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AnOverviewofOlympicHistoryLegacyofthe1996
CentennialOlympicGamesIdyUyoe
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Focus• OlympicSummary• EvolutionoftheGames• TheMunichGames– 1972• ImpactoftheColdWar- 1980• LegacyoftheCentennialGames- 1996
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OlympicSummary– Size&Scale
• Equivalentof:– 5SuperBowlseverydayfor17days– 80,000personcorporation
• Absolutestartandstopdate– Noflexibility• 14,000athletes(OlympicsandParalympics)• Over4.7billionviewerswatchedtheBeijingGames(2008)• 26sports• 302events• 205nations
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• PaganreligiousfestivalstartedbytheGreeksinOlympiatohonor ZeusandHera,in776BC
• Heldevery4years• Lastedjust1day• Consistedof1event;the200-yardrun• Moreeventsaddedlater• Onlymencompeted;Womenbanned
butlaterhadtheirownOlympics• RomanemperorTheodosiusIbanned
gamesin393AD
TheAncientOlympicGames
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TheModernOlympics
• FoundedbyFrenchmanBaronPierredeCoubertin
• FirstgamesheldinAthens,Greece,in1896
• Participation– 14Countries– 241Athletes– 43Events
• FirstOlympicgoldmedalwonbyHarvard’sJamesConnelly,representingtheBostonTrackclub,NOTtheUnitedStates
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Eventsatthe1896Olympics
• Cycling• Fencing• Gymnastics• Shooting• Swimming• Tennis• Weightlifting• Wrestling
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Paris- 1900• OlympicsheldaspartofParisWorld
Exhibition• WomenallowedintoOlympicsforthefirst
time;golf,tennisandcroquet• NodedicatedOlympicvenues• AthletesnottoldtheywereintheOlympics• Athletesgivencups,trophiesorpaintings;
thoughttobemorevaluable
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1904– St.Louis• FirstOlympicsheldoutsideofEurope• OrganizedaspartoftheWorld’sFair
inSt.Louis• ChicagowonOlympicbid;Forcedto
movegamestoSt.Louistoavoidconflict– HeldaspartofLouisianapurchase
exposition• IOCPresidentDeCoubertinboycotts
games• AdolfBuschquarteredGerman
athletes
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1908– London• OriginallyscheduledforRome• Lasted187Days• FirstOlympicswithdedicatedStadium• FirstOlympicswithparadeofnations• Firstsummergamestoincludewinter
sports• USflag-dippingcontroversy• Marathondistancechangedto
accommodateKingEdwardVII
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1912– Stockholm• JapanbecomesfirstAsiancountry to
participate• Electronictiming introduced• PASystemusedforthefirsttime• LastOlympicstoissuesolidgoldmedals
towinners• Literature,painting, sculptingandmusic
addedtoOlympicprogram• USGeneralGeorgeS.Pattonfinishes5th
inmodernpentathlon• FirstOlympicstobeorganizedwithin2
months
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1914&1918OlympicsCancelled
Dueto
WorldWarI
ButtheInternationalOlympicCommitteerecordstheminofficialOlympicnumberingscheme
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1920– Antwerp• Olympicflagflownforthefirsttime• Ringssymbolizefivecontinents
whichcompete• ColorsofOlympicringsarefound
ineveryflagintheworld• Icehockeymadeitsdebut• GermanyandotherAxiscountries
notinvited
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1924– Paris
• GamesheldinParistohonorretiringdeCoubertin
• WinterOlympicsintroducedin1924
• Germanystillnotinvited
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1928– Amsterdam• Olympicflamelitforthefirsttimein
1928• Amsterdamgamesbanwomenfrom
runningdistanceslongerthan200meters;banlasts32years
• Atlanta-basedCocaColadebuts• GermanyreturnstoOlympics• Firsttobearmoniker“Summer”
Olympicgames• GeneralDouglasMacArthuroversees
USteamasPresidentoftheAmericanOlympicCommittee
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1932– LosAngeles• Depressiongames• FirstgamestohaveanOlympicvillage• Threetieredpodiumintroduced• Brazilianteam’screativity
– 69athletessetsailfromBraziltoLA– Eachgiven50,000sacksofcoffeetosellat
portsalongtheway– Only24memberssoldenoughcoffeeto
leavetheship.TheotherathleteshadtoreturnhometoBrazil
• FirstOlympicstoturnaprofit- $150,000
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1936– Berlin• NazipartyrisestopowerinGermany• ThirdReichusesgamestopromoteits
ideology• Nuremberglaws• Firstlivesportstelevised– 134program
hours• Firsttorchrelaystarted• JesseOwenswins4goldmedals• BasketballmakesitsOlympicdebut
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• MexicoCity– 1968– FirstOlympicsinLatinAmerica;3rd
World– Controversiesinvolvingathletes
• BlackPrideSalute
• Montreal1976– Canadahostsforthefirsttime– Onlytimehostnationdoesn’twin
