OF THE UNITED STATES · Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976 Volume XXXIX European Security 1969–1976 Editor Douglas E. Selvage General Editor Edward C. Keefer United

FOREIGNRELATIONS

OF THE

UNITEDSTATES

1969–1976

VOLUME XXXIX

EUROPEAN SECURITY

DEPARTMENTOF

STATE

Washington

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_SPN 1/10/08 12:02 PM Page 1

320-672/B428-S/40001

Foreign Relations of theUnited States, 1969–1976

Volume XXXIX

European Security1969–1976

Editor Douglas E. Selvage

General Editor Edward C. Keefer

United States Government Printing OfficeWashington2007

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page 1

320-672/B428-S/40001

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 11445

OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN

BUREAU OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS

For sale by the U.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of Documents, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page 2

PrefaceThe Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official

documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions andsignificant diplomatic activity of the United States Government. TheHistorian of the Department of State is charged with the responsibil-ity for the preparation of the Foreign Relations series. The staff of theOffice of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, under the direction ofthe General Editor of the Foreign Relations series, plans, researches,compiles, and edits the volumes in the series. Secretary of State FrankB. Kellogg first promulgated official regulations codifying specific stan-dards for the selection and editing of documents for the series on March26, 1925. These regulations, with minor modifications, guided the se-ries through 1991.

Public Law 102–138, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act,which was signed by President George H.W. Bush on October 28, 1991,established a new statutory charter for the preparation of the series.Section 198 of P.L. 102–138 added a new Title IV to the Department ofState’s Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 4351, et seq.).

The statute requires that the Foreign Relations series be a thorough,accurate, and reliable record of major United States foreign policy de-cisions and significant United States diplomatic activity. The volumesof the series should include all records needed to provide comprehen-sive documentation of major foreign policy decisions and actions of theUnited States Government. The statute also confirms the editing prin-ciples established by Secretary Kellogg: the Foreign Relations series isguided by the principles of historical objectivity and accuracy; recordsshould not be altered or deletions made without indicating in the pub-lished text that a deletion has been made; the published record shouldomit no facts that were of major importance in reaching a decision; andnothing should be omitted for the purposes of concealing a defect inpolicy. The statute also requires that the Foreign Relations series be pub-lished not more than 30 years after the events recorded. The editors areconvinced that this volume meets all regulatory, statutory, and schol-arly standards of selection and editing.

Structure and Scope of the Foreign Relations Series

This volume is part of a subseries of volumes of the Foreign Rela-tions series that presents in multiple volumes a comprehensive docu-mentary record of major foreign policy decisions and actions of the administrations of Presidents Nixon and Ford. This specific volumedocuments U.S. efforts to negotiate multilateral agreements with itsWestern European allies and the Soviet Bloc that would allow for

III

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page III

320-672/B428-S/40001

greater European security, 1969–1976. While this volume, aided by ex-tracts from other volumes, footnotes, and editorial notes, can be readon its own, Foreign Relations is an integrated series. Other volumes fromthe subseries that can be consulted on this topic are Volumes XII–XVI,all on the Soviet Union; Volume XL, Germany and Berlin, 1969–1972;Volume XLI, Western Europe and European Region, 1969–1972; and, toa lesser extent, Volume E–15, Western and Eastern Europe.

Focus of Research and Principles of Selection for Foreign Relations,1969–1976, Volume XXXIX

This volume focuses on the topic of European Security, a key foreignpolicy concern for both the Nixon and Ford administrations. It is centeredaround the basic questions the U.S. Government faced: how best toachieve security and cooperation in Europe, and how to reduce bothNATO and Warsaw Pact forces in Europe. This volume has a broaderscope than most, and covers the entire span of both the Nixon and Fordadministrations, 1969–1976. While the general focus is European security,the specific focus is on two overriding issues that faced the Nixon andFord administrations: 1) whether to hold a conference on European se-curity attended by the United States and its NATO allies, and the SovietUnion and its Warsaw Pact allies; and 2) whether the United States andits European allies would negotiate an agreement with the Soviet Unionand its East European allies on mutual and balanced force reductions(MBFR) in Europe. Both President Richard M. Nixon and Henry A.Kissinger (Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, and af-ter September 1973, Secretary of State) were skeptical that a conferenceon European security would achieve very much—they believed that theEuropeans were overestimating its potential impact. There were also re-lated issues, such as whether to combine the security conference with ne-gotiations on force reductions. In addition, the question of negotiationswith the NATO allies looms large in the volume, which includes manymemoranda of conversation between U.S. officials and their NATO coun-terparts. Kissinger carried on parallel negotiations with Soviet officials onboth a European Security conference and MBFR. After the Moscow Sum-mit in May 1972, at which President Nixon and General Secretary LeonidBrezhnev discussed mutual and balance force reductions and a confer-ence on security in Europe (CES), the two leaders agreed to conferenceson both security and cooperation in Europe (CSCE) and MBFR.

