AP Chem - Unit 2

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. B H

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C ()D

C

D ()

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B FA + BAB

C() + () C2 ()

2() + C2 () 2C

C() + H2 () C(H)2 ()

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C3 () () + C2 ()

2C3 () 2C () + 32 ()

H2C3 () H2 () + C2 ()

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,

.

: 2 2

F

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4() + 52() 410()( )

, ,

3

8

() + 52

()32

() + 42

()

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B FA + BA + B

3 + 2FC3 2F + 3C2

H 2 +2H2 H2 + 2H

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H 2 + 2HC H2 + 2C

H C2 + 2I I2 + 2C

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The Activity Series of the Metals

LithiumPotassiumCalciumSodiumMagnesiumAluminumZincChromiumIronNickelLeadHydrogenBismuth

CopperMercurySilverPlatinumGold

Metals can replace other metalsprovided that they are above the

metal that they are trying toreplace.

Metals above hydrogen can

replace hydrogen in acids.

Metals from sodium upward canreplace hydrogen in water

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The Activity Series of the Halogens

FluorineChlorine

BromineIodine

Halogens can replace otherhalogens in compounds, provided

that they are above the halogenthat they are trying to replace.

2NaCl(s) + F2(g) 2NaF(s) + Cl2(g)

MgCl2(s) + Br2(g) ??? No Reaction

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()

B FA + BA + B

, , ,

.

H ?

!!!

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3

C4

+

+

H4+

C, I 2+, A+, H22+4

2 C2+, B2+, 2+,2+, A+, H2+

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C3

2 I G IA H4

+

43 I G IA H4

+

H I G IA C2+, B2+, 2+

2 I G IA, IIA, H4

+

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!!!!( 99 ) A , ,

C , ,

I . ' A ' , A

E I , ' 'C , , A .

H ' B, , A

* ' *A C F ,I' , ,

.*, , ' *A C

F

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.

1. 2.

3. I

I

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F2(4)3 H ? . . .

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A/B

HC + H C + H2G F

2HC +2 H2() + 2C

HC + HC3 C + H2C3H2C3 H2 + C2()

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E = E

= G E

!!

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11

2

00

22

+

+ ClNaClNa

Each sodium atom loses one electron

atom gains one electron: +

+ eNaNa10

Each chlorine atom gains one electron:

10

+ CleCl

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LEO says GER :

+

+ eNaNa

10

Lose Electrons = Oxidation

Sodium is oxidized

Gain Electrons = Reduction

10

+ CleCl Chlorine is reduced

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Reducing Agents and Oxidizing Agents

The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent

The substance oxidized is the reducing agent

+

+ eNaNa

10

10

+ CleCl

Sodium is oxidized it is the reducing agent

Chlorine is reduced it is the oxidizing agent

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#

1. A 2.

3. 2 ( 1)

4. H +1 1 5. F 1

6. #

7. # =

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D # :H2

8C223

42

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, D

G

A + B

A + BE

() + 2HB () B2() + H2 ()

() + (3)2()(3)2 ()+ ()

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1. A #2. D 3. D 2 4. B

. B H . B . B H H+ . B

5. #

6. A , 7. C

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B 4() + C24

2()2+() + C2()

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+ H2H

B + H2 B(H)2

+ H2

23 + H2 H2

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SoluteA solute is the dissolved substance in asolution.

A solvent is the dissolving medium in asolution.

Solvent

Salt in salt water Sugar in soda drinksCarbon dioxide in soda drinks

Water in salt water Water in soda

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An electrolyte is:

A substance whose aqueous solution conductsan electric current.

A nonelectrolyte is:

A substance whose aqueous solution does notconduct an electric current.

Try to classify the following substances as

electrolytes or nonelectrolytes

Definition of Electrolytes and

Nonelectrolytes

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H E ,

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ELECTROLYTES: NONELECTROLYTES:

Tap water (weak)

NaCl solutionHCl solution

Lactate solution (weak)

Pure water

Sugar solutionEthanol solution

Pure, solid NaCl

Answers

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&

() +() + ()

3() +() + 3

()

2() 2+() + 2 ()

24() 2 +() + 4

2()

3() 3+() + 3 ()

.

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Other examples of strong acids include:

Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Nitric acid, HNO3 Hydriodic acid, HI

Perchloric acid, HClO4

Strong acids such as HCl are completely

ionized in solution. So they are written as ions inthe net ionic equation

Weak acids such as lactic acid usually ionize less than5% of the time. So they are not written as ions in the

net ionic equation.

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Molarity

The concentration of a solution measuredin moles of solute per liter of solution.

mol = M

L

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H

1.50 0.500 C ?

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Serial DilutionIt is not practical to keep solutions of manydifferent concentrations on hand, so chemistsprepare more dilute solutions from a more

concentrated stock solution.

MstockVstock = MdiluteVdilute

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(11.6 )

3.0 250. ?

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H C(H)

2

25.0 0.100 H3?

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A 70.5

15.0 0.050 , .

.

. ?

. C , , .

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45.7 0.500 H

2

4

20.0 H . H ?