United States, 1969–1976 Volume XXIXphoto.goodreads.com/documents/1320693287books/3523178.pdf · 2011. 11. 7. · 310-567/B428-S/11006 Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976

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Foreign Relations of theUnited States, 1969–1976

Volume XXIX

Eastern Europe;EasternMediterranean,1969–1972

Editors James E. MillerDouglas E. SelvageLaurie Van Hook

General Editor Edward C. Keefer

United States Government Printing OfficeWashington2007

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DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 11443

OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN

BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of Documents, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328

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PrefaceThe Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official

documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and sig-nificant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The His-torian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibility forthe preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of the Office ofthe Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction of the Gen-eral Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches, compiles,and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State Frank B. Kelloggfirst promulgated official regulations codifying specific standards forthe selection and editing of documents for the series on March 26, 1925.These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the series through1991.

Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, es-tablished a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series whichwas signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991. Sec-tion 198 of P.L. 102–138 added a new Title IV to the Department ofState’s Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 USC 4351, et seq.).

The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be a thorough,accurate, and reliable record of major United States foreign policy de-cisions and significant United States diplomatic activity. The volumesof the series should include all records needed to provide comprehen-sive documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of theUnited States Government. The statute also confirms the editing prin-ciples established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series isguided by the principles of historical objectivity and accuracy; recordsshould not be altered or deletions made without indicating in the pub-lished text that a deletion has been made; the published record shouldomit no facts that were of major importance in reaching a decision; andnothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect inpolicy. The statute also requires that the Foreign Relations series be pub-lished not more than 30 years after the events recorded. The editors areconvinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol-arly standards of selection and editing.

Structure and Scope of the Foreign Relations Series

This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela-tions series that documents the most important issues in the foreign pol-icy of Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford. The subseriespresents in multiple volumes a comprehensive documentary record ofmajor foreign policy decisions and actions of both administrations. Thisspecific volume documents the U.S. policy towards Eastern Europe and

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the Eastern Mediterranean, specifically Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey,1969–1972. While the editors believe this volume basically stands onits own, the Eastern Europe section is best read in conjunction with thechapter on East-West trade in Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Vol. IV, For-eign Assistance, International Development, and Trade Policies,1969–1972. For its part, the section on the Eastern Mediterranean canbe read in conjunction with the section on the European Region (in-cluding NATO) in Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Vol. XLI, Western Europe; NATO, 1969–1972.

Volume XXIX is the last print volume to document Eastern Europeduring the Nixon-Ford administrations. For 1973–1976, coverage of East-ern Europe has been combined with Western Europe in an Internet-onlyvolume, Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Vol. E–15, Documents on Westernand Eastern Europe. The Eastern Mediterranean for 1973–1976 will becovered in a print volume, Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Vol. XXX, Greece;Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976.

Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations,1969–1976, Volume XXIX

The coverage of this volume is split almost equally between East-ern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The Eastern Europe sec-tion begins with a general chapter that covers the entire Soviet bloc re-gion and deals almost exclusively with U.S. efforts to liberalize andexpand trade with Eastern Europe. The second chapter is also a gen-eral one. It deals with U.S. Government policy and the bureaucratic de-bate about—and ultimately, the decision on how to fund—Radio FreeEurope (the U.S.-directed—and clandestinely funded—broadcastingservice aimed at Eastern Europe), and Radio Liberty (a similar serviceaimed at the Soviet Union). The remainder of the Eastern Europe sec-tion of the volume comprises eight chapters on U.S. bilateral relationswith Soviet bloc Eastern European countries, as well as with Austriaand Finland. Bilateral relations with Eastern Europe were limited andgenerally carried out at the Department of State level, but there was aconsiderable amount of interest by the White House—and on the partof President Nixon—in certain Eastern European countries. PresidentNixon developed a close relationship with Romanian President Nico-lae Ceausescu. As the most independent member of the Eastern bloc,Yugoslavia also interested the White House. Nixon visited Romaniaand Yugoslavia, and Ceausescu and Yugoslav President Josip Tito vis-ited Washington, DC, during the period of the volume. President UrhoKekkonen of Finland had a close relationship with the Soviet leader-ship, which the Nixon administration found useful when the FinnishPresident visited Washington. Although not always prominently doc-umented, there is evidence in this volume that the Nixon administra-tion’s relations with Eastern Europe were motivated in part by politi-

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cal considerations, essentially the voting power of Polish-American andother Eastern European ethnic Americans, who made up a significantpart of the population of the Midwest.

The countries covered in the three chapters on the Eastern Mediter-ranean generally have a much higher profile than the countries cov-ered in the chapters on Eastern Europe, and indicate a strong Presi-dential and White House interest in events and policies there. This isparticularly true for Greece. When President Nixon took office in 1969,he ordered a review of U.S. policy, and he subsequently sent to Athensa new Ambassador, Henry Tasca, to reassess relations with Greece, animportant NATO ally. Tasca reported that the military junta that ruledGreece was there to stay for the immediate future and that the sym-bolic U.S. suspension of military aid and sales was underminingGreece’s security. The result was a Presidential decision to lift the sus-pension on aid and an understanding that Tasca would use this con-cession to the junta to push it towards constitutional reform and even-tual democratic elections. The role of Vice President Spiro Agnew andbusinessman Tom Pappas in helping to shape U.S. policy towardGreece is documented in this chapter, especially through use of theWhite House tapes.

The Cyprus chapter is a continuation of the Foreign Relations se-ries’ longstanding coverage of the ongoing dispute on that island be-tween Greek and Turkish Cypriots, which was overlaid with tensionsbetween the governments in Athens and Ankara. The basic policy,which the Department of State had been following for years, was to at-tempt to expedite an intercommunal solution that would remove theconflict between Greek and Turkish Cypriots as a bone of contentionbetween two NATO allies, Greece and Turkey. When Cypriot PresidentArchbishop Makarios purchased a substantial quantity of arms andammunition from Czechoslovakia, Cyprus was plunged into a crisis,which pit Makarios against the Greeks and the Greek Cypriots who fa-vored union with Greece. At that point, the mechanism for directingday-to-day policy toward Cyprus became the Washington Special Actions Group, an interagency National Security Council sub-group,chaired by the President’s Special Assistant for National Security Affairs Henry Kissinger, which was charged with the coordination ofU.S. policy towards crises. It would be Kissinger’s introduction to aninternational crisis that would be impervious to his considerable negotiating skills and eventually frustrate him greatly.

The final chapter of the volume is primarily about U.S. efforts todiscourage Turkish narcotics production. President Nixon’s interest insuppressing the international trade in narcotics generated a high-leveldialogue with Ankara about the country’s opium production. The U.S.-Turkish dialogue on Cyprus, as with the U.S.-Greek discussions about

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the island nation, has been placed in the Cyprus chapter. In fact, theselast three chapters on Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey should be read to-gether, since they are closely interrelated.

Like all recent Foreign Relations volumes, the emphasis of this vol-ume is on policy formulation and on important events in internationalrelations, rather than on the implementation of that policy or the day-to-day diplomacy. President Nixon and his Assistant for National Se-curity Affairs, Henry Kissinger, still dominate the policy process insome key areas, but the role of Secretary of State William Rogers, the Department of State bureaucracy, and, in the case of Greece, VicePresident Agnew, are significant.

Editorial Methodology

The documents are presented chronologically according to Wash-ington time. Memoranda of conversation are placed according to thetime and date of the conversation, rather than the date the memoran-dum was drafted.

Editorial treatment of the documents published in the Foreign Re-lations series follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guid-ance from the General Editor. The documents are reproduced as ex-actly as possible, including marginalia or other notations, which aredescribed in the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed accordingto accepted conventions for the publication of historical documentswithin the limitations of modern typography. A heading has been supplied by the editors for each document included in the volume.Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation are retained as found in theoriginal text, except that obvious typographical errors are silently cor-rected. Other mistakes and omissions in the documents are correctedby bracketed insertions: a correction is set in italic type; an addition inroman type. Words or phrases underlined in the source text are printedin italics. Abbreviations and contractions are preserved as found in theoriginal text, and a list of abbreviations is included in the front matterof each volume.

Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text thatdeals with an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classi-fied after declassification review (in italic type). The amount and, wherepossible, the nature of the material not declassified has been noted byindicating the number of lines or pages of text that were omitted. En-tire documents withheld for declassification purposes have been ac-counted for and are listed with headings, source notes, and number ofpages not declassified in their chronological place. All brackets that ap-pear in the original text are so identified in footnotes. All ellipses arein the original documents.

The first footnote to each document indicates the source of the doc-ument, original classification, distribution, and drafting information.

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This note also provides the background of important documents andpolicies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad-visers read the document.

Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinentmaterial not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additionaldocumentary sources, provide references to important related docu-ments printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum-maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and elu-cidate the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs andother first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple-ment or explicate the official record.

The numbers in the index refer to document numbers rather thanto page numbers.

Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation

The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, reviews records,advises, and makes recommendations concerning the Foreign Relationsseries. The Advisory Committee monitors the overall compilation andeditorial process of the series and advises on all aspects of the prepa-ration and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee doesnot necessarily review the contents of individual volumes in the series,but it makes recommendations on issues that come to its attention andreviews volumes, as it deems necessary to fulfill its advisory and statu-tory obligations.

Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Review

Under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and MaterialsPreservation Act (PRMPA) of 1974 (44 USC 2111 note), the NationalArchives and Records Administration (NARA) has custody of theNixon Presidential historical materials. The requirements of thePRMPA and implementing regulations govern access to the Nixon Pres-idential historical materials. The PRMPA and implementing public ac-cess regulations require NARA to review for additional restrictions inorder to ensure the protection of the privacy rights of former NixonWhite House officials, since these officials were not given the oppor-tunity to separate their personal materials from public papers. Thus,the PRMPA and implementing public access regulations require NARAformally to notify the Nixon Estate and former Nixon White Housestaff members that the agency is scheduling for public release NixonWhite House historical materials. The Nixon Estate and former WhiteHouse staff members have 30 days to contest the release of Nixon his-torical materials in which they were a participant or are mentioned.Further, the PRMPA and implementing regulations require NARAto segregate and return to the creator of files private and personal

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materials. All Foreign Relations volumes that include materials fromNARA’s Nixon Presidential Materials Staff are processed and releasedin accordance with the PRMPA.

Declassification Review

The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-ministration, conducted the declassification review for the Departmentof State of the documents published in this volume. The review wasconducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive Or-der 12958, as amended, on Classified National Security Informationand applicable laws.

The principle guiding declassification review is to release all in-formation, subject only to the current requirements of national secu-rity as embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions en-tailed concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functionalbureaus in the Department of State, other concerned agencies of theU.S. Government, and the appropriate foreign governments regardingspecific documents of those governments. The declassification reviewof this volume, which began in 1998 and was completed in 2006, re-sulted in the decision to withhold 2 documents in full, excise a para-graph or more in 9 documents, and make minor excisions of less thana paragraph in 37 documents.

The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the researchconducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declassifi-cation review process described above, that the record presented in thisvolume provides an accurate and comprehensive account of the U.S.foreign policy towards Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean.

Acknowledgments

The editors wish to acknowledge the assistance of officials at theNixon Presidential Materials Project of the National Archives andRecords Administration (Archives II), at College Park, Maryland. Theeditors wish to acknowledge the Richard Nixon Estate for allowing ac-cess to the Nixon presidential recordings and the Richard Nixon Library& Birthplace for facilitating that access. Special thanks are due to ScottKoch, formerly of the Historical Staff of the Central Intelligence Agency,who was extremely helpful in arranging full access to the files of theCentral Intelligence Agency. John Haynes of the Library of Congress wasresponsible for expediting access to the Kissinger Papers. The editorswere able to use the Kissinger Papers, including the transcripts of tele-phone conversations, with the kind permission of Henry Kissinger. Theeditors would like to also thank Sandy Meagher for her valuable assist-ance in expediting the use of files of the Department of Defense.

James E. Miller collected most of the documents, made the initialselections, and annotated the documents he chose. Upon his retirement,

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Douglas Selvage continued the work on Eastern Europe and revisedthe general chapters on trade and Radio Free Europe/Radio Libertyand Poland. Laurie West Van Hook added documents and made revi-sions to the Eastern Mediterranean section. The volume was completedunder the supervision of Edward C. Keefer, General Editor of the se-ries. Susan C. Weetman coordinated the declassification review. KristinL. Ahlberg and Aaron W. Marrs did the copy and technical editing.Max Franke prepared the index.

Bureau of Public Affairs Marc J. SusserDecember 2007 The Historian

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ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III

Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

Abbreviations and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII

Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIII

Eastern Europe; Austria and Finland

General Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Finland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Romania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529

Eastern Mediterranean

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133

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SourcesSources for the Foreign Relations Series

The Foreign Relations statute requires that the published record inthe Foreign Relations series include all records needed to provide com-prehensive documentation on major U.S. foreign policy decisions andsignificant U.S. diplomatic activity. It further requires that governmentagencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Government en-gaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or support cooperatewith the Department of State Historian by providing full and completeaccess to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and actions andby providing copies of selected records. Most of the sources consultedin the preparation of this volume have been declassified and are avail-able for review at the National Archives and Records Administration.A few collections, mostly relating to intelligence matters or HenryKissinger’s Papers at the Manuscript Division of the Library of Con-gress, remain closed to the public. They were available to the editors of this volume and the documents chosen for publication have beendeclassified.

The editors of the Foreign Relations series have complete access toall the retired records and papers of the Department of State: the cen-tral files of the Department; the special decentralized files (“lot files”)of the Department at the bureau, office, and division levels; the files ofthe Department’s Executive Secretariat, which contain the records ofinternational conferences and high-level official visits, correspondencewith foreign leaders by the President and Secretary of State, and mem-oranda of conversations between the President and Secretary of Stateand foreign officials; and the files of overseas diplomatic posts. The Department’s indexed central files through December 1975 have beenpermanently transferred to the National Archives and Records Ad-ministration at College Park, Maryland (Archives II). Most of the De-partment’s decentralized office (or lot) files covering the 1969–1976 period, which the National Archives deems worthy of permanent re-tention, have been transferred or are in the process of being transferredfrom the Department’s custody to Archives II.

The editors of the Foreign Relations series also have full access tothe papers of President Nixon and other White House foreign policyrecords. Presidential papers maintained and preserved at the Presi-dential libraries and the Nixon Presidential Materials Project atArchives II include some of the most significant foreign affairs-relateddocumentation from the Department of State and other Federal agen-cies, including the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence

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Agency, the Department of Defense, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Dr.Henry Kissinger has approved access to his papers at the Library ofCongress.

Research for this volume was completed through special access torestricted documents at the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, the Li-brary of Congress, and other agencies. While all the material printed inthis volume has been declassified, some of it is extracted from still-classified documents. The Nixon Presidential Materials staff is process-ing and declassifying many of the documents used in this volume, butthey may not be available in their entirety at the time of publication.

Sources for Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX

Since this volume contains two distinct sections, this discussion onsources will treat the Eastern Europe and Eastern Mediterranean chap-ters separately. In preparing the ten chapters on Eastern Europe, Aus-tria, and Finland, the editors made extensive use of the Nixon Presi-dential Materials at Archives II in College Park, Maryland. The mostvaluable records within the Nixon Presidential Materials for Eastern Europe are in the National Security Council (NSC) Files, Country Files,Europe, for each of the specific countries. There is also an Eastern Europe, General, subfile within the Country Files. These are the filesthat were maintained by the National Security Council Staff membersresponsible for the respective countries and they provide the day to dayinformation on U.S. policy towards the specific country, as well as draftsand final versions of many of Henry Kissinger’s memoranda to the President. This file provides a basic context for presidential decisions.

Other files within the Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files areimportant sources for specific chapters. For General Policy the NSC Files,Subject Files, Port Security, contain records on the decision on whetheror not to expand the number of U.S. ports that Eastern European flaggedships could enter. Also in the Subject Files is information on general East-ern European policy in the subfile, President’s Annual Review of For-eign Policy. For Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, the file by thatsame name in the NSC Files, Subject Files, is extremely valuable. Alsothe NSC Files, Country File, Europe, Germany, contains documentationon Radio Free Europe’s presence in West Germany. For President Nixon’strips to Poland, Romania, Austria, and Yugoslavia, the Nixon Presiden-tial Materials, NSC Files, President’s Trip Files are an important source.For visits of Eastern European leaders Ceausescu of Romania, Tito of Yu-goslavia and Kekkonen of Finland, the NSC Files, VIP Visits have valu-able material. Key accounts of Nixon-Ceausescu discussions are in theNixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, President/Kissinger Memo-randa of Conversation.

Also important in the NSC Files of the Nixon Presidential Materi-als are the NSC Institutional Files (H-Files) which are part of the NSC

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Files, but not to be confused with the less complete NSC InstitutionalMatters Files. The former contains minutes of National Security Coun-cil Meetings, as well as minutes of such key NSC subgroups as the Review/Senior Review Group and the Washington Special ActionsGroup (WSAG). For each set of meeting minutes there are corre-sponding meeting folders that contain the papers that Kissinger, whochaired all of these NSC groups, used in preparing for the meeting.The WSAG met several times during a period of demonstrations inPoland over price increases and shortages resulting in a change of lead-ership. Also in the H-Files are the complete set of National SecurityStudy Memoranda (NSSM), National Security Decision Memoranda(NSDM), and related studies and papers. The President used thisNSSM/NSDM mechanism to generate policy options from the foreignaffairs bureaucracy for U.S. trade with Eastern Europe and policy to-wards Poland. The Under Secretaries Group of the NSC, a second tierinterdepartmental group also responsible for policy study and recom-mended decisions, was charged with re-evaluating U.S. policy towardsRomania. Therefore the Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Insti-tutional Files (H-Files), Under Secretaries Study Memorandum (U/SM)and Under Secretaries Decision Memorandum (U/DM) Files are valu-able in this case.

President Nixon’s secret sound-activated taping system began in1971. The volume contains conversations transcribed specifically by theOffice of the Historian. Not surprisingly, the tapes presented relate toPresident Nixon’s main focus in Eastern Europe: Poland and Romania.Other collections among the Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files,of secondary importance are the NSC Files, Presidential Correspon-dence with Polish and Romanian Presidents and Names Files, StaffMemos, Sonnenfeldt.