The Soviet Union and the United States agreed to open the formalCSCE talks on June 30, 1973, and to begin the MBFR talks one monthafter the conclusion of the CSCE conference, which was expected toend in September 1973. As the volume makes clear, this timetable wasimpossible to follow.

The volume then focuses on the slow march to a formal CSCE con-ference in Helsinki in July and August 1975, and the problems atten-

IV Preface

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page IV

320-672/B428-S/40001

dant with this process. The last chapter on MBFR picks up that issuefrom July 1973, and carries the negotiations forward to the end of theFord administration, which left office without achieving success on mu-tual and balanced force reduction in Europe.

Editorial Methodology

The documents are presented chronologically—with the exceptionof the final tenth chapter—according to Washington time. Memorandaof conversation are placed according to the date and time of the con-versation, rather than the date a memorandum was drafted. Documentschosen for printing are authoritative or signed copies, unless otherwisenoted.

Editorial treatment of the documents published in the Foreign Re-lations series follows Office style guidelines, supplemented by guidancefrom the General Editor. The documents are reproduced as exactly aspossible, including marginalia or other notations, which are describedin the footnotes. Texts are transcribed and printed according to acceptedconventions for the publication of historical documents within the lim-itations of modern typography. A heading has been supplied by the ed-itors for each document included in the volume. Spelling, capitaliza-tion, and punctuation are retained as found in the original text, exceptthat obvious typographical errors are silently corrected. Other mistakesand omissions in the documents are corrected by bracketed insertions:a correction is set in italic type; an addition in roman type. Words orphrases underlined in the source text are printed in italics. Abbrevia-tions and contractions are preserved as found in the original text, anda list of abbreviations is included in the front matter of each volume.

Bracketed insertions are also used to indicate omitted text that dealswith an unrelated subject (in roman type) or that remains classified af-ter declassification review (in italic type). All ellipses are in the originaldocuments unless otherwise noted. The amount and, where possible, thenature of the material not declassified has been noted by indicating thenumber of lines or pages of text that were omitted. Entire documentswithheld for declassification purposes have been accounted for and arelisted with headings, source notes, and number of pages not declassifiedin their chronological place. All brackets that appear in the original textare so identified in footnotes. With the exception of Presidential record-ings transcribed in the Office of the Historian by the editor(s) of the vol-ume, all ellipses are in the original documents.

The first footnote to each document indicates the document’ssource, original classification, distribution, and drafting information.This note also provides the background of important documents andpolicies and indicates whether the President or his major policy ad-visers read the document.

Preface V

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page V

320-672/B428-S/40001

Editorial notes and additional annotation summarize pertinentmaterial not printed in the volume, indicate the location of additionaldocumentary sources, provide references to important related docu-ments printed in other volumes, describe key events, and provide sum-maries of and citations to public statements that supplement and elu-cidate the printed documents. Information derived from memoirs andother first-hand accounts has been used when appropriate to supple-ment or explicate the official record.

The numbers in the index refer to document numbers rather thanto page numbers.

Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documentation

The Advisory Committee on Historical Diplomatic Documenta-tion, established under the Foreign Relations statute, reviews records,advises, and makes recommendations concerning the Foreign Relationsseries. The Advisory Committee monitors the overall compilation andeditorial process of the series and advises on all aspects of the prepa-ration and declassification of the series. The Advisory Committee doesnot necessarily review the contents of individual volumes in the series,but it makes recommendations on issues that come to its attention andreviews volumes, as it deems necessary to fulfill its advisory and statu-tory obligations.

Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Review

Under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and MaterialsPreservation Act (PRMPA) of 1974 (44 U.S.C. 2111 note), the NationalArchives and Records Administration (NARA) has custody of theNixon Presidential historical materials. The requirements of thePRMPA and implementing regulations govern access to the Nixon Pres-idential historical materials. The PRMPA and implementing public ac-cess regulations require NARA to review for additional restrictions inorder to ensure the protection of the privacy rights of former NixonWhite House officials, since these officials were not given the oppor-tunity to separate their personal materials from public papers. Thus,the PRMPA and implementing public access regulations require NARAformally to notify the Nixon Estate and former Nixon White Housestaff members that the agency is scheduling for public release NixonWhite House historical materials. The Nixon Estate and former WhiteHouse staff members have 30 days to contest the release of Nixon his-torical materials in which they were a participant or are mentioned.Further, the PRMPA and implementing regulations require NARA tosegregate and return to the creator of files private and personal mate-rials. All Foreign Relations volumes that include materials from NARA’sNixon Presidential Materials Project are processed and released in ac-cordance with the PRMPA.

VI Preface

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page VI

320-672/B428-S/40001

Declassification Review

The Office of Information Programs and Services, Bureau of Ad-ministration, conducted the declassification review for the Departmentof State of the documents published in this volume. The review wasconducted in accordance with the standards set forth in Executive Or-der 12958, as amended, on Classified National Security Informationand other applicable laws.

The principle guiding declassification review is to release all in-formation, subject only to the current requirements of national secu-rity, as embodied in law and regulation. Declassification decisions entailed concurrence of the appropriate geographic and functional bureaus in the Department of State, other concerned agencies of theU.S. Government, and the appropriate foreign governments regardingspecific documents of those governments. The declassification reviewof this volume, which began in 2005 and was completed in 2007, re-sulted in the decision to withhold no documents in full, excise a para-graph or more in 1 document, and make minor excisions of less thana paragraph in 12 documents.

The Office of the Historian is confident, on the basis of the researchconducted in preparing this volume and as a result of the declassifi-cation review process described above, that notwithstanding the num-ber of denied and excised documents, the record presented in this vol-ume presented here provides an accurate and comprehensive accountof U.S. foreign policy towards European security.

Acknowledgments

The editors wish to acknowledge the assistance of officials at theNixon Presidential Materials Project of the National Archives andRecords Administration (Archives II), at College Park, Maryland. Theeditors wish to express gratitude to the Richard Nixon Estate for al-lowing access to the Nixon presidential recordings and the RichardNixon Library & Birthplace for facilitating that access.

Douglas E. Selvage collected the documentation, made the selec-tions, and annotated the documents under the supervision of the Gen-eral Editor, Edward C. Keefer. Chris Tudda coordinated the declassifi-cation review under the supervision of Susan C. Weetman, Chief of theDeclassification and Publishing Division. Carl E. Ashley and Aaron W.Marrs performed the copy and technical editing. Breffni Whelan pre-pared the index.

Bureau of Public Affairs Marc J. SusserJanuary 2008 The Historian

Preface VII

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page VII

ContentsPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III

Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI

Abbreviations and Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIII

Persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXIX

European Security

“Bureaucratic Steamroller,” January 1969–November 1970 1

MBFR and the Conference on European Security,December 1970–December 1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Moscow Summit, December 1971–May 1972. . . . . . . . . . . 246

Prelude to Negotiations, June 1972–November 1972. . . . . 305

Opening Negotiations, December 1972–July 1973 . . . . . . . 368

U.S.–Soviet Bilaterals, September 1973–May 1974 . . . . . . . 517

Basket III, May–December 1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Concluding CSCE, January 1975–July 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

Helsinki Summit, July 20–August 8, 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

MBFR, September 1973–January 1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095

