Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
• Carbon forms _______________ bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms.
• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.
– _______________ chain– _______________ chain– _______________
• Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
– _______________ are the individual subunits.– _______________ are made of many monomers.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
• _______________________ are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.
• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
– Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
– Monosaccharides are _______________ sugars.
– Polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and glycogen. ________ __________
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide _______________ _______________ .
• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.
Polymer (_______________ )
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.•Found in plants
Polymer (_______________ )
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure•Found in plant cell walls
monomer
– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.
• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include _______________ , _______________ , and _______________ .
Triglyceride
Lipids have several different functions:– broken down as a source of _______________ energy – make up cell _______________– used to make _______________
• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
– _______________ fatty acids– _______________ fatty acids
• Phospholipids make up all cell membranes.
– _______________ phosphate “head”– _______________ fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipid
– Amino acids are linked by _______________ bonds.
• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
– Amino acids differ in remainder groups, or ____ groups.
– _______________ different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
• Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids.
– Amino acids _______________ to give a protein its shape.
– Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s _______________ and _______________ .
hydrogen bond
Hemoglobin
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
A phosphate group nitrogen-containing molecule,called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)
• _______________ are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
– DNA stores genetic _______________
• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
– RNA builds _______________ .
DNA
RNA