The Kissinger Papers in the Manuscript Division of the Library ofCongress often duplicate documentation found in other collections, es-pecially the NSC Files of the Nixon Presidential Materials, but havesome documents unique to that collection. The best collections are inthe Geopolitical File for the respective countries, the Memoranda ofConversation File, and the Memoranda to the President Files. The tran-scripts of Kissinger’s telephone conversations are in this collection anda few conversations about Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty and Aus-tria are included in the first section of the volume. While the originaltranscripts are not open to the public, Dr. Kissinger has allowed theNational Archives to make available copies at College Park, Maryland.

The volume also draws heavily on the records of the Departmentof State because most of the day-to-day relations with Eastern Europe,Austria, and Finland can be found in the Department of State CentralFiles. The most useful subject-numeric Central Files by far are the ba-sic POL general relations files: for Austria, POL AUS–US; for Bulgaria,

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POL BUG–US: for Czechoslovakia, POL CZECH–US; for Finland, POLFIN–US; for Poland, POL POL–US; for Romania, POL ROM–US, andfor Yugoslavia, POL YUGO–US. Sometimes the indexers at the De-partment used POL 1 as a variant of this file. POL 7 (country abbre-viation) related to visits to the respective countries and POL 15–1(country abbreviation) related to relations with the chief of state orhead of country. These files are useful. The problem of the German-Polish border was filed under POL 32–3 GER–POL. Documents ontrade with Eastern Europe are in FT 1 EUR E–US and for trade withPoland, FT 3 POL–US. Documentation on Secretary of State Rogers’visits to Eastern Europe was often filed under ORG 7 S. These are justthe most cited files in the first part of the volume. A complete list ofall Department of State Central Files cited in the volume follows thisnote on sources.

Intelligence related files for Radio Free Europe and Radio Libertyare the INR/IL Historical Files, 303/40 Committee, at the Departmentof State.

The second part of the volume, Eastern Mediterranean, has threechapters, Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey. Of all the topics in this volume,the Nixon White House staff, and the President himself, was most in-terested in Greece. This is reflected in the fact that the overwhelmingmajority of documents selected come from the Nixon Presidential Ma-terials, NSC Files, Country Files, Greece. Also of value in the NSC Filesare the Saunders Chron/Subject File. NSC Staff member Harold Saun-ders was a prodigious record keeper and the topical portion of his filesis of value for Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey. The Backchannel Files ofthe NSC Files of the Nixon Presidential Materials are a factor in policytowards Greece. Backchannel messages were a way for the Presidentto communicate directly with his ambassadors in the field without therest of the bureaucracy’s knowledge. The NSC Institutional Files (H-Files) contain considerable documentation on the reexamination ofU.S. policy towards Greece. The NSSM/NSDM files and the Senior Re-view Group Meetings and Minutes files are the best places to start. TheWhite House Special Files, President’s Office Files, Memoranda for thePresident, contain some key documents on Greece. There are two keyPresidential tapes on Greece, one with Vice President Agnew and onewith Greek-American industrialist Tom Pappas.

The Department of State Files are an important source with theusual POL GREECE-US (general relations) POL 7 GREECE (visits), POL32–2 GREECE (exiles), and DEF 15 GREECE (U.S. bases and installa-tion in GREECE) being the most cited files. A Department of State LotFile, Greek Desk Files, Lot 75 D 277, is particularly useful. Departmentof State INR/IL files contain some documents on intelligence relatedmatters pertaining to Greece. Finally, files of the Secretary of Defenseand Assistant Secretary of Defense have documentation on the mili-

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tary relationship with Greece. See the list of them below in “Unpub-lished Sources.”

The Cyprus chapter in this volume is different in that the file fromwhich the most selected documents originated was a Department ofState, Central File: POL 27 CYP (political affairs). This file became acatch all file for the inter-communal tensions and negotiations betweenthe Greek and Turkish factions on Cyprus. Three Department of StateCyprus Desk Files: Lot 72 D 475, Lot 74 D 139, and Lot 75 D 41 are ofvalue.

When researching the Cyprus issue in the Nixon Presidential Ma-terials, NSC Files, Country Files, Middle East, it is crucial to look atCyprus, Greece, and Turkey since documents on the issue are in allthree files. When the Cyprus issue became a crisis, the WSAG took upthe issue. The files and minutes of the WSAG in the Nixon Presiden-tial Materials (H-Files) are of great value for inter-departmental dis-cussion in this forum.

For Turkey the vast majority of documents selected came from theNixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Country Files, Middle East,Turkey sub-file, making that the obvious best source. The best De-partment of State Central File on Turkey was POL TUR–US. There areDepartment of State desk files for Turkey in the list of sources below.All are worth examination by any would be researcher. The chapterpresents Intelligence assessment and intelligence information cables onTurkey from CIA files, which are not available to the public.

This is just a brief résumé of the most useful files used in the prepa-ration of the volume. The extensive annotated list below and the cita-tions in the source notes and footnotes to the volume should give thoseinterested in researching various topics raised in this volume a goodstarting point and a roadmap to future research.

Unpublished Sources

Department of State

Central Files. See National Archives and Records Administration below.

Lot Files. See National Archives and Records Administration below.

National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland

Record Group 59, Records of the Department of State

Central Files

AID 15 (US) POL, aid to Turkey, food for peace program, PL 480AID 15 (US) TUR, aid to Turkey, food for peace program, PL 480ARAB–ISR, truce, cease-fire between Arabs and IsraelisDEF 1 YUGO, plans and policy toward Yugoslavia

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DEF 4 EUR, collective defense pacts and alliances, EuropeDEF 6 NATO, armed forces, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationDEF 12–5 GREECE, armaments sales to GreeceDEF 15 GREECE, bases and installations, GreeceDEF 15 GREECE–US, bases and installations, US-GreeceDEF 18–6 GREECE, arms control and disarmament, control measuresDEF 19–6 CZECH–CYP, Communist bloc assistance, Czechoslovakia-CyprusDEF 12–5 YUGO, armaments sales to YugoslaviaDEF POL GREECE–US, relations between Greece and USFN 6–1 POL, credit, loans, PolandFN 15–1 GREECE, budget plans, GreeceFT 1 EUR E–US, foreign trade, general policy, Eastern Europe-USFT 3 POL–US, foreign trade, organizations and conferences, Poland-USINCO DRUGS TUR, industries and commodities, drugs, TurkeyINCO DRUGS 17 US–TUR, industries and commodities, effect of drugs on US-Turkey

tradeINCO 14 POL, industries and commodities, prices, PolandLAB 6–1 CYP, labor disputes, strikes, CyprusLEG 7 LOWENSTEIN, Congressional delegations and individual visitsORG 7 OSD, papers for official visits, Office of the Secretary of DefenseORG 7 S, papers for official visits, Office of the Secretary of StatePOL 7 AUS, visits, meetings, AustriaPOL 15–1 AUS, head of state, AustriaPOL AUS–US, political affairs, Austria-US relationsPOL 15–1 AUS–US, head of state, executive branch, Austria-USPOL 17 AUS–US, diplomatic and consular representation, Austria-USPOL BUL–US, political affairs, Bulgaria-US relationsPOL 17 BUL–US, diplomatic and consular representation, Bulgaria-USPOL 27–1 COMBLOC–CZECH, Communist Bloc’s invasion of CzechoslovakiaPOL 1 CYP, political affairs, general policy, CyprusPOL 1–1 CYP–US, political affairs, US contingency planning for CyprusPOL 2 CYP, political affairs, reports and statistics, CyprusPOL 15–1 CYP, political affairs, head of state, CyprusPOL 15–5 CYP, political affairs, constitution, CyprusPOL 27 CYP, political affairs, military operations, CyprusPOL 27–4 CYP/UN, political affairs, use of UN forces in CyprusPOL 27–14 CYP, political affairs, truce, cease-fire, CyprusPOL CYP–GR, political affairs, Cyprus-Greece relationsPOL CYP–US, political affairs, Cyprus-US relationsPOL CZECH, political affairs, CzechoslovakiaPOL 1 CZECH, political affairs, general policy and background, CzechoslovakiaPOL 7 CZECH, visits, meetings, CzechoslovakiaPOL 15 CZECH, government, CzechoslovakiaPOL CZECH–US, political affairs, Czechoslovak-US relationsPOL 4 CZECH–US, political agreements, Czechoslovakia-USPOL 17–1 CZECH–US, diplomatic and consular representation, accreditation, Czecho-

slovakia-USPOL EUR E, political affairs, Eastern EuropePOL EUR E–EUR W, political affairs, Eastern Europe-Western Europe relationsPOL FIN–US, political affairs, Finland-US relationsPOL 7 FIN, visits, meetings, FinlandPOL 32–3 GER–POL, partition of territory between Germany and PolandPOL GER W–US, political affairs, West Germany-US relationsPOL GREECE, political affairs, Greece