IX

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 1/14/08 9:06 AM Page IX

320-672/B428-S/40001

SourcesSources for the Foreign Relations Series

The 1991 Foreign Relations statute requires that the publishedrecord in the Foreign Relations series include all records needed to pro-vide comprehensive documentation on major U.S. foreign policy deci-sions and significant U.S. diplomatic activity. It also requires that government agencies, departments, and other entities of the U.S. Gov-ernment engaged in foreign policy formulation, execution, or supportcooperate with the Department of State Historian by providing full andcomplete access to records pertinent to foreign policy decisions and ac-tions and by providing copies of selected records. U.S. foreign policyagencies and Departments—the Department of State, National Secu-rity Council, Department of Defense, Central Intelligence Agency, De-partment of the Treasury, the Nixon Presidential Materials at CollegePark Maryland, and the Gerald Ford Presidential Library—have com-plied fully with this law and provided complete access to their rele-vant records. In addition, Henry Kissinger has approved access to hisprivate papers at the Library of Congress. These papers are a key sourcefor the Nixon-Ford subseries.

Sources for Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume XXXIX

The fact that both the European security conference (CSCE) andbalanced force reduction talks (MBFR) constituted multilateral negoti-ations means that in addition to materials filed under these specifictopics in the Nixon Presidential Materials Project, many relevant doc-uments can be found in files dealing with bilateral relations.

For the Nixon years, the most important materials on CSCE andMBFR are in the National Security Council (NSC) Files at the NixonPresidential Materials Project. For both CSCE and MBFR, the follow-ing sub-collections within the NSC Files were particularly useful:Agency Files (ACDA, Department of Defense, MBFR and CSCE, NSC,NATO, and Department of State); Subject Files (East-West Relations,USSR Memcons, USSR, Soviet Affairs, NSSM’s and NSDM’s, Backchan-nel—Paris, Europe, USSR); the President’s Trip Files, especially thoserelated to visits to Europe and the USSR; Presidential Correspondence,especially with the USSR but also with France, Germany, and UK; VIPVisits (by Brezhnev and European leaders); Presidential/HAK Mem-cons; and NSC Unfiled Material. In the sub-series, Country Files—Europe, the collections on Europe, European Security Issues, Austria(location of the MBFR talks in Vienna), Finland, France, Germany,Switzerland (location of CSCE Phase II in Geneva), USSR, and UnitedKingdom hold the most important bilateral documents related to CSCE

XI

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XI

XII Sources

320-672/B428-S/40001

and MBFR. The Kissinger Office Files also contain a wealth of key mate-rials, especially the Country Files on Europe (General and USSR) andKissinger’s Trip Files for visits to Europe and the Soviet Union. The NSCInstitutional Files (H-Files) provide some documentation on CSCE, butmuch more on MBFR. In the NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), MeetingFiles of the Verification Panel, the Senior Review Group, and the NationalSecurity Council related to MBFR and CSCE are particularly relevant,along with the original minutes of meetings of the three groups. Files onindividual NSSM’s (83, 89, 92, 138, 164, 168), as well as files on individ-ual NSDM’s (116, 134, 142, 153, 163) under Policy Papers (1969–1974) con-tain key documentation on decision-making. The Henry A. Kissinger Telephone Conversations and Presidential Tape Recordings at the NixonPresidential Materials Project provide key, first-hand data on decisionsregarding CSCE and MBFR, although it is difficult to locate relevant ma-terial. The same is true for the Kissinger Transcripts of Telephone Con-versations from his years as Secretary of State, available online from theDepartment of State’s Electronic Reading Room.

A number of collections at the National Archives in Record Group59, the General Records of the Department of State, hold key documentson CSCE and MBFR. The most important collections for such researchare the Transcripts of Secretary of State Kissinger’s Staff Meetings,1973–77, Entry 5177; the Records of Henry Kissinger, Entry 5403, espe-cially the bilateral memoranda of conversation with European and So-viet officials; and the Records of the Office of the Counselor, Entry 5339,which are the records of Helmut Sonnenfeldt, with key files on CSCE,MBFR, and bilateral meetings with European leaders. Less important,but also containing relevant material, are the S/S Conference Files,1966–72, Entry 5415, and the Rogers Office Files, Entry 5439. Despite thetitle, Lot 80 D 188, Bureau of European Affairs, Office of NATO and At-lantic Political Military Affairs, Records Relating to the Conference onSecurity and Cooperation in Europe, contains mainly low-level materi-als of little significance. The Central Files, 1967–69 and 1970–73, containmuch important material, along with minutiae about the negotiationswithin NATO, between the U.S. and its Allies, and in Geneva and Vi-enna on CSCE and MBFR. The most relevant subject-numeric designa-tions for CSCE are DEF EUR, DEF 1 EUR, DEF 1 NATO, POL EUR, andPOL EUR E–EUR W. The most relevant subject-numeric designations forMBFR are DEF EUR, DEF 4 EUR, DEF 4 NATO, DEF 4 WARSAW PACT,DEF 6 EUR, and DEF 6 NATO. The following subject-numeric designa-tions include important materials on bilateral discussions on MBFR: POLGER W–US, POL US–USSR, POL 1 US–USSR, and POL 7 USSR. TheState Archiving System, which constitutes the Central Files after 1973,can be searched by keyword for documents relating to CSCE and MBFR.

