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Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy
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Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Jan 16, 2016

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Page 1: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Structure of a Generalized Cell

-plasma membrane

-cytoplasm:

cytosol

organelles

-nucleus

BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy

Page 2: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

A Quick Tour Through A Cell

Play TourOfAnimalCell.mpg

Page 3: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

-phospholipid bilayer

-separates cell contents from environment

Plasma membrane

Page 4: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Ribosomes-site of proteins synthesis

-free in cytoplasm or

-bound to endoplasmic reticulum

Page 5: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

-membrane tubes and sacs

-two types: RER & SER

Page 6: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Rough ER-membrane sacs studded with ribosomes

-synthesizes proteins for use in plasma membrane or for secretion

Page 7: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Smooth ER-membrane tubules

-site of lipid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, & ion storage

Page 8: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Golgi Apparatus-stack of membrane sacs

-has associated vesicles

-modifies, sorts, & packages proteins for export or use in plasma membrane

Page 9: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Role of the Golgi Apparatus

Page 10: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Lysosomes-membrane vesicles

-contain digestive enzymes

-break down old organelles, large molecules, & pathogens

Page 11: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Peroxisomes-membrane sacs

-contain oxidases

-neutralize free radicals and toxins

Page 12: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Mitochondria-double membrane wall

-inner membrane folded into cristae

-oxidize food to generate ATP

- “powerhouse of the cell”

Page 13: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Centrioles-paired cylindrical bodies

-organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

-form base of cilia and flagella

Page 14: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Cytoskeleton

Figure 3.24

-protein filaments

-create internal framework of cell: for structure & support

-important in cell mobility

Page 15: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Nucleus-in center of cell

-contains DNA: genetic material

Page 16: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleoli

-double membrane

-separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm

-has pores to allow molecule exchange with cytoplasm

-dense area in nucleus

-site of ribosome production

Page 17: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Chromatin-loose, thread-like DNA

-open form of DNA found in cells that are not dividing

Chromosomes-tightly wound DNA

-dense, bar-like form of DNA that forms when cells begin mitosis for cell division (46 in humans)

Page 18: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Frog SkinFrog Skin(simple squamous epithelium)(simple squamous epithelium)

4X objective(40X)

10X objective(100X)

40X objective(400X)

Pentagon cells with visible nuclei

Page 19: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Teased Smooth MuscleTeased Smooth Muscle 4X objective(40X)

10X objective(100X)

40X objective(400X)

Long, stringy cells with enlargements at nuclei

Page 20: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Human Sperm CellHuman Sperm Cell 4X objective(40X)

10X objective(100X)

40X objective(400X)

Tiny cells with visible nuclei and long flagella

Page 21: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Human Blood SmearHuman Blood Smear(red blood cells)(red blood cells)

WBC

RBC

4X objective(40X)

10X objective(100X)

40X objective(400X)

Tiny round cells: red blood cells lack nuclei, white blood cells have visible and often

multi-lobed nuclei

Page 22: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

BIO132 Lab 2 Exercise 5 or 5A The Cell: Transport Mechanisms and Cell Permeability

The cell membrane: a selectively permeable barrier

Play MembraneBarrier.mov

Play MembraneSelectivity.swf

Page 23: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Passive TransportDiffusion Through the Plasma Membrane

Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Occurs due to the constant and random motion of molecules.

Play Diffusion.mov

Page 24: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Passive Transport: Diffusion Through the Plasma MembraneDiffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.

Play FatWaterSolu.mov

Play FacilDiffusion.mov

Play Diffusion.swf

Page 25: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Passive TransportDiffusion Through the Plasma Membrane

Diffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration: requires no energy from the cell

-Simple diffusion: through the phospholipid membrane-Facilitated diffusion: through a protein:

a channel or a transport protein

Page 26: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Diffusion Through the Plasma MembraneDiffusion: net movement of solutes from an area of high

concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

Solutes move to bring the system to equilibrium.

But what if the solutes are not free to move?

Page 27: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

• Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane

• Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane• Osmolarity – total concentration of solute particles in a

solution, a driving force of water movement

Osmosis:

Water molecules come to equilibrium

Water moves when the solutes cannot

Page 28: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

• Isotonic – solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol: no net movement of water

• Hypertonic – solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol: net movement of water out of the cell (can cause crenation)

• Hypotonic – solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol: net movement of water into the cell (can cause lysis)

Tonicity – how a solution effects cell volume

Page 29: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Play OsmoticEffectsRBC.mpg

Page 30: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Active Transport

Movement against the concentration gradient

Requires work/energy input from the cell

Play ActiveTransport.swf Play Exocytosis.swf

Play Pinocytosis.swf Play Phagocytosis.swf

Page 31: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Phagocytosis: “cell eating”, cell engulfs extracellular material via pseudopods and internalizes it in a vesicle for digestion in the lysosome

Pseudopods

PlayAmoeba.mpg

Page 32: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Phagocytosis

Play Neutrophil.mpg Play MO-phago.mov

Play MO-phago2.mov

Page 33: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 34: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 35: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 36: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 37: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

same none X X

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 38: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

same none X X

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

more increase

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 39: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

same none X X

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

more increase cloudy

++

NaCl

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 40: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

same none X X

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

more increase cloudy

++

NaCl

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

much more

big increase

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes

Page 41: Structure of a Generalized Cell -plasma membrane -cytoplasm: cytosol organelles -nucleus BIO130 Lab 2 Exercise 4 The Cell: Anatomy.

Beaker Sac Initial weight

Final weight

Weight change

Tests- beaker fluid

Tests- sac fluid

1 Water 40% Glucose

X grams

more increase yellow

++glucose

orange

+++glucose

2 40% Glucose

40% Glucose

X grams

same none X X

3 Water 10% NaCl

X grams

more increase cloudy

++

NaCl

4 Water 40% Sucrose Congo Red Dye

X grams

much more

big increase

blue_

sucrose

Diffusion Through Nonliving Membranes