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. B H
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C ()D
C
D ()
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B FA + BAB
C() + () C2 ()
2() + C2 () 2C
C() + H2 () C(H)2 ()
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C3 () () + C2 ()
2C3 () 2C () + 32 ()
H2C3 () H2 () + C2 ()
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,
.
: 2 2
F
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4() + 52() 410()( )
, ,
3
8
() + 52
()32
() + 42
()
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B FA + BA + B
3 + 2FC3 2F + 3C2
H 2 +2H2 H2 + 2H
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H 2 + 2HC H2 + 2C
H C2 + 2I I2 + 2C
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The Activity Series of the Metals
LithiumPotassiumCalciumSodiumMagnesiumAluminumZincChromiumIronNickelLeadHydrogenBismuth
CopperMercurySilverPlatinumGold
Metals can replace other metalsprovided that they are above the
metal that they are trying toreplace.
Metals above hydrogen can
replace hydrogen in acids.
Metals from sodium upward canreplace hydrogen in water
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The Activity Series of the Halogens
FluorineChlorine
BromineIodine
Halogens can replace otherhalogens in compounds, provided
that they are above the halogenthat they are trying to replace.
2NaCl(s) + F2(g) 2NaF(s) + Cl2(g)
MgCl2(s) + Br2(g) ??? No Reaction
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()
B FA + BA + B
, , ,
.
H ?
!!!
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3
C4
+
+
H4+
C, I 2+, A+, H22+4
2 C2+, B2+, 2+,2+, A+, H2+
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C3
2 I G IA H4
+
43 I G IA H4
+
H I G IA C2+, B2+, 2+
2 I G IA, IIA, H4
+
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!!!!( 99 ) A , ,
C , ,
I . ' A ' , A
E I , ' 'C , , A .
H ' B, , A
* ' *A C F ,I' , ,
.*, , ' *A C
F
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.
1. 2.
3. I
I
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F2(4)3 H ? . . .
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A/B
HC + H C + H2G F
2HC +2 H2() + 2C
HC + HC3 C + H2C3H2C3 H2 + C2()
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E = E
= G E
!!
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11
2
00
22
+
+ ClNaClNa
Each sodium atom loses one electron
atom gains one electron: +
+ eNaNa10
Each chlorine atom gains one electron:
10
+ CleCl
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LEO says GER :
+
+ eNaNa
10
Lose Electrons = Oxidation
Sodium is oxidized
Gain Electrons = Reduction
10
+ CleCl Chlorine is reduced
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Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents
The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent
The substance oxidized is the reducing agent
+
+ eNaNa
10
10
+ CleCl
Sodium is oxidized it is the reducing agent
Chlorine is reduced it is the oxidizing agent
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#
1. A 2.
3. 2 ( 1)
4. H +1 1 5. F 1
6. #
7. # =
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D # :H2
8C223
42
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, D
G
A + B
A + BE
() + 2HB () B2() + H2 ()
() + (3)2()(3)2 ()+ ()
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1. A #2. D 3. D 2 4. B
. B H . B . B H H+ . B
5. #
6. A , 7. C
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B 4() + C24
2()2+() + C2()
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+ H2H
B + H2 B(H)2
+ H2
23 + H2 H2
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SoluteA solute is the dissolved substance in asolution.
A solvent is the dissolving medium in asolution.
Solvent
Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinksCarbon dioxide in soda drinks
Water in salt water Water in soda
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An electrolyte is:
A substance whose aqueous solution conductsan electric current.
A nonelectrolyte is:
A substance whose aqueous solution does notconduct an electric current.
Try to classify the following substances as
electrolytes or nonelectrolytes
Definition of Electrolytes and
Nonelectrolytes
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H E ,
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ELECTROLYTES: NONELECTROLYTES:
Tap water (weak)
NaCl solutionHCl solution
Lactate solution (weak)
Pure water
Sugar solutionEthanol solution
Pure, solid NaCl
Answers
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&
() +() + ()
3() +() + 3
()
2() 2+() + 2 ()
24() 2 +() + 4
2()
3() 3+() + 3 ()
.
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Other examples of strong acids include:
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Nitric acid, HNO3 Hydriodic acid, HI
Perchloric acid, HClO4
Strong acids such as HCl are completely
ionized in solution. So they are written as ions inthe net ionic equation
Weak acids such as lactic acid usually ionize less than5% of the time. So they are not written as ions in the
net ionic equation.
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Molarity
The concentration of a solution measuredin moles of solute per liter of solution.
mol = M
L
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H
1.50 0.500 C ?
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Serial DilutionIt is not practical to keep solutions of manydifferent concentrations on hand, so chemistsprepare more dilute solutions from a more
concentrated stock solution.
MstockVstock = MdiluteVdilute
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(11.6 )
3.0 250. ?
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H C(H)
2
25.0 0.100 H3?
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A 70.5
15.0 0.050 , .
.
. ?
. C , , .
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45.7 0.500 H
2
4
20.0 H . H ?