XVIII Sources

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POL GREECE–TUR, political affairs, Greece-Turkey relationsPOL GREECE–US, political affairs, Greece-US relationsPOL 1 GREECE, political affairs, general policy, GreecePOL 2 GREECE, political affairs, reports and statistics, GreecePOL 7 GREECE, political affairs, visits, GreecePOL 14 GREECE, political affairs, elections, GreecePOL 15 GREECE, government, GreecePOL 15–1 GREECE, political affairs, head of state, GreecePOL 17 GREECE–US, political affairs, diplomatic representation, Greece-USPOL 23–9 GREECE, political affairs, rebellions, coups, GreecePOL 29 GREECE, political affairs, political prisoners, GreecePOL 30 GREECE, political affairs, defectors and expellees, GreecePOL 30–2 GREECE, political affairs, exile political activities, GreecePOL 7 HUNG, political affairs, visits, HungaryPOL HUNG–US, political affairs, Hungary-US relationsPOL 17 HUNG–US, political affairs, diplomatic representation, Hungary-USPOL 7 POL, political affairs, visits, PolandPOL POL–US, political affairs, Poland-US relationsPOL 1 POL–US, political affairs, general policy, Poland-USPOL 5 ROM, political affairs, law, RomaniaPOL 7 ROM, political affairs, visits, RomaniaPOL ROM–US, political affairs, Romania-US relationsPOL 17 ROM–US, political affairs, diplomatic representation, Romania-USPOL 7 TUR, political affairs, visits, TurkeyPOL 15–1 TURKEY, political affairs, head of state, TurkeyPOL TUR–US, political affairs, relations Turkey-USPOL 6–2 US/EISENHOWER, political affairs, condolences, EisenhowerPOL 7 US/INGERSOLL, political affairs, visits, IngersollPOL YUGO, political affairs, YugoslaviaPOL 15–1 YUGO, political affairs, head of state, YugoslaviaPOL 17 YUGO–US, political affairs, diplomatic representation, Yugoslavia-USRAD RFE, Radio Free EuropeSTR 7 POL, strategic trade control, shipment of U.S. goods to PolandSOC 11–5 TUR, social conditions, traffic in narcotics, TurkeySOC 12–1 GREECE, social conditions, churches, GreeceSOC 12–1 HUNG, social conditions, churches, HungarySOC 12–1 NEAR EAST, social conditions, churches, Near EastSOC 12 TUR, social conditions, religion, TurkeySOC 12–1 TUR, social conditions, churches, Turkey

Lot Files

EUR/CE Files:

Lot 85 D 330, Chrons (1969)—Letters (Outgoing)

Polish Desk Files:

Lot 74 D 440, reports, memoranda, and correspondence, 1971

Romania Desk Files:

Lot 72 D 406, reports, memoranda, and correspondence, 1969

S/S Files:

Lot 82 D 307, Secretary’s correspondence, 1968–72

Sources XIX

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Yugoslav Desk Files:

Lot 79 D 230, general files, 1972

Nixon Presidential Materials Project, Archives II, College Park, Maryland

National Security Council Files

Agency Files: CommerceBackchannel Files: Europe, Middle East, Latin AmericaCountry Files, Europe: Austria; Bulgaria; Cyprus; Czechoslovakia; Europe, General;

Eastern Europe; Finland; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Poland; Romania;Macovescu (Romania); Turkey; Yugoslavia

Name Files: Buckley, William; Sonnenfeldt, Helmet President-HAK Memcons: President Nixon - President Ceausescu, President - Amb.

Corneliu Bogdan, President - President TitoPresidential Correspondence: Poland, Pres. Jablonski and PM Jaroszewicz; Romania,

CeausescuPresident’s Daily BriefingPresident’s Trip Files: Dobrynin-Kissinger; President’s Austrian Visit, May 1972;

briefing books; President’s Moscow, Iran, Poland, Austria Trip, May–June 1972;President’s Poland Trip, 1 June 72; President’s Conversations in Salzburg, Moscow,Tehran and Warsaw, May 1972; President’s Trip to Romania, July–August 1969;President’s Visit to Romania, miscellaneous background material

Saunders Files: Chronological File; Subject Files: Cyprus, Greece, Greece MilitarySupply, Turkey, Turkey Economic, Turkey Military, Turkey Sitrep

Subject Files: Kissinger-President Memoranda, Narcotics IV, National SecurityDecision Memoranda Nos. 145–264, PL–480, President’s Annual Review of U.S.Foreign Policy, Radio Free Europe & Radio Liberty, U.S. Port Security Program,Unfiled Material

VIP Visits: Romania, Ceaucescu Visit, Oct. 1970; Secretary of State’s Visit to Mid-East and European Countries, 28 June–7 July 1972; Turkey, Prime Minister Erim,21 Mar. 1970

NSC Institutional Files (H-Files): National Security Council Minutes, Originals; NSDM Files; NSSM Files; Senior Review Group, Minutes, Originals; SeniorReview Group Meetings Files; Under Secretaries’ Committee, DecisionMemorandum (U/DM); Under Secretaries’ Committee, Strudy Memoranda(U/SM); WSAG Meeting Minutes, Originals; WSAG Meetings Files

White House Central Files:

Dwight L. Chapin, ChronologicalEgil Krough, ChronologicalOPPAPresident’s Daily DiaryStaff Members and Office FilesSubject Files

Presidential Tape Recordings

White House Special Files:

President’s Office Files, Memos for the PresidentConfidential Files, CO–121 Poland

XX Sources

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Central Intelligence Agency

National Intelligence Center (NIC) Files, Job 79–R1012A, SNIEs and NIEs

Records of the Office of the Deputy Director for Operations: Job 78–07173, Job 79–01440, Job 80 B 01086R

Records of the Directorate of Intelligence: Intelligence Information Cables

Library of Congress, Manuscript Division

Papers of Henry A. Kissinger

National Security Council: Meetings, NSC; Senior Review Group; Staff, 1969–71 Telephone Records, 1969–1976: Memoranda of Telephone ConversationsMiscellany, 1968–1976: Record of Schedule

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

Records of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs

OSD/ISA Files, 330–72A6308, decimal files, 1969 OSD/ISA Files, 330–72A6309, decimal files, 1969OSD/ISA Files, 330–73A1971, decimal files, 1971OSD/ISA Files, 330–73A1975, decimal files for 1970OSD/ISA Files, 330–75–0009, Turkey, political files, 1965–1973OSD/ISA Files, 330–75–0125, decimal files for 1972OSD/ISA Files, 330–75–0155, decimal files for 1972OSD/ISA Files, 330–75–0157, MAP Greece, 1971

National Security Council

Nixon Intelligence Files, 1969–1972

Published Sources

Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1970. 3 Vols. Edited by IlseDorothee Pautsch, Daniela Taschler, Franz Eibl, Frank Heinlein, Mechthild Linde-mann and Matthias Peter. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2001.

Current Digest of the Soviet Press.Haldeman, H.R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House; Complete Multimedia

Edition. Santa Monica, CA: Sony Imagesoft, 1994.Kissinger, Henry. White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1979. Keesing’s Contemporary Archives, 1969–1972. London: Keesing’s Limited, 1970–73. Nixon, Richard M. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1978.North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO: Facts and Figures. Brussels: NATO Informa-

tion Service, 1971.Puhan, Alfred. The Cardinal in the Chancery and Other Recollections. New York: Vantage

Press, 1990.Schwab, Peter, and George Frangos, eds. Greece Under the Junta. New York: Facts on File,

1970.Stern, Lawrence. The Wrong Horse: The Politics of Intervention and the Failure of American

Diplomacy. New York: Times Books, 1978.

Sources XXI

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U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Greece, Spain, and the Southern NATO Strat-egy. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Af-fairs. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.

U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Greece, February 1971. Staff Re-port. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.

U.S. Department of State. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.U.S. Department of State. American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1969, 1970, 1971,

1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.U.S. Department of State. Documents on Germany, 1944–1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Gov-

ernment Printing Office, 1985.U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of the

United States: Richard Nixon, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office.

