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Computer
Computer comes from the word Computewhich means to calculate
Calculating Device which can be perform
arithmetic operation with speed Fast Calculating Machine
Non-mathematical & Non- numerical
Computer can store, process& retrieve datawhen desired
Data Processor
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence :- tiredness
Versatility :- Multitasking, (e.g. result, CV,Software Development)
Power of remembering No I.Q
NO Feeling
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THEHISTORYOF COMPUTERS
Computers as we know are very relativelynew devices.
This presentation shows the progressionfrom primitive mechanical calculators tomodern PCs.
The history of computers is commonlydivided into generations.
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GENERATION 0 :MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
The first computing devices were invented duringthis period.
T
heG
erman inventor WilhelmS
chickard (1592-1635) built the first working calculator in 1623 (onfire).
1642 the french scientist Blaise
Pascal (1623-1662) built a
mechanical calculator which only
can add or subtract.
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GENERATION 0 :MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
Pascals Calculator
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GENERATION 0 :MECHANICAL COMPUTERS (1642-1945)
PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES
Jacquards loom
1801 The Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard
(1752-1834) invented a programmable loom, in
which removable punch cards were used to
represent patterns.
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Jacquard loom
It was not until the beginning of the 19th
century (1800s) that the ideas automatic
computing machines began to evolve. The
first was developed by a French textile
manufacturer called Joseph Jacquard. He
invented a punch card system forprogramming the designs on a carpet
making loom. First he used single cards to
control the pattern of the threads. On later
machines the cards were joined together to
form repeating patterns. This idea of punch
cards was adopted for use with musical
instruments, such as the barrel organ. Here
a sequence of valves were opened and closed
controlling air flow into various organ pipes.
Tunes could be programmed and loaded into
the machine.
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History of Computers - Long, Long Ago
beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!
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History of Computers - Way Back When
Slide Rule 1630
based on Napiers rulesfor logarithms
used until 1970s
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History of Computers - 19th Century
first stored program -
metal cards first computer
manufacturing
still in use today!
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Charles Babbage - 1792-1871
Difference Engine c.1822
huge calculator, neverfinished
Analytical Engine 1833
could store numbers
calculating mill used
punched metal cards forinstructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places
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BABBAGE difference engine
In the 1820s Charles Babbage designed a
mechanical machine called the Difference engine.
The purpose of this machine was to calculate and
print out tables for the Admiralty. (ie, tides, tablesand planetary positions for navigation). The machine
consisted of cog wheels that could be set in keyed
positions, these turned as the computations were
performed. Due to the limitations of mechanical
engineering in this period, and lack of money, the
machine was never completed.
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BABBAGES analytical engine
Babbage laid down the foundations for modern
computing. He stated that an automatic computing
machine must have:-
1) A store for the numbers, we now call this memory.
2) A device for performing arithmetic operations, he
called this a mill, we now call this the arithmetic unit
or central processor unit (CPU).
3) A device for causing the operations of the machine,for example transferring numbers from one place to
another. This is now referred to as the control unit.
4) An input and output device. Such as card reader or
printer. Today this would also include screen, mouse
and keyboard.
A mechanical computer that can solve any
mathematical problem. It used punch-cards
similar to those used by the Jacquard loom andcan perform simple conditional operations.
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THE MARK I COMPUTER(1937-44)
Howord A. Aikan of Harvard University & I.B.M. designed first fully
automatic calculating Machine
Size of computer is 50 feet long 8 feet high
23 decimal digits can be used in the machine
THE ATANSOFF BERRY COMPUTER (1939-42)
Dr. John Atanasoff was developed Electronic Machine
for mathematical equationsAtansoff Berry Computer or ABC
45 vacuum tubes for internal logic & capacitors for storage
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THE MARK I COMPUTER(1937-44)
THE ATANSOFF BERRY COMPUTER
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HARVARD MARKI and II
In 1945, LTJG Grace Murray was working on the Harvard University Mark II Aiken Relay
Calculator. While testing Mark II due to a malfunction, a moth was found trapped between the
points of a Relay. The operators removed and affixed the moth to the computer log, with the
entry: "First actual case of bug being found." They put out the word that they had "debugged"
the machine, thus introducing the term "debugging a computer program."
The modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer,which was developed between 1939 and 1944. The Harvard Mark I and II was the invention
of Howard Aiken. The machines were constructed out of switches, relays and rotating
shafts.
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THE ENIAC(1943-46)
THE ELECTRONICNUMERICAL INTEGRATED AND CALCULATOR
In U.S.A. at Moor School of Engineering of University of Pennsylvania team of
Prf. J. Presper & John Machly constructed an electronic computer
Result of military need
20 x 40 sq. ft. room & 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
Limited amount information ,
Difficult to detect the errors & change the programme
THE EDVAC(1946-52)THE ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
Stored Program
Developed byDr. John Von Neumann
Binary System
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THE ENIAC(1943-46)
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THEEDVAC(1946-52)
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THE EDSAC (1947-49)
THE ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE AUTOMATIC
CALCULTOR
May 1949(Britisher)
Developed by group of scientists headed by Pof. Maurice Wilkes at
Cambridge University
Add 1500 mic. Sec. Mult. 4000 mic. sec
MANCHESTER MARK -I(1948)
Storage Purpose
Designed Prof. Neumann & Scientists.
of Manchester University Group
32 words 31 digit
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THEEDSAC
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THE UNIVAC (1951)
THE UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER
In 1951 (Digital Computer)
Census Bureau
701 Commercial Computer (IBM )
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UNIVAC - 1951
first fully electronicdigital computer built inthe U.S.
Created at theUniversity ofPennsylvania
E
NIA
C weighed 30 tons contained 18,000
vacuum tubes
Cost a paltry $487,000
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THE UNIVAC
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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
1940s Computers designers began to replaceelectromagnetic relays with Vacuum tubes, smallglass tubes from which all or most of the gas has been
removed. Since vacuum tubes have no moving parts, they
enable switching of electrical signals at speeds farexceeding those of relays.
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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
Computing and World WarII
COLOSSUS
With the ideas ofAlan Turing (1912-1954), the British
Government built the first electronic computerCOLOSUS, to decode encrypted Nazi comunications. Itscontained more than 2300 vacuum tubes.
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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
ENIAC
Since Colossus was classified, the first publiclyknown electronic computer was ENIAC
(1946),developed at USA to compute ballisticstables for the US army.
Consisted of 18000 vacuum tubes.
It was less advanced than its predecessors but
could perform more complex calculations than theMark I could and operated up to 500 times faster.
Another advantage ofEniac was that it wasprogrammable.
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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
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GENERATION 1 :VACUUM TUBES (1945-1954)
The von Neumann Architecture
John Von Neumann (1903-1957), was a
scientist involved in the Eniac project.
He design an alternative computer
architecture in which programs could be
stored in memory along with data.
He also introduced the used of binary
representation (base 2 0,1).
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COMPUTER GENRATIONS
FIRST GENERATION (1942-1955)
Vacuum Tube ,
ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC
ADVANTAGES
Electronic Components
Electronic digital Computer
Fastest CalculatingDevice
DISADVANTAGES
Bulky in Size , Unreliable, Large amount of heat
Air conditioning required
Hardware failures
Maintenance required
Manual assembly ,
Commercial production was difficult & Costly
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Second Generation 1965-1963
1956 Computers began to incorporateTransistors
Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors
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First Transistor
Uses Silicon
developed in 1948
won a Nobel prize
on-off switch
Second GenerationComputers usedTransistors, starting in
1956
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GENERATION 2 :TRANSISTORS (1954-1963)
Transistors are pieces of silicon whose conductivitycan be turned on and off using an electric current.
Since transistors were smaller, cheaper and more
energy-efficient than vacuum tubes, they allowed forthe production of more powerful yet inexpensivecomputers.
IBM began marketing transistor-based computers toprivate businesses. They introduced the first high-levelprogramming language (FORTRAN), with a higherlevel of abstraction and simplifying the task ofprogramming.
