What are the smallest living units of organisms? BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I A) Organelles B) Cells C) Tissues D) Organisms.

What are the smallest living units of organisms?

BIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology IBIOL 2010 Human Anatomy & Physiology I

A) Organelles

B) Cells

C) Tissues

D) Organisms

What are the smallest living units of organisms?

Basic components:

•

•

•

•

Cells w/c are called the building blocks of life…

What are the components of the plasma membrane?

A flexible (fluid mosaic) _____________ between a cell’s environment (__________) and the inside of the cell (______________).

Comprised of:

•

•

•

What does a plasma membrane do?

• Provides a …

• Allows ___________ of cell’s internal (intracellular) environment

• Allows __________ ___________to be formed

• Provides cell _________ and allows ___________ ___________

Function of plasma membrane determined by ________ and other molecules “floating” in lipid bilayer

The “stuff” between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

What is cytoplasm?

What is it made of ?~1/2 ________ & ~1/2 __________

So what’s cytosol?_____________

_____________

& __________ ________

Dissolved and suspended molecules

A support structure made of filaments and tubules (actin filament movie)

Granules, droplets and other clusters of chemicals

Plasma membrane functions to regulate concentration of substances inside and outside of cell.

Diffusion:

Can substances move in and out of cells?

What forms of movement are there?

Osmosis:

What forms of movement are there?

Osmotic conditions described relative to their pressures (due to differing conc. of solutes…

Hyposmotic

Hyperosmotic

Isosmotic

What forms of movement are there?

Solute

Solvent

What forms of movement are there?

“tonic” conditions describe the tendency of cells to swell, shrink or stay the same

Crenation and Lysis…

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

____________________:The movement of matter across a membrane via carrier molecules (proteins).

Types:

*

*

*

What forms of movement are there?

Specificity, Competition & Saturation

The transport of glucose into and out of most cells (muscle, fat etc.) occurs by facilitated diffusion. Once glucose enters a cell it is converted to other molecules such as glucose-6-phosphate or glycogen. What effect does this conversion have on the ability of the cell to acquire glucose? Explain…

Take 5!!!

Discuss with your neighbor and predict

an answer.

Mediated Transport:Types:

*

What forms of movement are there?

Mediated Transport:Types:

*

What forms of movement are there?

PredictIn cardiac (heart) muscle cells, the concentration [ ] of intracellular Ca2+ ions affects the force of the heart contraction. The > Ca2+ the > the contraction force. Na+/ Ca2+ countertransport helps to regulate intracellular Ca2+ ion levels by transporting Ca2+ ions out of the cardiac muscle cells. Given that digitalis slows the transport of Na+ ion, should the heart beat more of less forcefully? Why?

Take 2!!!

Discuss with your neighbor and predict

an answer.

______________Forming an invagination of the plasma membrane, eventually pinching off in the form of a membrane bound sphere (vesicle)

Is this process more similar to diffusion or active transport? Why?

What about large substances? *

*

______________Reverse of “endo”. A vesicle merges with the plasma membrane and then ruptures releasing vesicle contents.

What about large substances?

Organelles: ___________

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

• Small structures made of __________________. Subunits formed in nucleolus of nucleus.

• Found floating free in _________ or attached to ____________________

• Essential component of ________________!

Familiarize yourself with table 3.1!!!

Organelles:____________________

Continuous with nuclear membrane

2 types:*

What type of product is formed here?

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

*

What type(s) products formed/packaged here?

Organelles:_________________Collection of flattened membranous sacs,receive vesicles from ______________

___________, ________, __________ etc. then forms vesicles that stay in cell, or merge with plasma membrane.

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

What is the process?

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Organelles:Specialized vesicles…

____________:vesicles containing ________________which help “_____” debris

_______________:smaller vesicles that also contain “digestive” _______ and _________

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

Zellweger syndrome

Organelles:____________“Powerhouse” of cells producing ______

Endosymbiont hypothesis

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

Organelles:Mitochondria

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

Organelles:Assorted odds-n-ends

Associated with _________________ in cell division, and basal bodies in ____ and _____________

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

Organelles:Assorted odds-n-ends

______________

___________

_______________ or ________________ projections made of microtubules

Small cytoplasmic extensions, don’t move… increase ____________________

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

____________:

• Membrane bound structure containing cell’s ______.

• Nuclear envelope contains _________. (Why?)

What are the various types of organelles and what are their functions?

A cell spends it’s life in different phases of activity.

-

-

-

These periods are called ________________

(most of a cell’s life is spent in interphase).

However, to reproduce the cell has to divide it’s nuclear material this is __________

How do cells spend their time?

What are chromosomes?

What are chromosomes?

Anatomy of a chromosome

Undivided chromosomes consist of…

What are chromosomes?

Chromosomes contain the genetic information (DNA) that “codes” for your body.

“Your blueprints are in your bluegenes”

What is a gene?

Specific segments of DNA that code for specific ___________ or _______________________that result in specific characteristics or traits.

What are functions of chromosomes ?

These are “bands” NOT genes

How are chromosomes divided between new cells?

1)

So how many chromosomes then?

2)

3)

4)

____________

Process of nuclear division preparing __________

How are chromosomes divided between sex cells?

4 chromosomes

2 chromosomes(each)