XXII Sources

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Abbreviations and TermsAA/NESA, Bureau for Near East and South Asia, Agency for International DevelopmentABM, Anti-ballistic MissileAEC, Atomic Energy CommissionAFRTS, Armed Forces Radio and Television ServiceAFSOUTH, Armed Forces SouthAH, Alexander HaigAID, Agency for International DevelopmentAIS, Country Director, Austria, Italy and Switzerland, Bureau of European AffairsAKEL, Anorthotikon Komma Ergazo Laou (Reform Party of the Working People), Cyprus

Communist PartyAmb., AmbassadorAMF, Allied Multilateral ForceAP, Associated PressASAP, as soon as possibleASW, antisubmarine warfare

Backchannel, a method of communication outside normal bureaucratic procedure; theWhite House, for instance, used “backchannel” messages to bypass the Departmentof State

BBC, British Broadcasting CorporationBCP, Bulgarian Communist PartyBNDD, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Department of JusticeBOB, Bureau of the BudgetBOP, Balance of Payments

C, Office of the Counselor of the Department of StateCA, circular airgramCAB, Civil Aeronautics BoardCAP, Common Agricultural PolicyCC, Central CommitteeCCC, Commodity Credit CorporationCCMS, Committee on the Challenges of Modern SocietyCDU, Christian Democratic Union (West Germany)CEA, Council of Economic AdvisersCEMA, Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCENTO, Central Treaty OrganizationCES, Conference on European SecurityCIA, Central Intelligence AgencyCIA/ONE, Central Intelligence Agency, Office of National EstimatesCIEP, Council for International Economic PolicyCIEPDM, Council for International Economic Policy Decision MemorandumCIEPSM, Council for International Economic Policy Study MemorandumCINCEUR, Commander in Chief, U.S. Forces, EuropeCINCMEAFSA, Commander in Chief, Middle East, South Asia, and Africa South of the

SaharaCINCSOUTH, Commander in Chief, U.S. Forces, Southern EuropeCINCSTRIKE, Commander in Chief, Strike CommandCINCUSNAVEUR, Commander in Chief, U.S. Navy, Europe

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CIS, Cyprus Information (Intelligence) ServiceCNO, Chief of Naval OperationsCocom, Coordinating Committee on Export ControlsCodel, Congressional delegationCOE, Council of EuropeCol, ColonelCOMECON, Council on Mutual Economic CooperationComite, committeeCOMSIXTHFLT, Commander in Chief, Sixth Fleet, U.S. NavyCONG, Congress or congressmanCONGEN, Consul GeneralCONUS, continental United StatesCP, Communist partyCPSU, Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCSCE, Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeCSSR, Czechoslovak Socialist RepublicCTF, Carrier Task Force; also Commander Task ForceCU, Center Union Party (Greece); also Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, De-

partment of StateCY, calendar year

D, Democrat; also Deputy Under Secretary for Economic Affairs, Department of StateDATT, defense attachéDCI, Director of Central IntelligenceDCM, Deputy Chief of MissionDDCI, Deputy Director of Central IntelligenceDDO, Deputy Directorate for OperationsDDP, Deputy Directorate for PlansDefAtt, Defense AttachéDefMin, Minister of DefenseDefSec, Secretary of DefenceDel, delegate; delegationDept, Department of StateDepcirtel, circular telegram from the Department of StateDepDirGen, Deputy Director GeneralDepFonMin, Deputy Foreign MinisterDepSecDef, Deputy Secretary of DefenseDeptel, Department of State telegram DIA, Defense Intelligence AgencyDirGen or DG, Director GeneralDis or Dissem, disseminationDLF, Development Loan FundDMZ, demilitarized zoneDOD, Department of DefenseDOD/ISA, Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for In-

ternational Security AffairsDOI, Department of the InteriorDOS, Department of StateDP, Democrat Party (Turkey)DPC, Defense Planning CommitteeDPM, Deputy Prime MinisterDRV, Democratic Republic of VietnamDTG, date/time/group

XXIV Abbreviations and Terms

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E, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of StateE/CBA, Commercial Affairs and Business Activities, Bureau of Economic AffairsE/IMA, International Monetary Affairs, Bureau of Economic AffairsE/ITP/EWT, Office of East West Trade, International Trade Policy, Bureau of Economic

AffairsE/OT/GCP, General Commercial Policy Division, Office of International Trade, Interna-

tional Trade Policy, Bureau of Economic AffairsE/W, East/WestEA, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Department of StateEA/VN, Office of Vietnam Affairs, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific AffairsEAM, Ethnikon Apeleftherikon Meteron (National Liberation Front)EC, European CommunityECE, Economic Commission for EuropeECOSOC, United Nations Economic and Social CouncilEDA, Elliniki Dimokratiki Aristera (Greek Democratic Left)EE, Eastern EuropeEEC, European Economic Community (Common Market)EFTA, European Free Trade AssociationELDYK, Elliniki Dynamh Kyprou (Greek Forces in Cyprus)ELR, Elliot L. RichardsonEmb, EmbassyEmboff, Embassy officerEmbtel, Embassy telegramenosis, unionEOB, Executive Office BuildingEOKA, Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters)ERE, Ethniki Rizopastos Enosis (National Radical Union - Greece)ESC, European Security ConferenceEST, Eastern Standard Time; also estimatedEucom, European Command, U.S. ArmyEUR, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateEUR/BRY, Country Director for Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and Albania, Bureau of

European AffairsEUR/CAN, Country Director for Canada, Bureau of European AffairsEUR/CHP, Country Director for Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States, Bureau

of European AffairsEUR/EE, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Bureau of European AffairsEUR/NSC–IG, NSC Interdepartmental Group, Bureau of European AffairsEUR/RPE, OECD, European Community, and Atlantic Political-Economic Affairs,

Bureau of European AffairsEUR/RPM, NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Affairs, Bureau of European AffairsEUR/SCAN, Country Director for Scandinavia, Iceland, Finland, Bureau of European

AffairsEUR/SOV, Country Director for the Soviet Union, Bureau of European AffairsExdis, exclusive distributionEx-Im Bank, Export-Import Bank of the United States

F–4 (Phantom), twin engine turbo jet, all weather, supersonic tactical fighter bomber withtwo crew members

FAA, Foreign Assistance Act; also Federal Aviation AdministrationFAM, Foreign Affairs ManualFAS, Foreign Agricultural Service; also Foreign Area Student ProgramFBI, Federal Bureau of InvestigationFBIS, Foreign Broadcast Information Service

Abbreviations and Terms XXV

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FBS, Foreign Broadcasting ServiceFedrep, Federal Republic (of Germany)FEC, Federal Executive Council (Yugoslavia); also Free Europe CommitteeFlash, indicates message of highest priority requiring the attention of the Secretary of StateFM, Foreign Minister; also fromFMS, foreign military salesFonMin, Foreign MinisterFonOff, Foreign OfficeFonSec, Foreign SecretaryFR, FranceFRC, Federal Records Center, Suitland, MarylandFRG, Federal Republic of GermanyFSO, foreign service officerFY, fiscal yearFYI, for your information

G, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsGAGS, Greek Army General StaffGA, United Nations General Assembly GAO, General Accounting OfficeGATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP, gross domestic productGDR, German Democratic RepublicGen, GeneralGER, Office of German Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateGMT, Greenwich Mean TimeGNP, Gross National ProductGOA, Government of AustriaGOB, Government of BulgariaGOC, Government of Cyprus; also Government of CzechoslovakiaGOF, Government of Finland; also Government of FranceGOG, Government of GreeceGOH, Government of HungaryGOI, Government of Israel; also Government of Italy; also Government of IndiaGOP, Government of PakistanGOT, Government of TurkeyGOY, Government of YugoslaviaGOVT, governmentGPO, Government Printing OfficeGVN, Government of VietnamGVR, Government of the Republic of Vietnam

H, Bureau of Congressional Relations, Department of StateHAK, Henry A. KissingerH.E., His ExcellencyHEW, Department of Health, Education, and WelfareHFAC, House Foreign Affairs CommitteeHICOM, high commissionerHK, Henry KissingerHMG, Her Majesty’s Government, United KingdomHNDGS, Hellenci National Defense General Staffhq, headquartersHR, House ResolutionHS, Harold Saunders; also Helmut Sonnenfeldt

XXVI Abbreviations and Terms

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I, Office of the Director, United States Information AgencyIAEA, International Atomic Energy AgencyIBRD, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, World BankICMB, intercontinental ballistic missileICC, International Control and Supervision Commission (Vietnam)ICJ, International Court of JusticeICRC, International Committee of the Red CrossIDA, International Development AssociationIFI, international financial institutionIG, Interagency GroupIMF, International Monetary FundINFO, informationINR, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of StateINR/DDC, Office of the Deputy Director for Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and

ResearchINR/OD, Office of the Director, Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchINR/REA/NA, North Asia Division, Office of Research and Analysis for East Asia and

Pacific, Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchINR/RNA/NE, Near East Division, Office of Research and Analysis for Near East and

South Asia, Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchINR/RSE/EE, Eastern European Division, Office of Research and Analysis for USSR and

Eastern Europe, Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchIO, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of StateIO/UNP, Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Bureau of International Organization

AffairsIOGA, industry organized, government approvedIQ, Important QuestionIRBM, intermediate range ballistic missileIRG, Interdepartmental Regional Group; also Interdepartmental Review GroupISA, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of DefenseIZT, Interzonal Trade

J, Office of the Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Department of StateJ/PM, Office of Politico-Military Affairs Office of the Under Secretary of State for Polit-

ical AffairsJCS, Joint Chiefs of StaffJCSM, Joint Chiefs of Staff memorandumJP, Justice Party (Turkey)JUSMMAT, Joint U.S. Military Mission for Aid to TurkeyJUSO, Jungsozialist

K, KissingerKYP, Kendriki Yperesia Pleroforion (Greek Intelligence Service)

L, Legal Adviser of the Department of StateL/EUR, Assistant Legal Adviser for European AffairsLCC, League of Communists of CroatiaLCY, League of Communists of YugoslaviaLDC, Less Developed CountryLimdis, limited distributionLOC, lines of communicationLS & E, long supply and excessLTG, Lieutenant General