gold– Poorfinancialplanning– Africancountriesboycottgames
becauseofNewZealandRugbyTourofApartheidSouthAfrica
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• GamesreturntoGermanyforfirsttimesince1936,nowdividedintoEastandWest
• MajorrebrandinginitiativebyGermans– Olympicsbilledas“TheHappyGames”
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September5,1972• TerroristsstormIsraeliapartmentsinathletes’
village• Twomembersofteamimmediatelykilled;9taken
hostage• TerroristsdemandreleaseofPalestiniansjailedin
Israel• Negotiationsfail;terroristsdemandpassageto
airport• UnpreparedWestGermanpolicebotchrescueat
airport• Terroristskillhostages
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TheAftermath• Israelwithdrewdelegation• Memorialheldthenextdayforvictims
– NoArabcountrysentrepresentation– Arabcountriesprotesttheirflagsbeingflownathalfmast
• OvershadowedperformanceofMarkSpitz– 7goldmedals,7worldrecords– AskedtoleaveMunichimmediately
• OlympicsecuritynowaparamilitaryoperationhandledbytheCentralGovernmentofhostnation
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• ThreeMileIslandnuclearaccidentinPennsylvania• SovietUnioninvadesAfghanistan• IraniansseizeAmericanhostagesinTehran• USmilitarymissiontofreethehostages,Operation
EagleClaw,isacolossalfailure• Nation’smoraleisverylow
Eventsof1979influencedboththeSummerandWinterOlympicsof1980
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TheMiracleonIce• USmen’shockey teambeatspowerful
Russianteaminsemifinals– BeatsFinland towingold
• Restorednationalpride• Considered thebiggestachievement
inUSsportinghistoryaccordingtoESPNpoll
• OvershadowedtheperformanceofspeedskaterEricHeiden– 5GoldMedals– 4Olympicrecords– 1World record
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USleads62NationboycottofMoscowGames• PresidentCartercitesSovietinvasionofAfghanistanasthereason• Carteradministrationhasnorealpowertoorderboycott,buttheState
DepartmentcoulddenyAmericansapassportfortheuseoftraveltoMoscowforthepurpose ofcompeting
• USallyGreatBritainleftdecisiontocompeteto individualathletes– BritishmedalwinnerswereserenadedwithOlympicflagandanthemversus
theUnionJackand“GodSavetheQueen”• LastOlympicsinwhichawhitemanwonthe100-meterrace
– AllanWellsofGreatBritain– SlowestwinningtimeinOlympichistory
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Bid/Announcement• Planningbeganin1987• Longodds– 50-yeardrought• Atlantahadlimitedglobalbrandrecognition• UnitedStatesOlympicCommitteeselects
Atlantaasitscandidatecity– AheadofMinneapolisandSanFrancisco
• AnnouncementmadeSeptember18,1990– XXVIOlympiad
• WasselectedagainstheavilyfavoredAthens,Greece,infinalroundofvoting
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Size/Scope• July19th – August4th,1996• PresidentBillClintondeclaredgamesopen• Record197countries• 10,322athletes• 79countrieswonmedals• 59wongold• Newsportsincluded:
– Women’s soccer– Softball– MountainBiking– BeachVolleyball
• FirstOlympicstopostresultsonline
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Controversies/Challenges• Transportationissues• Technologyglitches• CentennialParkbombing• Sponsorshipmodelcriticized• IOCPresidentattenuatespraiseforAtlanta
duringclosingremarks• Atlantaorganizingofficialsfailedtotapinto
federalfunding
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• TheGameshavea$5billionannualimpactontheCityofAtlanta
• Urbantransformationofcitycenter– CentennialOlympicPark– GAAquarium– WorldofCoca-ColaMuseum
• Over30companieshaverelocatedtheirglobalheadquarterstoAtlanta
AtlantaGamesLegacy
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• AttractingMajorSportingEvents&Attractions
– Themen’sandwomen’sNCAAFinalFour– TheSuperBowl– CollegeFootballPlayoffNationalChampionship– CollegeFootballHallofFame– Conferencesandevents
• MajorSportsInfrastructure– TurnerField– GAInternationalHorseParkinConyers– GATechAquaticCenter
AtlantaGamesLegacy(Cont’d)
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GoingForward• 2016SummerOlympicswillbeheld inRiodeJaneiro,Brazil
– Tokyowillhost2020SummerGames– LosAngeles,Paris,HamburgandRomearefinalisttohost2024Games
• TheAtlanta1996Gameswereoneofthefewthatdidnotlosemoney– Mademodestprofitof$10Million
• IOCAgenda2020makesiteasierforcitiestohostfutureOlympiads• Globalmediaoutletspayingunprecedentedrightsfeestobroadcastthe
Gamesacrosslinearanddigitalplatforms– NBChaspaid$7.75billion forbroadcastrightsthrough the2032Games
• TheOlympicbrandremainsrelevant,althoughsponsorsincreasinglyinfluencingOlympicprogramtomaximizeactivation– GolfandRugbySevensbeingaddedtotheOlympicPrograminRioin2016
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