01A- fundamentals - self study - Genrations

8/7/2019 01A- fundamentals - self study - Genrations

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Computer

Computer comes from the word Computewhich means to calculate

Calculating Device which can be perform

arithmetic operation with speed Fast Calculating Machine

Non-mathematical & Non- numerical

Computer can store, process& retrieve datawhen desired

Data Processor


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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS

Speed

Accuracy

Diligence :- tiredness

Versatility :- Multitasking, (e.g. result, CV,Software Development)

Power of remembering No I.Q

NO Feeling


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THEHISTORYOF COMPUTERS

Computers as we know are very relativelynew devices.

This presentation shows the progressionfrom primitive mechanical calculators tomodern PCs.

The history of computers is commonlydivided into generations.


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GENERATION 0 :MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)

The first computing devices were invented duringthis period.

T

heG

erman inventor WilhelmS

chickard (1592-1635) built the first working calculator in 1623 (onfire).

1642 the french scientist Blaise

Pascal (1623-1662) built a

mechanical calculator which only

can add or subtract.


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Pascals Calculator


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PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES

Jacquards loom

1801 The Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard

(1752-1834) invented a programmable loom, in

which removable punch cards were used to

represent patterns.


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Jacquard loom

It was not until the beginning of the 19th

century (1800s) that the ideas automatic

computing machines began to evolve. The

first was developed by a French textile

manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard. He

invented a punch card system forprogramming the designs on a carpet

making loom. First he used single cards to

control the pattern of the threads. On later

machines the cards were joined together to

form repeating patterns. This idea of punch

cards was adopted for use with musical

instruments, such as the barrel organ. Here

a sequence of valves were opened and closed

controlling air flow into various organ pipes.

Tunes could be programmed and loaded into

the machine.


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History of Computers - Long, Long Ago

beads on rods to count and calculate

still widely used in Asia!


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History of Computers - Way Back When

Slide Rule 1630

based on Napiers rulesfor logarithms

used until 1970s


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History of Computers - 19th Century

first stored program -

metal cards first computer

manufacturing

still in use today!


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Charles Babbage - 1792-1871

Difference Engine c.1822

huge calculator, neverfinished

Analytical Engine 1833

could store numbers

calculating mill used

punched metal cards forinstructions

powered by steam!

accurate to six decimal places


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BABBAGE difference engine

In the 1820s Charles Babbage designed a

mechanical machine called the Difference engine.

The purpose of this machine was to calculate and

print out tables for the Admiralty. (ie, tides, tablesand planetary positions for navigation). The machine

consisted of cog wheels that could be set in keyed

positions, these turned as the computations were

performed. Due to the limitations of mechanical

engineering in this period, and lack of money, the

machine was never completed.


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BABBAGES analytical engine

Babbage laid down the foundations for modern

computing. He stated that an automatic computing

machine must have:-

1) A store for the numbers, we now call this memory.

2) A device for performing arithmetic operations, he

called this a mill, we now call this the arithmetic unit

or central processor unit (CPU).

3) A device for causing the operations of the machine,for example transferring numbers from one place to

another. This is now referred to as the control unit.

4) An input and output device. Such as card reader or

printer. Today this would also include screen, mouse

and keyboard.

A mechanical computer that can solve any

mathematical problem. It used punch-cards

similar to those used by the Jacquard loom andcan perform simple conditional operations.


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THE MARK I COMPUTER(1937-44)

Howord A. Aikan of Harvard University & I.B.M. designed first fully

automatic calculating Machine

Size of computer is 50 feet long 8 feet high

23 decimal digits can be used in the machine

THE ATANSOFF BERRY COMPUTER (1939-42)

Dr. John Atanasoff was developed Electronic Machine

for mathematical equationsAtansoff Berry Computer or ABC

45 vacuum tubes for internal logic & capacitors for storage


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THE MARK I COMPUTER(1937-44)

THE ATANSOFF BERRY COMPUTER


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HARVARD MARKI and II

In 1945, LTJG Grace Murray was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay

Calculator. While testing Mark II due to a malfunction, a moth was found trapped between the

points of a Relay. The operators removed and affixed the moth to the computer log, with the

entry: "First actual case of bug being found." They put out the word that they had "debugged"

the machine, thus introducing the term "debugging a computer program."

The modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer,which was developed between 1939 and 1944. The Harvard Mark I and II was the invention

of Howard Aiken. The machines were constructed out of switches, relays and rotating

shafts.


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THE ENIAC(1943-46)

THE ELECTRONICNUMERICAL INTEGRATED AND CALCULATOR

In U.S.A. at Moor School of Engineering of University of Pennsylvania team of

Prf. J. Presper & John Machly constructed an electronic computer

Result of military need

20 x 40 sq. ft. room & 18,000 Vacuum Tubes

Limited amount information ,

Difficult to detect the errors & change the programme

THE EDVAC(1946-52)THE ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER

Stored Program

Developed byDr. John Von Neumann

Binary System


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THE ENIAC(1943-46)


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THEEDVAC(1946-52)


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THE EDSAC (1947-49)

THE ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC

CALCULTOR

May 1949(Britisher)

Developed by group of scientists headed by Pof. Maurice Wilkes at

Cambridge University

Add 1500 mic. Sec. Mult. 4000 mic. sec

MANCHESTER MARK -I(1948)

Storage Purpose

Designed Prof. Neumann & Scientists.

of Manchester University Group

32 words 31 digit


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THEEDSAC


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THE UNIVAC (1951)

THE UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER

In 1951 (Digital Computer)

Census Bureau

701 Commercial Computer (IBM )


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UNIVAC - 1951

first fully electronicdigital computer built inthe U.S.

Created at theUniversity ofPennsylvania

E

NIA

C weighed 30 tons contained 18,000

vacuum tubes

Cost a paltry $487,000


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THE UNIVAC


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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)

1940s Computers designers began to replaceelectromagnetic relays with Vacuum tubes, smallglass tubes from which all or most of the gas has been

removed. Since vacuum tubes have no moving parts, they

enable switching of electrical signals at speeds farexceeding those of relays.


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Computing and World WarII

COLOSSUS

With the ideas ofAlan Turing (1912-1954), the British

Government built the first electronic computerCOLOSUS, to decode encrypted Nazi comunications. Itscontained more than 2300 vacuum tubes.


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ENIAC

Since Colossus was classified, the first publiclyknown electronic computer was ENIAC

(1946),developed at USA to compute ballisticstables for the US army.

Consisted of 18000 vacuum tubes.

It was less advanced than its predecessors but

could perform more complex calculations than theMark I could and operated up to 500 times faster.

Another advantage ofEniac was that it wasprogrammable.


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The von Neumann Architecture

John Von Neumann (1903-1957), was a

scientist involved in the Eniac project.

He design an alternative computer

architecture in which programs could be

stored in memory along with data.

He also introduced the used of binary

representation (base 2 0,1).


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COMPUTER GENRATIONS

FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955)

Vacuum Tube ,

ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC

ADVANTAGES

Electronic Components

Electronic digital Computer

Fastest CalculatingDevice

DISADVANTAGES

Bulky in Size , Unreliable, Large amount of heat

Air conditioning required

Hardware failures

Maintenance required

Manual assembly ,

Commercial production was difficult & Costly


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Second Generation 1965-1963

1956 Computers began to incorporateTransistors

Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors


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First Transistor

Uses Silicon

developed in 1948

won a Nobel prize

on-off switch

Second GenerationComputers usedTransistors, starting in

1956


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GENERATION 2 :TRANSISTORS (1954-1963)

Transistors are pieces of silicon whose conductivitycan be turned on and off using an electric current.

Since transistors were smaller, cheaper and more

energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they allowed forthe production of more powerful yet inexpensivecomputers.

IBM began marketing transistor-based computers toprivate businesses. They introduced the first high-levelprogramming language (FORTRAN), with a higherlevel of abstraction and simplifying the task ofprogramming.