Abbreviations and Terms XXVII

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M, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of State for ManagementMAAG, Military Advisory Assistance Group MAC, Military Assistance CommandMAP, Military Assistance/Aid Program MBFR, Mutual and Balanced Force ReductionsMC, memorandum of conversationME, Middle EastMemcon, memorandum of conversationMFA, Ministry of Foreign AffairsMFN, Most Favored NationMIL, militaryMilAd, military adviserMilAtt, military attachéMilPers, military personnelMin, ministerMinDef, minister of defenseMinEd, minister of educationMinInt, Minister of the InteriorMisOff, mission officerMLF, multilateral forcemm, millimeterMOD, Minister of DefenseMOFA, Ministry of Foreign AffairsMR, military region; also memorandum for the recordMRBM, medium-range ballistic missileMSA, Mutual Security AgreementMT, metric tonMTG, meeting

NAC, North Atlantic CouncilNARA, National Archives and Records AdministrationNASA, National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNE, northeastNEA, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of StateNEA/RA, Office of the Director for Regional Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South

Asian AffairsNEA/CYP, Country Director for Cyprus, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian

AffairsNEA/GRK, Country Director for Greece, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian

AffairsNEA/TUR, Country Director for Turkey, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian

AffairsNEM, New Economic Mechanism (Hungary)NIC, National Intelligence CouncilNIE, National Intelligence EstimateNLF, National Liberation Front (Vietnam)Nodis, no distribution (other than to persons indicated)Noforn, no foreign disseminationNPT, Non Proliferation TreatyNSA, National Security AgencyNSAM, National Security Action MemorandumNSC, National Security CouncilNSCIG, National Security Council Interagency Review Group

XXVIII Abbreviations and Terms

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NSCIG/NEA, National Security Council Interagency Review Group, Near Eastern Affairs

NSDM, National Security Decision MemorandumNSF, National Science FoundationNSSM, National Security Study MemorandumNVA/VC, North Vietnam/Viet CongNVN, North Vietnam

OAS, Organization of American StatesOASD, Office of the Assistant Secretary of DefenseOASD/ISA, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security

AffairsOBE, overtaken by eventsOCI, Office of Current IntelligenceOECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOEP, Office of Emergency Preparedness OMB, Office of Management and BudgetOPIC, Overseas Private Investment CorporationOSD, Office of the Secretary of DefenseOSD/ISA, Office of the Secretary of Defense for International Security AffairsOST, Office of Science and TechnologyOUSD, Office of the Under Secretary of Defense

P, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State; also PresidentPA, purchase authorizationPanAm, Pan American AirwaysPARA, paragraph; also Policy Analysis Resource AllocationPAO, Public Affairs OfficerPD, presidential determinationPermRep, permanent representativePFIAB, President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory BoardPKF, peacekeeping forcePL, Public LawPL–480, Public Law 480 (Food for Peace)PM, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Department of State; also Prime MinisterPM/ISO, Office of International Security Operations, Bureau of Politico-Military AffairsPM/MAS, Office of Military Assistance and Sales, Bureau of Politico-Military AffairsPMF, Peter M. FlaniganPNG, persona non grataPol, politicalPolad, political advisorPolOff, political officerPolSec, political secretaryPolto, series indicator for telegrams from the U.S. Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationPOW, prisoner of warPRC, People’s Republic of ChinaPRES, the PresidentPriMin, Prime MinisterPRG, Provisional Revolutionary Government (Vietnam)PZPR, Polish Communist Party

R, RepublicanRC, Revolutionary Council (Greece)

Abbreviations and Terms XXIX

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RCA, Radio Corporation of AmericaRCP, Romanian Communist PartyRef, referenceReftel, Reference telegramrep, representativeres, resolutionRFE, Radio Free EuropeRFEF, Radio Free Europe Fund, Inc.RL, Radio LibertyRLC, Radio Liberty Committee, Inc.RMN or RN, Richard NixonRNC, Republican National CommitteeROC, Republic of China RPP, Republican People’s Party (Turkey)rpt, repeatRVN, Republic of VietnamRWP, Romanian political party

S, Office of the Secretary of StateS/AL, Ambassador at LargeS/NM, Office of the Coordinator for International Narcotics Matters, Department of StateS/PC, Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of StateS/S, Executive Secretariat of the Department of StateS/S–O, Operations Center, Executive Secretariat of the Department of StateS/S–S, Secretariat Staff, Executive Secretariat of the Department of State S&T, science and technologySACEUR, Supreme Allied Commander, EuropeSALT, Strategic Arms Limitation TalksSC, United Nations Security CouncilSCI, Bureau of International Scientific and Technological Affairs, Department of StateSE, southeastSecDel, Secretary’s DelegationSecdef, Secretary of DefenseSecGen, Secretary GeneralSecstate or Secy, Secretary of StateSecto, series indicator for telegrams from the Secretary of State while away from

WashingtonSEK, Synomospondia Ergation Kypron (Confederation of Labor of Cyprus/Confederation

of Cypriot Workers)Secy Gen, Secretary GeneralSeptel, separate telegramSFRC, Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeSIG, Senior Interdepartmental Group (NSC)SITREP, situations reportSOV, Office of Eastern Soviet Affairs, Bureau of European AffairsSRG, Senior Review GroupSubj., subjectSVN, South Vietnam

TA, technical assistanceTAC, tactical; also tactical air commandTAF, Turkish Air ForceTCC, Troop Contributing (to Vietnam) CountriesTCPA, Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration TEA, Trade Expansion Act

XXX Abbreviations and Terms

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Telcon, telephone conversationTGS, Turkish General StaffTLP, Turkish Labor Party (Marxist)TMT, Turk Mukavemet Teskilati (Turkish Resistance Organization - Cyprus)TMO, Turkish Soil Products OfficeToaid, series indicator for telegrams to the Agency for International DevelopmentTOR, terms of referenceTosec, series indicator for telegrams sent to the Secretary of State while outside of

WashingtonTosit, to the White House Situation RoomTS, top secretTURDYK, Turkish treaty contingent

U, Office of the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs; also unclassifiedU/DM, National Security Council Under Secretaries Committee Decision MemorandumU/SM, National Security Council Under Secretaries Committee Study MemorandumUAJ, U. Alexis JohnsonUAR, United Arab RepublicUCC, Universal Copyright ConventionUK, United KingdomUN, United NationsUNCD, United Nations Commission on Narcotic DrugsUNCIVPOL, United Nations Civilian PoliceUNCTAD, United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNFICYP, United Nations Force in CyprusUNGA, United Nations General AssemblyUNP, Office of United Nations Programs, Bureau of International Organization AffairsUNPKF, United Nations Peacekeeping ForceUNSC, United Nations Security CouncilUNSYG, United Nations Secretary GeneralUPI, United Press InternationalUS, United StatesUSA, United States ArmyUSAF, United States Air ForceUSAFE, United States Air Force, EuropeUSAID, United States Agency for International DevelopmentUSAREUR, U.S. Army, EuropeUSARMA, U.S. Army AttachéU.S.C., United State CodeUSCINCEUR, U.S. Commander in Chief, EuropeUSDA, United States Department of AgricultureUSDOCOSOUTH, United States Documents Officer, Allied Forces, Southeastern EuropeUSEC, United States Enrichment CorporationUSG, United States GovernmentUSIA, United States Information AgencyUSIB, United States Intelligence BoardUSINFO, United States Information ServiceUSIS, United States Information Service (overseas branches of USIA)USMC, United States Marine CorpsUSN, United States NavyUSNATO, series indicator for telegram from the Representative at the North Atlantic

Council to the Department of State USS, United States ShipUSSR, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Abbreviations and Terms XXXI

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UST, United States TreatyUSUN, United States Mission to the United Nations

VC, VietcongVIP, very important personVipto, series indicator for telegrams from Vice President AgnewVN, VietnamVOA, Voice of AmericaVP, Vice President

Waldorf, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New YorkWB, World BankWEU, Western European UnionWH, White HouseWHCF, White House Central FilesWHO, White House Office (series indicator for White House messages)WP, Warsaw PactWPR, William P. RogersWSAG, Washington Special Actions Group

XMB, Export-Import Bank

Z, Zulu (Greenwich Mean Time)

XXXII Abbreviations and Terms

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PersonsAbshire, David M., Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations from April

8, 1970Ackley, H. Gardner, Ambassador to Italy until April 1969Agnew, Spiro T., Vice President of the United States from January 20, 1969Ahlers, Conrad, Deputy Head of the West German Press and Information Office until

October 22, 1969; thereafter, State Secretary and Head (government spokesman) ofthe Office until December 4, 1972

Allen, Richard, Member, National Security Council Staff, 1969–1970Anastassiou, T.K., Cypriot Minister of the InteriorAnderson, Robert B., Secretary of the Treasury, 1957–1961Androutsopoulos, Adamantios, Greek Minister of Finance until August 1971; thereafter,

Minister of the InteriorAnghelis, Lt. Gen. Odysseus, Chief of Staff, Greek (Hellenic) Armed Forces since April

1967Armitage, John A., Office of United Nations Political Affairs, Department of StateAsh, Russell B., Chairman of the President’s Advisory Council on Executive Organiza-

tion, 1969–1971; thereafter, Assistant to the PresidentAthanagoras, Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople until July 1972

Bahr, Egon (SPD), Special Ambassador and Chief of the Planning Staff in the West Ger-man Foreign Office until October 21, 1969; then State Secretary (Foreign, Defense,and German Policy) in the Federal Chancellery; also West German Minister for Spe-cial Tasks from December 15, 1972