LISP, BASIC, COBOL.
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SECOND GENERATION (1955-1964)
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size
Reliable, Less amount of heat
Hardware failures are less
Commercial use
DISADVANTAGES
Air conditioning required
Maintenance required
Manual assembly ,
Commercial production was difficult & Costly
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Third Generation 1964-1971
1964-1971
Integrated Circuit
Operating System
Getting smaller, cheaper
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Integrated Circuits
Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits(chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and
capacitors integrated together into a single chip
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Operating System
Software Instructions for Computer
Operating system is set of instructions
loaded each time a computer is started
Program is instructions loaded whenneeded
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THIRD GENERATION (1964-1975)
Microelectronic Technology
Integrated Circuits (IC)
ADVANTAGES
Smaller in size, reliable, HeatHardware failures are less
Less Maintenance required
Commercial production
DISADVANTAGES
Air-conditions requirements
IC Chips
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GENERATION 3 :INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (1963-1973)
Large Scale Integration Moores law predicts that the number of transistors that
can fit on a chip will double every 12 to 18 months.
Microprocessor Single chip that contains all of the
circuitry for a computing device, such as a calculator orcomputer (Intel 4004).
Computing for businesses The development of integrated circuits facilitated the
constructions of even faster and cheaper computers
moreand more people needed to interact with computersmaking computers accessible to nontechnical users Operating system, keyboards, monitors
Pascal teaching programming skills.
C
used in development of UNIX
and operating system.
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INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
(third generation)
Small scale integrated circuits
Mini computers made from logic gates
on IC chips
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FOURTH GENERATION (1975 ONWORD)
Small Scale Integration
Medium Scale Integration
Large Scale Integration
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GENERATION 4 :VLSI (1973-1985)
Advances in manufacturing technology led to the verylarge scale integration (VLSI) of hundreds ofthousands and eventually millions of transistors on anIC chip.
The Personal ComputerRevolution
The cost of the computers dropped to the pointwhere individuals could afford them.
1975 Altair 8800 (first pc).
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GENERATION 4 :VLSI (1973-1985)
1977 Apple II, personal computer that
included keyboard,colour monitor, sound,
and graphics.
1980 IBM introduced the IBM PC.
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GENERATION 4 :VLSI (1973-1985)
ASmore and more people began using computers forbusiness and pleasure, the software industry grew andadapted.
Bill Gates (1955) and Paul Allen wrote the first commercial
software for personal computers and interpreter for theBASIC programming language that ran on the Altair.
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GENERATION 4 :VLSI (1973-1985)
They founded Microsoft in 1975, that one of his initialsuccess was MS-DOSOperating System as well asaplications programs such as word processor.
In the 1990s appear Microsoft Windows, the succesorof MS-DOS that had become the dominant operatingsystem for desktop computers.
Object-Oriented Programming
Object Orientarion is an approach to software
development in which the programmer modelssoftware components after real-world objects.
1980 Smalltalk and Ada.
1985 C++.
1995
JAVA.
GENERATION 5 :
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GENERATION 5 :PARALLEL PROCESSINGAND NETWORKING (1985
- ??)
Parallel processing refers to the integration of multipleprocessors in a single computer.
Until the 1990s, most computers were stand alone
devices.
The first large-scale computer network was ARPAnetorINTERNET, but its use was initially limited togovernment and academic researchers.
1990s Development of the World Wide Web.
In 2002, it is estimated than more than 160 millioncomputers are connected to the Internet.
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The First Microprocessor 1971
T
he 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1s or 0s)
108Khz
Called Microchip
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Gener
ation Physical Size
Circuit
s
Den
sity
Speed
/Instruction
Memory
Capacity
First Room SizeVacuumTubes
One Hundreds Thousands
SecondCupboard/Cabinet Size
Transistor
Hundreds
ThousandsTenThousands
Third Desk Size I.C.Thousand Millions
HundredThousands
FourthDesk Top, LapTop, Palm Top
V.L.S.IMillions
TenMillions
Billion