1 Lec. 9: Ch. 4 –The Camera and Photography\ Camera parts Lenses for cameras Controlling light Photography as art Photography as science We are here 1 2 Daguerreotype 2 Poe, 1848 Paris, 1838 Subject must remain still for minutes. Silver droplets on polished silver.
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Lec. 9: Ch. 4 –The Camera and Photography\
Camera partsLenses for camerasControlling light
Photography as artPhotography as science
We are here
1
2
Daguerreotype
2Poe, 1848
Paris, 1838
Subject must remain still for minutes.
Silver droplets on polished silver.
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I. Camera parts
1. Lens2. Shutter3. Diaphragm4. Focusing screen5. Film (or CCD
chip)
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Camera parts
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LensSheet film
holder
Bellows
Shutter &DiaphragmFocus
knob
This is an old-fashioned view camera.
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Two common kinds of cameras
• Point and shootOne lens, viewfinder or liquid crystal display (LCD)
Point and shoot digital
• Single lens reflex (SLR)Interchangeable lensesSingle-lens reflex
LCD is not shown here
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Focal length of lens determines magnification• Long focal length = telephoto • Short focal length = wide angle (bigger image)
50 mm normal lens
85 mm portrait lens
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Some common lens focal lengths
40º
28 mm f. l.Wide angle
50 mm f. l.normal
135 mm f. l.telephoto
15º
65º
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Zoom lenses have adjustable focal length25 mm f.l. to 250 mm f.l = 10x zoomLens may have two fixed groups and two moving groups to hold focus constant while zooming
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Camera parts
1. Lens, focal length2. Shutter (on the lens)3. Diaphragm (on the lens)4. Focusing screen or LCD5. Film (or CCD chip)
We are here
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Shutter speed
The shutter controls the duration of the light.
Common shutter speeds1/15 sec1/30 sec1/60 sec FACTORS OF 2 in light1/125 sec1/250 sec1/500 secEach change lets in half the light.
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F number determines amount of light
Big diameter lens = low f-number, like f-number 1.4
Heavy. Cost more! Works in low light and indoors.
Small diameter lens = big f-number, like f-number 3.5.
For outdoors, weigh less.
dF
opening ofdiameter length focalf ==
Example: 200 mm focal length / 25 mm opening = f-number 8
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F-number scale = factors of two in light1 Big opening
Rays of light diverge on either side of the focal point.
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What is depth of field?
Depth of field is how far objects can be apart and still be nearly in focus.
F
Are not in focus at the same place
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f-number 8 has more depth of field (less blur)than f-number 2
F
fuzzyin focus
big blursmall blur
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Equivalent exposure settings (same light)
¼ sec. lets subjects move
Background in focus(good depth of field)
1/250 sec. stops motion
Background out of focus
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Equivalent exposure settings
These combinations give the same lightf number shutter speed1.4 1/250 sports event, stop motion2 1/1252. 1/604 1/305.6 1/158 1/811 1/4 more depth of field
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Which is best for a bird in a tree?
A. focal length 200 mmB. focal length 50 mm
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Which gives more light?
A. f-number 4B. f-number 22
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Which gives more light?
A. shutter speed 1/4 secB. shutter speed 1/16 sec
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Which f-number gives half the light of f-4?
A. f-2B. f-2.8C. f-4D. f-5.6E. f-8
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Which pair gives the same amount of light?
1/30 sec. and f number 4 and
a) 1/120 sec. and f-1b) 1/120 sec. and f-2c) 1/120 sec. and f-4
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Lec. 9: Ch. 4 –The Camera and Photography\
Camera partsLenses for camerasControlling light
Photography as artPhotography as science
We are here
25
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Siege of Yorktown, 1861James F. Gibson
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William Henry Jackson. Mountain of the Holy Cross. 1873.
Photography replaced paintingto describe the western US
Albert BierstadtLooking Down Yosemite ValleyOil painting