viii
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ....................................................................................... i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii
SURAT PERNYATAAN.............................................................................. iii
RIWAYAT HIDUP ....................................................................................... iv
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................... v
DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................... xiii
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................. xiv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ................................................................................ xv
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ............................................................................ xvi
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................ xviii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ xix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ......................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ........................................................................ 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................................................................. 5
1.3 Orisinalitas Penelitian ............................................................. 5
1.4 Tujuan Penelitian .................................................................... 6
1.4.1. Tujuan Umum ............................................................... 6
1.4.2. Tujuan Khusus .............................................................. 6
1.5 Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................. 7
1.5.1 Manfaat Akademis ........................................................ 7
1.5.2 Manfaat praktis ............................................................. 7
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ................................................................ 8
2.1. Profil Lipid ............................................................................. 8
2.1.1. Trigliserida .................................................................... 9
ix
2.1.2. Kolesterol ...................................................................... 9
2.1.3. Lipoprotein .................................................................. 11
2.1.4. Kilomikron .................................................................. 12
2.1.5. Dislipidemia ................................................................ 14
2.1.6. Hiperlipidemia ............................................................ 18
2.2. Jumlah Sel Busa ................................................................... 20
2.2.1. Sel Busa....................................................................... 20
2.2.2. Aorta............................................................................ 21
2.2.3. Peran Endotel .............................................................. 21
2.3. Arterosklerosis ...................................................................... 23
2.3.1. Patogenesis Dan Tipe Lesi Aterosklerotik .................. 28
2.4. Bawang Putih ........................................................................ 31
2.4.1. Morfologi Dan Ekologi ............................................... 31
2.4.2. Senyawa Kimia dalam Bawang Putih ......................... 33
2.4.3. Bioavailabilitas dan metabolisme dari senyawa
organosulfur................................................................... 45
2.4.4. Anti-Kolesterol dan Anti-Atherosklerosis .................. 48
2.4.5. Kontraindikasi, Efek Samping Dan Toksisitas ........... 53
2.5. Buah Naga Merah ................................................................. 53
2.5.1. Khasiat Buah Naga Merah .......................................... 57
2.5.2. Antioksidan yang terkait dalam Buah Naga ............... 59
2.6. Pengaruh Bawang Putih Dan Buah Naga Merah terhadap profil
lipid dan Jumlah Sel Busa .................................................... 67
x
2.6.1. Bawang putih .............................................................. 67
2.6.2. Buah Naga Merah ....................................................... 69
2.7. Pengaruh Bawang Putih Terhadap Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel
Busa ...................................................................................... 71
2.8. Hubungan Buah Naga Merah Dengan Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel
Busa ...................................................................................... 74
2.9. Faktor Mempengaruhi Profil Lipid Dan Jumlah Sel Busa ... 76
2.9.1. Faktor Risiko Eksternal ............................................... 76
2.9.2. Faktor Risiko Internal ................................................. 77
BAB III KERANGKA TEORI, KERANGKA KONSEP, HIPOTESIS ... 79
3.1 Kerangka Teori ..................................................................... 80
3.2 Kerangka Konsep ................................................................. 81
3.3 Hipotesis ............................................................................... 81
BAB IV METODE PENELITIAN ............................................................ 82
4.1. Rancangan Penelitian ........................................................... 82
4.2. Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian ............................................ 83
4.2.1 Populasi ....................................................................... 83
4.2.2 Sampel ......................................................................... 84
4.2.3 Teknik Sampling ......................................................... 84
4.3. Variabel dan definisi operasional ......................................... 85
4.4. Bahan / Materi Penelitian ..................................................... 87
4.5. Alat Penelitian ...................................................................... 87
4.6. Cara Penelitian dan Alur Kerja ............................................. 88
4.6.1. Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Bawang Putih ...................... 88
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4.6.2. Cara Pembuatan Ekstrak Buah Naga Merah ............... 89
4.6.3. Dosis Simvastatin ........................................................ 90
4.6.4. Cara Pemberian Makan Tikus Dengan Diit Tinggi
Kolesterol ...................................................................... 90
4.6.5. Instruksi kerja penggunaan mikrotom ......................... 90
4.6.6. Pembuatan Preparat Histologi ..................................... 91
4.6.7. Bahan Procesing Jaringan ........................................... 92
4.6.8. Alur Kerja/Jalannya Penelitian ................................... 93
4.7. Teknik Pengumpulan ........................................................... 95
4.8. Analisis Data ........................................................................ 96
4.9. Jadwal Pelaksanaan Penelitian ............................................. 97
