PSYCHOLOGY 3eSaundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Copyright © Pearson Education 2012Modified by Jackie Kroening
Copyright © Pearson Education 2012
Modified by Jackie Kroening
Defining Psychopathology
Psychopathology: The study of abnormal thoughts, feelings and
behaviors
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Ancient times: Evil spirits released via trepanning
Hippocrates:Mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors
Middle Ages:Spirit possession and exorcism
Renaissance:Mentally ill labeled witches
14.1 How has mental illness been explained in the past, how is abnormal behavior defined today, and what is the impact of cultural differences in defining abnormality?
Early Explanations of Mental Illness
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1
2
3
4
5Causes a person to be dangerous to self or others
Deviant from social norms
Statistically rare
Causes subjective discomfort
Does not allow day-to-day functioning
What Is Abnormal Behavior?
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The Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural perspective: Abnormal/normal behavior is product of behavioral shaping within context of: • Family influences• Social group to which
one belongs• Culture within
which family and social group exist
Cultural relativity: Need to consider norms and customs of another culture when diagnosing person from that culture with a disorder• Culture-bound
syndromes
Models of Abnormality
** Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
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Models of Abnormality
Behavior is caused by biological changes
in the chemical, structural, or geneticsystems of the body.
Abnormal behavior comes from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought.
Abnormal behavior is learned.
Abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts
and urges that are fighting to become conscious.
Abnormal behavior is the result of the
combined and interactingforces of biological,
psychological, social,and cultural influences.
Cognitive perspective
Psychodynamic model
Biopsychosocial model
Biological model
Behaviorism
EXPLANATION OF DISORDER
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DSM-IV-TR (DSM 5 released 5/2012)
DSM-IV-TR: • Manual of psychological
disorders and their symptoms
• Divides disorders and relevant facts about person being diagnosed along five different axes
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Five Axes of the DSM-IV-TR
Clinical disorders
Personality disorders; mental retardation
General medical conditions
Psychosocial, environmental
problems
Global assessment of
functioning
III
IIIIVV
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How Common Are Psychological Disorders?
26.2 percent of American adults over age 18 have a mental disorder in any given year.• 57.7 million people in U.S.
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Disorders in the United States
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The Pros and Cons of Labels
Labels:• Help establish distinct diagnostic
categories• Help patients receive effective treatment• Can be dangerous or overly prejudicial
Rosenhan study at psychiatric hospitals:• Psychological labels long lasting and
powerful• Affect how other people see mental
patients and how patients see themselves
Anxiety Disorders: What, Me Worry?
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Phobic Disorders
** Phobia: Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity• Social phobia: Fear of negative
evaluation in social situations• Specific phobias: Fear of
objects, situations, or events• Agoraphobia: Fear of
place/situation from which escape is difficult or impossible
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Common Phobias
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Panic Disorder
Panic disorder: Frequent, disruptive panic attacksPanic attack: Sudden, intense panic; multiple physical and emotional symptoms
Panic disorder with agoraphobia: Fear of panic attack in unfamiliar, public place
** The average duration of a panic attack is approximately 10-15 minutes
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
** Obsessive-compulsive disorder:• Obsessive, recurring thoughts
create anxiety.• Compulsive, ritualistic,
repetitive behavior or mental acts reduce that anxiety.
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Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
• Acute stress disorder (ASD): From exposure to a major stressor, with numerous symptoms including moments when the event is “relived” in dreams and flashbacks for as long as 1 month after occurrence
• Posttraumatic stress disorder: Symptoms of ASD last more than 1 month
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder: Feelings of dread/doom and physical stress lasting at least six months
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Behavioral: Disordered behavior learned through operant and classical conditioning techniques
Psychodynamic: Repressed urges and desires trying to come into consciousness, create anxiety that is controlled by the abnormal behavior