LISP, BASIC, COBOL.


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SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964)

ADVANTAGES

Smaller in size

Reliable, Less amount of heat

Hardware failures are less

Commercial use

DISADVANTAGES

Air conditioning required

Maintenance required

Manual assembly ,

Commercial production was difficult & Costly


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Third Generation 1964-1971

1964-1971

Integrated Circuit

Operating System

Getting smaller, cheaper


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Integrated Circuits

Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits(chips).

Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and

capacitors integrated together into a single chip


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Operating System

Software Instructions for Computer

Operating system is set of instructions

loaded each time a computer is started

Program is instructions loaded whenneeded


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THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975)

Microelectronic Technology

Integrated Circuits (IC)

ADVANTAGES

Smaller in size, reliable, HeatHardware failures are less

Less Maintenance required

Commercial production

DISADVANTAGES

Air-conditions requirements

IC Chips


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GENERATION 3 :INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1963-1973)

Large Scale Integration Moores law predicts that the number of transistors that

can fit on a chip will double every 12 to 18 months.

Microprocessor Single chip that contains all of the

circuitry for a computing device, such as a calculator orcomputer (Intel 4004).

Computing for businesses The development of integrated circuits facilitated the

constructions of even faster and cheaper computers

moreand more people needed to interact with computersmaking computers accessible to nontechnical users Operating system, keyboards, monitors

Pascal teaching programming skills.

C

used in development of UNIX

and operating system.


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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

(third generation)

Small scale integrated circuits

Mini computers made from logic gates

on IC chips


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FOURTH GENERATION (1975 ONWORD)

Small Scale Integration

Medium Scale Integration

Large Scale Integration


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GENERATION 4 :VLSI (1973-1985)

Advances in manufacturing technology led to the verylarge scale integration (VLSI) of hundreds ofthousands and eventually millions of transistors on anIC chip.

The Personal ComputerRevolution

The cost of the computers dropped to the pointwhere individuals could afford them.

1975 Altair 8800 (first pc).


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1977 Apple II, personal computer that

included keyboard,colour monitor, sound,

and graphics.

1980 IBM introduced the IBM PC.


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ASmore and more people began using computers forbusiness and pleasure, the software industry grew andadapted.

Bill Gates (1955) and Paul Allen wrote the first commercial

software for personal computers and interpreter for theBASIC programming language that ran on the Altair.


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They founded Microsoft in 1975, that one of his initialsuccess was MS-DOSOperating System as well asaplications programs such as word processor.

In the 1990s appear Microsoft Windows, the succesorof MS-DOS that had become the dominant operatingsystem for desktop computers.

Object-Oriented Programming

Object Orientarion is an approach to software

development in which the programmer modelssoftware components after real-world objects.

1980 Smalltalk and Ada.

1985 C++.

1995

JAVA.

GENERATION 5 :


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GENERATION 5 :PARALLEL PROCESSINGAND NETWORKING (1985

- ??)

Parallel processing refers to the integration of multipleprocessors in a single computer.

Until the 1990s, most computers were stand alone

devices.

The first large-scale computer network was ARPAnetorINTERNET, but its use was initially limited togovernment and academic researchers.

1990s Development of the World Wide Web.

In 2002, it is estimated than more than 160 millioncomputers are connected to the Internet.


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The First Microprocessor 1971

T

he 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s)

108Khz

Called Microchip


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Gener

ation Physical Size

Circuit

s

Den

sity

Speed

/Instruction

Memory

Capacity

First Room SizeVacuumTubes

One Hundreds Thousands

SecondCupboard/Cabinet Size

Transistor

Hundreds

ThousandsTenThousands

Third Desk Size I.C.Thousand Millions

HundredThousands

FourthDesk Top, LapTop, Palm Top

V.L.S.IMillions

TenMillions

Billion

01A- fundamentals - self study - Genrations

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01A- fundamentals - self study - Genrations