Cell Organelles and Functions
CELL’S ANATOMY
ANIMAL VS. PLANT
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/insideacell/
Outside the Cell - Cell Wall Made of cellulose Freely permeable to water
and most solutes Only in Plant cells Maintains cell turgidity Provide mechanical
support Protect from mechanical
damage
Extensions of the cell – Cilia / Flagella
Used for movement Cilia are tiny hair-
like projections Flagella are long
tail-like projection Arrangement of
microtubules
Holding it all together - Cell Membrane Phospholipid bilayer
containing proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates
Separates cell contents from the environment; regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
The Fluid within - Cytoplasm Fluid that encompasses
the inside of the cell’s membrane and outside the nucleus
Site of many chemical reactions
Give cell its structure Where the organelles are
located
Organelles in the Cytoplasm (eukaryote) - Nucleus
Membrane Bound spherical structure
Control centre of the cell
contains the genetic material
In the Nucleus-(eukaryote) Chromatin/Chromosomes
Threadlike Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and associated proteins
Genetic Material Also goes by the name
chromosomes, sister chromatids at various stages of cell life
In the Nucleus (cont’d) Nucleolus
Dense, spherical structure; composed of DNA, RNA and protein
Site of ribosome synthesis
Around the Nucleus – Nuclear Membrane
Phospholipid - protein bilayer; contains pores
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus
Organelles in the Cytoplasm -Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membrane bound channels running throughout the cell
Network of channels
*Rough ER
Ribosomes attached to outside
Involved in protein synthesis and transportation of molecules
*Smooth ER
Ribosomes NOT attached to outside
Synthesis of lipids and transportation of molecules in the cell
Organelles in the Cytoplasm - Golgi Apparatus/bodies
Flattened, membrane bound, fluid filled disks, with associated vesicles surrounding the disks
Involved in the packaging of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
Organelles in the Cytoplasm - Ribosomes
Small spherical bodies free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to ER
Composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
Site of protein synthesis
Organelles in the Cytoplasm -Lysosome Membrane bound
spherical sacs, containing enzymes
pH of approx. 5 Site of digestion and
storage of digestive enzymes
Can destroy harmful invaders to the cells
Organelles in the Cytoplasm -Vacuole
Membrane bound, fluid-filled sacs
Storage of food or water
In plants, involved in turgor pressure
Organelles in the Cytoplasm -Centriole Paired cylindrical
structures, composed of protein
Found only in Animal Cells
Assist in cell reproduction by producing spindle fibres (a type of microfilament)
Assists in the formation of cilia and flagella
Organelles in the Cytoplasm –Chloroplasts (next unit)
Used for absorption of light
Only in plants Site of photosynthesis A series of chemical
reactions resulting in the production of glucose and ATP from sunlight and other raw materials
Mitochondria (next unit)
Membrane bound, bean shaped
mostly protein, but also contain lipids, DNA and RNA
Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother only
Site of Aerobic Metabolism Releases energy from food in
the form of ATP
