerosis Formation of fatty plaque on artery walls Decrease in vessel elasticity and possible blockage
v Ischemic Heart Disease Inadequate blood supply to cardiac muscle Temporary or chronic
v Heart Murmur Defective valve allowing back flow of blood Hissing sound from turbulence
BLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIESBLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIESv Arteries
Carry blood away from heart high in oxygen Branch into arterioles Three groups:
Elastic Arteries Largest
Elastic fibers in tunica media
Expand and recoil (pulse)
Examples: Aorta, pulmonary trunk, common iliac arteries
BLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIESBLOOD VESSELS: ARTERIES Three groups (cont.)
Muscular arteries
Medium size
Carry blood from elastic arteries to arterioles
Active in vasoconstriction
Examples:
Femoral, brachial, axillary arteries
Arterioles
Smallest arteries
Carry blood to capillaries
Regulate blood flow to capillaries
BLOOD VESSELS: VEINSBLOOD VESSELS: VEINS
v Carry blood from body back to heartv Low in oxygen
v Venules empty into veins
v May contain valvesValve
(closed)
Valve (open)
OTHER VESSELSOTHER VESSELS
v Capillaries Smallest vessels Connect arterioles to venules Exchange of nutrients, gases with tissue cells
v Sinusoids Vessels in place of capillaries In liver, spleen, bone marrow
v Anastomoses Connections between vessels such as arteries and veins
without a capillary bed in between
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELSSTRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELSv Arteries and Veins
Three tunics Tunica interna
(intima) Tunica media Tunica externa
(adventitia)
ARTERY VEIN
tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna Vasa vasorum
STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELSSTRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS
v Capillaries Thin walls
Pre-capillary sphincters
CAPILLARY
ARTERIOLE
smooth muscle cell
endothelium
CAPILLARY STRUCTURECAPILLARY STRUCTUREPre-capillary sphincters
TERMINAL ARTERIOLE
POSTCAPILLARY VENULE
CAPILLARIES
BLOOD PRESSUREBLOOD PRESSUREv Pressure exerted on vessel walls
v mm Hg pressure in systemic arteries
v Measured with sphygmomanometer Pressure in cuff compresses artery until no pulse heard
Systolic pressure: taken at first pulse as pressure in cuff released
(ave. 120) = pressure while heart ventricles contracting
Diastolic pressure: taken when cuff released to point where sound
no longer audible (ave. 80) = pressure when ventricles not
contracting
Pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic (measure of stress exerted on
small arteries)
INFLUENCES ON B.P.INFLUENCES ON B.P.
v Blood Pressure varies directly with the following:Cardiac Output
Stroke volume X heart rate Normal is 5.5 liters/min.
Peripheral Resistance Opposition to blood flow
with blood viscosity with length of vessel with in vessel diameter (has the greatest influence on
B.P.)
INFLUENCES ON B.P.INFLUENCES ON B.P.v Blood Pressure varies directly with the following:
Blood Volume Mainly regulated by kidneys
in blood volume = in B.P.
in blood vol. = decrease in B.P.
REGULATION OF B.P.REGULATION OF B.P.
v By nervous system, kidneys and chemical controls
v Nervous Regulation: Sympathetic nerve fibers
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels diameter, resistance B.P.
Vasomotor center in medulla Controls cardiac output Controls degree of vessel constriction
REGULATION OF B.P.REGULATION OF B.P.v Nervous Regulation (cont.)
Baroreceptors Pressure sensitive mechanoreceptors In aortic arch, carotid sinuses, large elastic arteries of head
and thorax Stretching impulses to vasomotor center Vasomotor center inhibited dilation of vessels, decreased
heart rate and output decreased B.P.
Chemoreceptors Monitor O2, CO2 levels and pH of blood In carotid and aortic bodies Send impulses to vasomotor center if O2 or pH drop or CO2
rises Vasoconstriction B.P.
CHEMICAL REGULATION OF B.P.CHEMICAL REGULATION OF B.P.v Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Vasoconstriction cardiac output
v ANF (Atrial Natriuretic Factor) Release of more sodium and water in urine blood volume B.P.
v ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water blood volume B.P.
v Renin Released from kidneys in response to low B.P. Stimulates angiotensin/aldosterone system Kidneys reabsorb sodium and water blood volume and B.P.
RENIN / ANGIOTENSIN / ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
RENIN / ANGIOTENSIN / ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM
CHEMICAL REGULATION OF B.P.CHEMICAL REGULATION OF B.P.
v Other Chemical Controls: Endothelin
Nitric oxide
Inflammatory chemicals (histamine)
Alcohol (inhibits ADH release and depresses the vasomotor center)
RENAL REGULATION OF B.P.RENAL REGULATION OF B.P.v Kidneys may alter B.P. directly
Increased B.P. more blood filtered by kidneys
More urine produced and released blood volume B.P.
v Kidneys may alter B.P. indirectly Renin/angiotensin system activated with B.P. Vasoconstriction, water reabsorption due to aldosterone
release
blood volume B.P.
DISORDERSDISORDERS
v Hypotension
Low B.P. (systolic below 100 mm Hg) Aging, poor nutrition, anemia,
hypothyroidism, Addision’s disease, low blood protein levels or circulatory shock
DISORDERSDISORDERS
v Hypertension Sustained B.P. of 140/90 or higher “Silent killer” Higher risk with:
Age Diet Obesity Stress Smoking Genetics
DISORDERSDISORDERS
v Circulatory Shock Not enough blood to fill the vessels and
circulate normally
Hypovolemic shock Large loss of blood volume
Diarrhea, vomiting, hemorrhage, burns Vasoconstriction, weak pulse, sharp drop in B.P.
DISORDERSDISORDERSv Circulatory Shock (cont.)
Not enough blood to fill the vessels and circulate normally Vascular shock
Extreme vasodilation Poor circulation, rapidly dropping B.P. Normal blood volume Problems with vasomotor center, nervous regulation
or bacterial infections
Cardiogenic shock Heart cannot pump adequate blood supply Usually from myocardial damage
HEAD AND NECK ARTERIESHEAD AND NECK ARTERIES
ABDOMINAL AORTAABDOMINAL AORTA
CELIAC TRUNKCELIAC TRUNK