Baker, John A., Jr., Director, Office of Czechoslovak, Hungarian, and Polish Affairs, Bu-reau for European Affairs, Department of State from August 1970

Ball, George, former Under Secretary of StateBarnes, Harry, Ambassador to RomaniaBarrett, Edward, Assistant Secretary of State for Public AffairsBartlett, Charles, journalistBashev, Ivan, Bulgarian Foreign MinisterBayulken, Haluk, Turkish Foreign Minister from March 1971Beam, Jacob D., Ambassador to Czechoslovakia until March 1969; thereafter Ambas-

sador to the Soviet UnionBelcher, Taylor, Ambassador to Cyprus until June 1969Bellmon, Henry, Senator (R–Oklahoma)Ben Bella, Ahmed, former President of AlgeriaBergsten, C. Fred, member, NSC Operations Staff/International Economic Affairs, Jan-

uary 1969–June 1971Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, Chairman of the Pakistan People’s Party; Minister of Foreign Af-

fairs and Deputy Prime Minister, 1971; thereafter, President, Minister of Foreign Af-fairs, and Minister of Defense for Pakistan

Blee, David, Chief, Near East and South Asia Division, Directorate of Operations, Cen-tral Intelligence Agency

Blood, Archer K., Counselor for Political Affairs, American Embassy in Greece from Feb-ruary 1970; Counsul General in Dacca until June 1971

Bogdan, Corneliu, Romanian Ambassador to the United StatesBohlen, Charles E., Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs until January

22, 1969Boumedienne, Houari, President of Algeria

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Boyatt, Thomas, Political Officer, American Embassy in Cyprus until June 1970; Direc-tor, Office of Cypriot Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, De-partment of State from July 1971

Brandt, Willy, Foreign Minister of the Federal Republic of Germany until October 21,1969; thereafter, Chancellor

Bray, Charles W., III, Director, Office of Press Relations, Department of State after Feb-ruary 1971

Brett, Brig. Gen. Devol, USAF, Director, Near East and South Asia Region, Departmentof Defense

Brewster, H. Daniel, Director, Office of Greek Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and SouthAsian Affairs, Department of State until June 1969

Brewster, Robert C., Deputy Executive Secretary, Department of State, July 1969–August1971

Brezhnev, Leonid I., General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionBrooke, Edward, Senator (R–Massachusetts)Brosio, Manlio G., Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization until Oc-

tober 1, 1971Brown, Elizabeth Ann, Director, Office of United Nations-Political Affairs, Department

of State; also, Counselor for Political Affairs, Embassy in Greece, 1971Bull, Stephen, Staff Assistant, Chief of Staff’s OfficeBunche, Ralph, Under Secretary-General of the United Nations for Political AffairsBush, George H.W., Representative (R–Texas) until January 1970; U.S. Permanent Rep-

resentative to the United Nations from February 16, 1971Butterfield, Alexander P., Deputy Assistant to the President, January 1969–January 1973

Caglayangil, Ihsan Sabri, Turkish Foreign Minister until March 1971Cargo, William I., Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Department of State from Au-

gust 4, 1969Case, Clifford P., Senator (R–New Jersey); Member, Senate Foreign Relations Commit-

teeCash, Frank, Director, Office of Turkish Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian

Affairs, Department of State until May 1971Ceausescu, Nicolae, Secretary General of the Romanian Communist Party and President

of RomaniaChapin, Dwight, Special Assistant to the President, 1969–1971; thereafter, Deputy As-

sistant to the President, 1971–1973Chapin, Frank, member, National Security Council Staff and Staff Secretary to the 303/40

CommitteeChapman, Gen. Leonard, Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps until December 1971Cheli, Monsignor, Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United NationsChnoupek, Bohuslav, Czechoslovak Foreign Minister from December 1971Chou En-lai, Premier of the People’s Republic of ChinaChristophides, Ioannis, Cypriot Foreign Minister from June 1972Churchill, George T., Director, Office of Cypriot Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and

South Asian Affairs, Department of State from March 1971Clay, Lucius D., former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian

AffairsClerides, Glaufkos, Speaker of the Cypriot Parliament; Chief Greek Cypriot Negotiator

in Intercommunal talksCleveland, J. Harland, U.S. Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic CouncilCline, Ray S., Director, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from

October 26, 1969Coerr, Wymberley DeR., Deputy Director of Coordination, Bureau of Intelligence and

Research, Department of State

XXXIV Persons

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Colson, Charles, Special Counsel to the President, November 1969–March 1973Connally, John B. Jr., member, Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, 1970; Secretary of

the Treasury, February 1971–June 1972Constantine II (also Konstantine), exiled King of GreeceCrawford, William A., Deputy Chief of Mission, American Embassy in Cyprus until Oc-

tober 1972 Crnobrjna, Bogdan, Yugoslav Ambassador to the United StatesCurran, Robert T., Deputy Executive Secretary, Executive Secretariat, Department of

State, August 1970–September 1972; thereafter, Deputy Director of Personnel forManagement

Cushman, Lieut. Gen. Robert E., Jr., USMC, Deputy Director of Central Intelligence,May 7, 1969–December 31, 1971; thereafter, Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps fromJanuary 1, 1972

Cyrankiewicz, Jozef, Premier of the People’s Republic of Poland until 1970; thereafter,Polish head of state

David, Dr. Edward, Jr., Science Advisor to the President and Director of the Office ofScience and Technology from September 1970

Davies, Richard T., Counsul General in Calcutta until August 1969; Deputy AssistantSecretary of State for European Affairs, August 1970–December 1972; Ambassadorto Poland from December 2, 1972

Davies, Rodger P., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South AsianAffairs

Davis, Jeanne W., Director, National Security Council Staff Secretariat, 1970–1971; StaffSecretary, NSC Staff Secretariat, from 1971

Davis, Richard H., Ambassador to Romania until August 1969Davis, Thomas W., Director, Office of Cypriot Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South

Asian Affairs, Department of State, January 1970–July 1971 Dean, Jonathan, Political Counselor, U.S. Embassy in West Germany until September

1972De Gaulle, Charles, President of France until April 28, 1969Demirel, Suleyman, Prime Minister of Turkey until March 1971Denktash, Rauf, Cypriot Vice President; chief negotiator for the Turkish Cypriot Com-

munity in 1968 intercommunal talksDent, Harry, Special Counsel to the President, 1969–1972De Palma, Samuel, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs

from February 7, 1969Dillon, Robert, Director, Office of Turkish Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South

Asian Affairs, Department of State from September 1971Dobrowolski, Stanislaw, Deputy Director, Polish Foreign MinistryDobrynin, Anatoliy F., Soviet Ambassador to the United StatesDole, Robert, Senator (R–Kansas)Downey, Arthur T., Member, National Security Council StaffDraper, Morris, Counselor for Political Affairs, Embassy in TurkeyDubcek, Alexander, First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party until April

1969Du Bridge, Dr. Lee A., President, California Institute of Technology until 1969; Presi-

dent’s Science Adviser, 1969–1970Dubs, Adolph, Country Director, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European Af-

fairs, Department of State Duckwitz, Georg Ferdinand, First State Secretary (Political and Administrative Affairs)

in the West German Foreign Office until June 1970; lead FRG negotiator in talks withPoland

Duda, Karl, Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United States

Persons XXXV

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Eagleburger, Lawrence S., member, National Security Council Staff, 1969–1970Ecevit, Bulent, President of the (Turkish) Republican Peoples Party from May 1972Ehmke, Horst, State Secretary in the West German Justice Ministry until March 26, 1969;

then West German Justice Minister until October 1969; thereafter, State Secretary andHead of the Federal Chancellery, as well as Minister for Special Tasks, until De-cember 15, 1972; thereafter Minister for Research and Technology

Ehrlichman, John D., Counsel to the President, January–November 1969; Assistant tothe President for Domestic Affairs from November 1969

Eisenhower, Dwight D., President of the United States, 1953–1961Eisenhower, Milton S., President Emeritus, Johns Hopkins UniversityElekdag, Sukru, Turkish Ministry of Foreign AffairsEliot, Theodore L., Jr., Special Assistant to the Secretary and Executive Secretary of the

Department of State from August 10, 1969Ellender, Allen J., Senator (D–Louisiana); Chairman, Senate Committee on Appropria-

tionsEllsworth, Robert, U.S. Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council, June

1969–June 1971Enckell, Ralph, former Finnish permanent representative to the United NationsEnders, Thomas O., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Monetary Af-

fairs, Bureau of Economic Affairs, until August 1969; Deputy Chief of Mission inBelgrade, August 1969–December 1971

Erim, Nihan, Turkish Prime Minister, April 1971–April 1972 Esenbel, Melih, Turkish Ambassador to the United StatesEvans, Rowland, journalist

Fascell, Dante, Representative (D–Florida)Fessenden, Russell, Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Bonn until July

1971; thereafter, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European AffairsFinch, Robert H., Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969–1970Findley, Paul, Representative (R–Illinois)Finke-Ossiander, Renate, Deputy Director of East European Affairs, German Ministry

of Foreign AffairsFlanigan, Peter M., Assistant to the President for International Economic Policy, May