BAB V HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................. 98
5.1 Hasil Penelitian ..................................................................... 98
5.1.1. Profil Lipid .................................................................. 98
5.1.2. Sel Busa..................................................................... 108
5.2 Pembahasan ........................................................................ 110
5.2.1. Uji perbandingan sebelum dislipidemia dengan setelah
dislipidemia ................................................................. 111
5.2.2. Profil lipid dislipidemia (posttest 1) dan setelah
perlakuan (posttest 2) .................................................. 112
5.2.3. Deskripsi perubahan profil lipid ............................... 112
5.2.4. Kebermaknaan perbedaan efektifitas perlakuan
(perubahan profil lipid) antar dua kelompok ............... 113
5.2.5. Jumlah Sel Busa ........................................................ 115
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5.2.6. Kebermaknaan perbedaan jumlah sel busa antar dua
kelompok ..................................................................... 118
BAB VI KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN ................................................... 119
6.1. Kesimpulan ......................................................................... 119
6.2. Saran ................................................................................... 119
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................ 121
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. 1 Orisinalitas penelitian ........................................................................... 5
Tabel 2. 1 Pedoman Klinis Untuk Menghubungkan Profil Lipid Dengan
Terjadinya Penyakit Kardiovaskuler ................................................... 16
Tabel 2. 2 komposisi gizi per 100 gram daging buah naga .................................. 56
Tabel 2. 3 aktivitas antoksidan (ORAC) dan total fenol buah-buahan tropis ...... 57
Tabel 5. 1 Profil lipid Pre-test .............................................................................. 98
Tabel 5. 2 Profil lipid tikus dislipidemi (Post-test 1) ........................................... 99
Tabel 5. 3 Profil lipid (pretest) dan setelah dislipidemia (posttest 1) ................. 100
Tabel 5. 4 Profil lipid (Post-test 2) ..................................................................... 101
Tabel 5. 5 Profil lipid dislipidemia (posttest 1) dan setelah perlakuan (posttest
2)........................................................................................................ 101
Tabel 5. 6 Deskripsi perubahan profil lipid ........................................................ 105
Tabel 5. 7 Grafik perubahan profil lipid antara postest 1 dan posttest 2 ............ 106
Tabel 5. 8 Kebermaknaan perbedaan profil lipid antar dua kelompok .............. 106
Tabel 5. 9 Grafik perubahan profil lipid............................................................. 107
Tabel 5. 10 Deskripsi jumlah sel busa ................................................................. 108
Tabel 5. 11 Kebermaknaan perbedaan jumlah sel busa antar dua kelompok
dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji mann whitney. ......................... 110
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2. 1 Sintesis Kolesterol dalam Tubuh Manusia ........................................ 11
Gambar 2. 2 Patogenenis Arterosklerosis .............................................................. 27
Gambar 2. 3 Bawang Putih .................................................................................... 31
Gambar 2. 4 Pembentukan senyawa γ-glutamil-Salk(en)il-L-sistein dan allin ...... 35
Gambar 2. 5 Jalur pemecahan γ-glutamil-Salk(en)il-L-sistein ............................... 35
Gambar 2. 6 Reaksi pembentukan allicin .............................................................. 36
Gambar 2. 7 Pemecahan Allisin ............................................................................. 38
Gambar 2. 8 Inhibisi negatif pada cholesterolgenic pathway 36
............................ 51
Gambar 2. 9 Buah Naga Merah.............................................................................. 54
Gambar 4. 1 Bagan rancangan penelitian .............................................................. 82
Gambar 4. 2 Alur Kerja/Jalannya Penelitian.......................................................... 93
Gambar 5. 1 Grafik perubahan kadar kolesterol total pada berbagai waktu
pengamatan ..................................................................................... 102
Gambar 5. 2 Grafik perubahan kadar trigliserida pada berbagai waktu
pengamatan ..................................................................................... 103
Gambar 5. 3 Grafik perubahan kadar HDL pada berbagai waktu pengamatan ... 104
Gambar 5. 4 Grafik perubahan kadar LDL pada berbagai waktu pengamatan .... 104
Gambar 5. 5 Jumlah Sel busa ............................................................................... 109
xv
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1 Ethical Clirance
Lampiran 2 Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian Kepala Lab Pangan dan Gizi
PAU UGM
Lampiran 3 Surat Balasan dari Pusat Studi Pangaan dan Gizi UGM
Lampiran 4 Surat Permohonan Ijin Penelitian Laboratorium PA FK Unissula
Lampiran 5 Hasil Pembacaan Sel Busa dari Laboratorium PA FK Unissula
Lampiran 6 Dokumentasi Penelitian
Lampiran 7 Hasil Analisis Statistik
xvi
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
AGE : aged garlic extract
AMS : Allyl Methyl Sulfoxide
CAD : Coronary Artery Disease
CETP : Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein
Crp : C-Reaktif Protein
DADS : diallyl disulfide
DAS : diallyl sulfides
DATS : diallil trisulfida
EDCF : Endothelium-Drived Constiction Factor
EDHF : Endhothelium-Drived Hyperpolarizing Factor
eNOS : Endothelid NO Sintase
FPP : Farnesilpirofosfat Transferase
GF : Growth Factor
HDL : High Density Lipoprotein
HMG-KoA : hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
hsCRP : High Sensitivily C-Reactive Protein
ICAM-1 : Intercelulare Adhesion Molecule-1
IDL : Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
IL : Interleukins
IPP : Isopentil Pirofosfat
LCAT : Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase
LDL : Low Density Lipoprotein
LPL : Lipoprotein Lipase
LCAT : Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase
Lp-PLA2 : Lipoproteinassociated Phospholipase A2
xvii
NK : Natural Killer
NO : Nitrit Oxide
ox-LDL : Oksidised LDL
(PECAM)-1 : Platelet-Endhotelial-Cell Adhesion Molecule
PJK : penyakit jantung koroner
PKV : Penyakit kardiovaskuler
SAC : S-allyl-L –Sistein
SAMC : S-allilmerkapsistein
SEC : S-etil- sistein
SIPC : S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine
SMC : Smetil –sistein
SPC : S-propilsistein
TAG : Triasilgliserol
TNF : Tumor Necrosis Factor
VCAM-1 : Vascular-Cell Adhesion Molecule -1
VLDL : Very Low Density Lipoprotein