A valuable resource for both the Nixon and Ford years with re-gard to CSCE and MBFR are the Henry Kissinger Papers, held at the

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XII

Manuscript Division in the Library of Congress. Particularly fruitful forresearch on CSCE and MBFR are the files under the sub-headings: Mem-oranda of Conversation, Chronological File (bilateral talks with Euro-pean and Soviet leaders); Geopolitical Files (especially those relating tothe Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, and the Year of Europe); thePresidential File, Memoranda of Conversation; and under Departmentof State, Memoranda of Conversation with Lawrence S. Eagleburger.

For the Ford years, the records at the Gerald R. Ford PresidentialLibrary are invaluable. Many key materials on CSCE and MBFR canbe found in the files of the National Security Adviser. Particularly valu-able on both CSCE and MBFR are the Kissinger-Scowcroft West WingOffice Files, especially the General Subject Files on the USSR (“D” File,Dobrynin, and the Gromyko Files) and West Germany, Egon Bahr, Cor-respondence. Also of value are the Memoranda of Conversation (bi-lateral talks with European and Soviet officials); the NSC MeetingsFiles; the Presidential Agency File (ACDA, Department of Defense, andNATO); the President’s Trip Files (November 1974, Japan, Korea andUSSR; and July 9–12, 1975, Europe—the trip to the CSCE summit); TripBriefing Books and Cables for Henry Kissinger, 1974–76, especiallyfrom Kissinger’s trips to Europe and the USSR; Presidential Trip Files(Ford’s summit with Brezhnev in Vladivostok in November 1974 andhis subsequent trips to Europe); the Presidential Subject Files on CSCEand MBFR; the Kissinger Reports on USSR, China, and Middle EastDiscussions, 1974–76, USSR Memcons and Reports; the PresidentialCountry Files for Europe and Canada, 1974–77, especially the CountryFiles on Europe (General), Germany, and the USSR; and BackchannelMessages, Europe. The Convenience Files of the NSC Staff for Europe,Canada, and Ocean Affairs, 1974–77, also contains valuable materialon CSCE and MBFR, but it is somewhat duplicative. Relevant materi-als in the Convenience Files can be found under the subheadings Gen-eral Subject Files (CSCE, Europe, HAK European Trip, MBFR, NSSMs,and NATO), the Ford Trips File (Vladivostok Summit, 1974; EuropeanTrip: NATO, May–June 1975; and European Trip: CSCE); and Visits byForeign Leaders. On MBFR, the NSC Institutional Files (H-Files) andthe papers of the NSC Program Analysis Staff are particularly impor-tant, especially the MBFR/Measures Agreement Subseries, the Verifi-cation Panel Subseries, the Jan Lodal Convenience Files, and the SteveHadley MBFR Files. The Melvin Laird Papers at the Ford Library con-tain relevant documentation on CSCE and especially MBFR for boththe Nixon and Ford Administrations.

Valuable for more-detailed study of MBFR is Record Group 330,Records of the Department of Defense, at the National Archives in Suit-land, Maryland. FRC 330–77–003, MBFR Files, 1973–74, provides someof the daily communication between DOD officials working on MBFRand the U.S. delegation to the MBFR talks in Vienna. The secret and top

Sources XIII

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XIII

secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense,and the Assistant Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1976 provide usefuldocumentation in the form of bilateral memoranda of conversation be-tween DOD officials, including the Secretary of Defense, and Ministersof Defense of the NATO allies regarding MBFR and occasionally CSCE.The secret and top secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense forInternational Security Affairs also contain material relating to MBFR.