Biological: Chemical imbalances in the nervous system, genetic transmission
Cognitive: Excessive anxiety from illogical, irrational thought processes
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders: The Effect of Affect
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Mood Disorders
• Affect: An emotional reaction• Mood disorders: Severe
disturbances in emotion • Person with mood disorder
experiences emotions that are extreme and, therefore, abnormal
14.5 What are the different types of mood disorders and their causes?
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Major Depression
Major Depression: Severe depression, sudden, no apparent external cause• Most common of mood
disorders• Twice as common in women
as in men
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Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
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Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder:Severe mood swings
between major depressive episodes and manic episodes
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Cognitive: See depression as the result of distorted, illogical thinking
Behavioral: Link depression to learned helplessness
Biological: Variation in neurotransmitter levels or specific brain activity; genes and heritability play a part
Causes of Mood Disorders
Eating Disorders
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Condition in which a person develops a cycle of “binging” and uses unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain
Condition in which eating is reduced to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below expected body weight or more is the result
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa
Eating Disorders14.6 What are the two primary types of eating disorders, how do they differ, and who are they most likely to affect?
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Possible Signs of Eating Disorders
Dissociative Disorders: Altered Identities
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders: Break in conscious awareness, memory, and/or sense of identity• Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss for
personal information, either partial or complete
• Dissociative fugue: Travel from familiar surroundings with amnesia for trip and possibly personal identity
• Dissociative identity disorder: Person seems to have two or more distinct personalities
14.7 How do the various dissociative disorders differ, and how do they develop?
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Cognitive and behavioral: Trauma-related thought avoidanceis negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety and emotional pain
Psychodynamic: Point to repression of memories, seeing dissociation as a defense mechanism against anxiety
Biological: Lower than normal activity levels in areas responsible for body awareness; depersonalization disorder
Causes of Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia: Altered Reality
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Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia: Severely disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, inability to separate fantasy from reality
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Excesses of, or additions to, normal behavior
• Delusions: Unshakeable, false beliefs– Delusional disorder:
Primary symptom is delusion
• Hallucinations: Seeing or hearing things that don’t exist
• Less than, or an absence of, normal behavior
• Poor attention• Flat affect: A lack of
emotional responsiveness• Poor speech production
14.8 What are the main symptoms, types, and causes of schizophrenia?
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
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Categories of Schizophrenia
• Periods of statue-like immobility mixed with bursts of wild, agitated movement and talking
• Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations
• Hallucinations• Confused
speech• Inappropriate
emotion• Social
impairments
Disorganized Catatonic Paranoid
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Causes of Schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms appear to be associated with overactivity of dopamine areas of brain; negative with lower dopamine activity
• Genetics, brain structural defects have been implicated• Genetics supported by twin and adoption studies• Biological roots supported by universal lifetime
prevalence across cultures of approximately 7–8 people out of 1,000
• Stress-vulnerability model: Suggests people with genetic markers for schizophrenia will not develop the disorder unless they are exposed to environmental or emotional stress at critical times in development
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Genetics and Schizophrenia
Source: Gottesman (1001)
Personality Disorders: I’m OK, It’s Everyone Else Who’s Weird
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Personality Disorders14.9 How do the various personality disorders differ, and what is thought to be the cause of personality disorders?
Personality disorders: Persistent, rigid, maladaptive behavior interfering with normal social interaction
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder: No morals or conscience, impulsive, lacks regard for consequences
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder: Moody, unstable, unclear sense of identity, clings to others
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Personality Disorders
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Modified by Jackie Kroening
Genetic factors: Biological relatives of people with personality disorders more likely to develop similar disorders
Cognitive-behavioral: Specific behaviors learned over time, associated with maladaptive belief systems
Family relationships: Linked to disturbances in family communications and relationships
Stress tolerance: Look at the lower than normal stress hormones in antisocial personality disordered persons as responsible for their low responsiveness to threatening stimuli
Causes of Personality Disorders
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• DSM constantly being revised to include the findings of current research
• Some changes involve terminology used to describe disorders and their symptoms
• Push for greater social relevance and attention to cultural differences
14.10 What are some of the future directions in psychopathology?
Future Directions in Psychopathology