1969–1972; Chairman, Council for International Economic Policy, from February 1972Folsom, Robert S., Director, Office of Cypriot Affairs, Bureau of Near Eastern and South

Asian Affairs, Department of State until January 1970Frackiewicz, Ryszard, Counselor of the Polish Embassy to the United StatesFranco, Francisco, Spanish PresidentFraser, Donald, Representative (D–Minnesota)Fulbright, J. William, Senator (D–Arkansas); Chairman, Senate Foreign Relations

Committee

Gandhi, Indira, Prime Minister of IndiaGardner, John, former Secretary of Health, Education, and WelfareGierek, Edward, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers’

(Communist) Party from December 1970Georkadjis, Polykarpos, former Cypriot Minister of Interior and Defense (anti-Makarios)Gilpatric, Roswell, L., former Deputy Secretary of DefenseGleysteen, William H., Jr., Director, Office of Research and Analysis for East Asia and

the Pacific, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, September1969–June 1971; thereafter, Deputy Chief of Mission in Taipei

Gomulka, Wladyslaw, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers’ Party (Communistparty) until December 1970

Granfil, Toma, Yugoslav Ambassador to the United States

XXXVI Persons

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Grechko, Marshal Andrei Antonovich, Soviet Minister of DefenseGreenwald, Joseph A., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs,

February–July 1969; Representative to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris, July 1969–October 1972; thereafter, Representative to the European Communities in Brussels

Grivas, Lieut. Gen. George, former chief of the Cyprus National Guard; after Septem-ber 1971 leader of the EOKA–B terrorist group

Gromyko, Andrei A., Soviet Minister of Foreign AffairsGronouski, John A., former Ambassador to PolandGruber, Karl, Austrian Ambassador to the United States from July 1969Guerassimov, Luben, Bulgarian Ambassador to the United StatesGullion, Edmond, former Chargé d’Affaires ad interim, HelsinkiGuthrie, Keith, member, National Security Council Staff, 1970–1972

Haig, Brig. Gen. Alexander M., Jr., USA, Senior Military Assistant to the Assistant tothe President for National Security Affairs January 1969–June 1970; thereafter,Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

Haldeman, H.R., Assistant to the President (White House Chief of Staff)Handley, William J., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South

Asian Affairs until May 1969; thereafter, Ambassador to TurkeyHannah, John A., Director, Agency for International Development from March 28, 1969Hardin, Dr. Clifford M., Secretary of Agriculture, January 1969–December 1971Hare, Raymond A., former Ambassador to Turkey and former Assistant Secretary of

State for Near Eastern and South Asian AffairsHarris, Fred, Senator (D–Oklahoma)Hart, Parker T., former Ambassador to TurkeyHartke, Vance, Senator (D–Indiana)Hartman, Arthur, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State and Staff Director,

Senior Interdepartmental GroupHays, Wayne, Representative (D–Ohio)Heinemann, Gustav W. (SPD), West German Minister of Justice until March 1969; SPD/

FDP Candidate for President in the 1969 Bundesversammlung election; President ofthe Federal Republic of Germany from July 1969

Helms, Richard M., Director of Central IntelligenceHerz, Martin F., Political Counselor in Saigon until June 1970; thereafter, Deputy Assis-

tant Secretary of State for International Organization AffairsHillenbrand, Martin J., Ambassador to Hungary until February 1969; Assistant Secre-

tary of State for European and Canadian Affairs, February 7, 1969–April 30, 1972;Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from May 1, 1972

Hill, Robert C., Ambassador to SpainHo Chi Minh, leader of the Vietnamese Communist Party and President of the Demo-

cratic Republic of Vietnam until his death on September 3, 1969Holdrige, John Herbert, Director, Office of Research and Analysis for East Asia and the

Pacific, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, until July 1969;thereafter, member, National Security Council Operations Staff/East Asia

Hormats, Robert D., Member, NSC Operations Staff/International Economic Affairs,1970–1972

Hoskinson, Samuel M., member, National Security Council Staff, 1970–1972Hughes, Thomas L., Director, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State,

until July 1969Humes, John Portner, Ambassador to AustriaHusak, Gustav, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from April

1969Hyland, William G., member, NSC Operations Staff/Europe, from 1970

Persons XXXVII

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Iakovos, Archbishop, Orthodox Archbishop of North and South America (former Turk-ish citizen)

Ingersoll, Jack R., Director, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous DrugsInonu, Ismet, former Turkish Prime Minister; also President of the (Turkish) Republican

People’s Party until May 1972 Ioannids, Lt. Col. Dimitrios, Chief of Greek Military Security Police (ESA)Irwin, John N., II, Under Secretary of State, September 1970–July 1972; Deputy Secre-

tary of State from July 13, 1972

Jablonski, Henryk, Chairman, Polish Council of State from 1971Jaroszewicz, Piotr, Polish Premier from 1971Jarring, Gunnar, Swedish Ambassador to the Soviet Union, detailed to the United Na-

tions to serve as Special Representative, United Nations Middle East MissionJaruzelski, Wojciech, Polish Minister of DefenseJavits, Jacob, Senator (R–New York)Jedrychowski, Stefan, Polish Foreign MinisterJessup, John, former Consul General at ThessalonikiJohnson, Lyndon B. President of the United States, November 1963–January 1969Johnson, U. Alexis, Ambassador to Japan until January 1969, Under Secretary of State

for Political Affairs from February 7, 1969Jones, Betty J., Officer in Charge, U.N. Political Affairs, Bureau of International Organi-

zation Affairs, Department of StateJones, Owen, former Chargé d’Affaires ad interim, BudapestJurich, Anthony J., Special Assistant to the Secretary for National Security Affairs, De-

partment of the Treasury

Kadar, Janos, First Secretary of the Hungarian Communist PartyKaramessines, Thomas H., Deputy Director for Plans, Central Intelligence AgencyKaraosmanoglu, Attilla, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister, April 1971–April 1972Karjalainen, Ahti, Finnish Foreign MinisterKatzenbach, Nicholas DeB., Under Secretary of State until January 20, 1969Kekkonen, Urho, President of FinlandKennedy, David M., Secretary of the Treasury January 1969–January 1971; Ambassador

at Large for Foreign Economic Development from February 11, 1971, and U.S. Per-manent Representative, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, from March 17, 1972

Kennedy, Col. Richard T., USA, Member, NSC Staff, 1970–1972; Director, NSC PlanningGroup, 1971–1972

Kenyatta, Jomo, President of KenyaKhan, Agha Muhammad Yahya, President of Pakistan, March 31, 1969–December 20, 1971Khrushchev, Nikita S., First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Commu-

nist Party and chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, 1953–1964Kirschschlaeger, Rudolph, Austrian Foreign Minister from March 1971Kissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security AffairsKlaus, Josef, Austrian Chancellor until March 1971Klein, Herbert G., White House Director of CommunicationsKleindienst, Richard G., Deputy Attorney General, January 1969–June 1972; thereafter

Attorney GeneralKnowles, Lt. Gen. Richard T., member, Joint Chiefs of StaffKomer, Robert W., Ambassador to Turkey until May 1969Komodromos, Epaminondas, Cypriot Minister of Defense until June 1972 and Minister

of the InteriorKonstantine, see ConstantineKosygin, Alexei N., Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers; also member of the

Politburo of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party

XXXVIII Persons

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Kreisky, Bruno, Austrian Chancellor from March 1971Krough, Egil, Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic AffairsKrol, John, Cardinal, Roman Catholic Archbishop of PhiladelphiaKuchuk, Fazil, former Cypriot Vice President; Turkish Cypriot leaderKyprianou, Spyros, Cypriot Foreign Minister until June 1972

Ladas, Lt. Col. Ioannis, Greek military conspiratorLaird, Melvin R., Secretary of DefenseLeddy, John M., Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs, Department of State

until February 1969Lehman, John, Jr., member, NSC Planning StaffLeonhart, William, Ambassador to Yugoslavia, May 1969–October 1971Lindjord, Haakon, Director, Office of Emergency PlanningLipscomb, Glenard P., Representative (R–California)Livingston, Robert Gerald, member, NSC StaffLodge, Henry Cabot, President’s Personal Representative to Pope Paul VI Lodge, John D., Ambassador to ArgentinaLong, Roger, Staff Assistant, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Depart-

ment of State, 1970–1971Loomis, Henry, Deputy Director, United States Information AgencyLopez Bravo de Castro, Gregorio, Spanish Foreign MinisterLord, Winston, member, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense,

until 1969; member, NSC Planning Group, January 1969–1970; staff member forUnited Nations Affairs, NSC Operations Staff from 1971

Lowenstein, James, Staff Member, Senate Foreign Relations CommitteeLuns, Joseph, Secretary-General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from 1971Lynn, Dr. Laurence E. Jr., Assistant for Programs, NSC Staff, 1969–1970; Director, Pro-

gram Analysis Staff, NSC, 1970-1971Lyssarides, Vassos, Cypriot Socialist Party leader and personal physician to Archbishop

Makarios

MacDonald, Donald G., Assistant Administrator for Near East and South Asia, Agencyfor Internationa