Unpublished Sources

Department of State

Central Files. See National Archives and Records Administration below.

Lot Files. See National Archives and Records Administration below.

Electronic Reading Room (http://foia.state.gov)Transcripts of Telephone Conversations of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland

Record Group 59, Records of the Department of State

Central Files

ORG 7 S, visits of the Secretary of State DEF EUR, defense of EuropeDEF 1 EUR, policy plans, readiness, defense of EuropeDEF 1 NATO, policy plans, readiness, defense of NATODEF 4 EUR, collective defense and alliances, EuropeDEF 4 NATO, collective defense and alliances, NATODEF 4 WARSAW PACT, collective defense and alliance, Warsaw PactDEF 6 EUR, armed forces, EuropeDEF 6 NATO, armed forces, NATONATO 3 BEL, NATO organization, headquartersPOL EUR, political POL EUR E–EUR W, general policy. Eastern Europe-Western EuropePOL GER W–US, U.S.-German political relationsPOL US–USSR, U.S.-Soviet POL 1 US–USSR, U.S.-Soviet, general policyPOL 7 USSR, visits and meeting with Soviet officials

Central Foreign Policy Files, 1973–1976

Part of the on-line Access to Archive Databases (http://aad.archives.gov): ElectronicTelegrams, P-Reel Index, P-Reel microfilm

Lot Files

Transcripts of Secretary of State Kissinger’s Staff Meetings, 1973–1977, Entry 5177Minutes of Secretary of State Kissinger’s staff meetings

Records of the Office of the Counselor, Entry 5339Files of Helmut Sonnenfeldt, 1957–1977

XIV Sources

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XIV

Records of Henry Kissinger, Entry 5403Nodis memoranda of conversation of Secretary Kissinger and related documents,September 1973–January 1977

S/S-Files, Lot 72 D 170Briefing books, fact books, visit and conference books, press conferences, andtestimony of the Secretary and Under Secretary of State, 1969-1972

S/S Conference Files, 1966–1972, Entry 5415Files of International Conferences

S/S-Files, Lot 80 D 307Files of Walter J. Stossel, Deputy Secretary of State, 1968–1982

S/S-Files, Lot 83 D 305National Security Decision Memoranda (NSDMs), 1969–1977

Bureau of European Affairs, Office of NATO and Atlantic Political Military Affairs,Records Relating to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Lot 80 D 188

Rogers Office Files, Entry 5439Official Files of Secretary of State William P. Rogers, 1969–1973

Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Maryland

National Security Council Files

Agency Files

ACDA, Department of Defense, MBFR and CSCE, NSC, NATO, Department ofState

Alexander M. Haig Chronological Files

Haig Telcons

Country Files—Europe

Berlin and European Security, Europe, European Security Issues, Austria,Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, NAC Summit Brussels—June 1974—The President; Netherlands, MBFR Background Book; Poland,Romania, Switzerland, USSR, United Kingdom

Country Files—Europe—USSR

Map Room, Map Room—D, Dobrynin/Kissinger, Gromyko, US-Soviet BilateralIssues, Dr. Kissinger Moscow Trip, May 1973

Kissinger Office Files

Administrative and Staff Files; Europe, West

Kissinger Trip Files

HAK’s Secret Moscow Trip, April 1972; HAK European Trip, September 1972,FRG Memcons, Brandt, Strauss; HAK Secret Paris Trip; HAK’s Germany,Moscow, London, Paris Trip; HAK Moscow, London Trip; HAK Moscow Trip;Secretary’s File, TOHAK/HAKTO; HAK Trip, Bonn, Moscow, London, Mar.24–28, 1974

NSC Unfiled Material

NSC Secretariat, Richard M. Nixon Memoranda; NSC Unfiled Material, 1969–1972; NSC Unfiled Material, 1973–74

Sources XV

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XV

President’s Trip FilesNixon’s European Trip (1969); Presidential European Trip, 1970; Azores Meetingwith Pompidou; Heath Visit, Dec. 1971; President’s Moscow Trip; MBFR/CSCEBackup Book; President’s Issues Papers, USSR; Bilateral Agreements, US–USSR;Dobrynin/Kissinger; Top Secret/Sensitive MBFR–CSCE Backup Book; For thePresident’s Personal Briefcase, May 1972; The President’s Conversations inSalzburg, Moscow, Tehran and Warsaw, May 1972

Presidential CorrespondenceFrance, Germany, UK, USSR

Presidential/HAK MemconsSubject Files

East-West Relations; President’s Annual Review of US Foreign Policy; USSRMemcons; HAK/President Memos, 1969–71; NSSM’s and NSDM’s; SovietAffairs; USSR; USSR Briefing Book, Apr. 1974, Foreign Minister Gromyko Visit;

BackchannelParis; Backchannel: Europe; Backchannel: USSR; Backchannel

VIP Visits Brandt Visit, Dec. 1971, Key Biscayne; Brezhnev’s US Visit; Presidential Trip(USSR and Europe, June 1974)

NSC Institutional Files (H-Files)

Meeting Files, Verification Panel MeetingsMBFR, 9/1/70; MBFR, 4/23/71, MBFR, 6/11/71; MBFR, 9/21/71; MBFR,9/30/71; MBFR, 11/19/71; MBFR, 3/15/73; MBFR, 3/29/73; MBFR, 7/11/73;MBFR Cancelled, 12-27-73; MBFR, 1/7/74; MBFR, 3/14/74

National Security Council Meetings

NSC Meeting 1/28/70, Europe; NSC Meeting, NATO and MBFR, 11/19/70;NSC Meeting, MBFR, 6/17/71; NSC Meeting, CES/MBFR (NATO Ministerial)12/1/71; NSC Meeting, MBFR, 4/12/73

Senior Review Group MeetingsReview Group, NATO Policy, 3/24/69; Review Group, Issues of EuropeanSecurity, 4/16/70; Senior Review Group, US Strategies and Forces for NATO,8/31/70; Senior Review Group, European Security, 8/31/70; Senior ReviewGroup/VP Meeting, NATO Strategies and Forces; (NSSM 84–92) 10/28/70;Senior Review Group, MBFR, 11/23/70; SRG Meeting, European Security Conf.,MBFR, 3/29/72; SRG Meeting, European Security Conference, 11/23/71; SRGMeeting/Joint VP, MBFR/CSCE, 6/29/72; Verification P/SRG Meeting,MBFR/CSCE, 9/20/72; VP/SRG Meeting, MBFR, 10/17/72

Defense Program Review Committee MeetingsDPRC Meeting, NSDM 95, Forces for NATO, 5-19-71; DPRC Meeting, NSDM95, 5-24-71Minutes of Meetings (1969–1974)Verification Panel Minutes—Originals; NSC Minutes—Originals; SRG Minutes—Originals

Study Memoranda (1969–1974)NSSM 83, NSSM 89, NSSM 92, NSSM 138, NSSM 164, NSSM 168

Policy Papers (1969–1974)National Security Decision Memoranda: NSDM 116, NSDM 134, NSDM 142, NSDM153, NSDM 163

XVI Sources

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XVI

Henry A. Kissinger Telephone Conversations

White House Central FilesPresident’s Daily Diary

White House Special FilesPresident’s Office File

Presidential Tape Recordings

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan

NSC Institutional Files (H-Files)NSDM/NSSM Originals

National Security AdviserNSC Meetings FilesPresidential Agency File, 1974–77

ACDA, Department of Defense, NATOPresident’s Trip Files

November 1974, Japan, Korea, and USSR; July 9–12, 1975, EuropeTrip Briefing Books and Cables for Henry Kissinger, 1974–76

Europe, South Asia, and Middle East (10/20–11/9/74); Brussels (12/10–13/74)London and Middle East, March 5–22, 1975; Europe and Middle East, May18–23; Europe, May 26–June 3, 1975; Europe, July 9–12, 1975; Ottawa, October14–15, 1975; Europe, December 10–17, 1975; Moscow, Brussels, Madrid, January20–25, 1976

Trip Briefing Books and Cables for President Ford, 1974–76Presidential Trip FilesNovember 1974; Vladivostok;May 28–June 3, 1975: Europe;July 26–August 4, 1975: Europe; CSCE; Helsinki

NSC Staff for Europe, Canada and Ocean Affairs, Convenience Files, 1974–77General Subject File

CSCE; Europe, 1974–76; HAK European Trip; MBFR; NSSMS, 1974, 1976; NATO

Ford Trips File: Vladivostok Summit (1974), European Trip: NATO (May–June1975), European Trip: CSCE, Visits by Foreign Leaders

Presidential Subject Files, 1974–77

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe; MBFR

Presidential Agency Files

Presidential Country Files for Europe and Canada, 1974–77Country Files: Europe—General, Belgium—State Dept. Telegrams, Germany, USSR

Kissinger Reports on USSR, China, and Middle East Discussions, 1974–76USSR Memcons and Reports

Backchannel Messages: Europe

Memoranda of Conversation

Kissinger-Scowcroft West Wing Office Files, 1969–77

General Subject File: USSR—”D” File (Dobrynin); USSR—Gromyko Files;Dobrynin/Kissinger Telcons; West Germany, Egon Bahr, Correspondence

Sources XVII

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XVII

NSC Program Analysis StaffMBFR/Measures Agreement Subseries, Verification Panel Subseries, Jan LodalConvenience Files, Steve Hadley MBFR Files

Melvin Laird Papers

Library of Congress, Washington, DC

Papers of Henry A. KissingerMiscellany, 1968–1976, Record of ScheduleMemoranda of Conversation, Chronological FileGeopolitical Files: Soviet Union; Dobrynin, Anatoliy, Background Papers (Talkers);France, Chronological File; Great Britain, Chronological File; Year of Europe,Memoranda of Conversation

Department of State: Eagleburger, Lawrence S.; Memoranda of ConversationPresidential File, Memoranda of Conversation

Telephone Conversations, Jan. 1969–Sept. 1973

Central Intelligence Agency

National Intelligence Council Files, Job 79R01012A

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

RG 330, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense

OSD Files: FRC 330–77–003MBFR Files, 1973–74

OSD Files: FRC 330–75–103Top Secret files from the immediate office of the Secretary of Defense, 1969

OSD Files: FRC 330–75–089Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theAssistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1969

OSD Files: FRC 330–76–067Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Sectary of Defense, and theAssistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1970

OSD Files: FRC 330–76–076Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1970

OSD Files: FRC 330–76–207Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1971

OSD Files: FRC 330–76–197Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1971

OSD Files: FRC 330–77–0094Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1972

XVIII Sources

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XVIII

OSD Files: FRC 330–77–0095

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1972

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0001

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1973

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0002

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1973

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0011

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1974

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0010

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1974

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0058

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1975

OSD Files: FRC 330–78–0059

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1975

OSD Files: FRC 330–79–049

Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, and theSpecial Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1976

OSD Files: FRC 330–77–050

Top Secret files of the Secretary of Defense, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, andthe Special Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, 1976

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 72 A 6308

Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1969

OSAD/ISA Files: FRC 72 A 6309

Secret Files for the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,1969

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 73 A 1975

Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1970

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–74–083

Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1971

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–74–115Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1971

Sources XIX

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XIX

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–75–125Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,1972

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–75–155Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1972

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–76–0117Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,1973

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–76–0187Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1973

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–77–0054Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,1974

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–77–0063Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1974

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–78–0038Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, 1975

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–78–0092Top Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International SecurityAffairs, 1975

OASD/ISA Files: FRC 330–79–037Secret files of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs,1976

Published Sources

Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1971. 3 Vols. Edited by IlseDorothee Pautsch, Martin Koopman, Matthias Peter, and Daniela Taschler. Munich:R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2002.

Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1973. 3 Vols. Edited by IlseDorothee Pautsch, Matthias Peter, Michael Kieninger, Michael Ploetz, Mechthild Lin-demann, and Fabian Hilfrich. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2004.

Congress and the Nation. Washington: Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1977.Current Digest of the Soviet Press. Columbus, OH: American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Slavic Studies, 1970–76.Haldeman, H.R. The Haldeman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House. Complete Multime-

dia Edition. Santa Monica, CA: Sony Imagesoft, 1994.Keesings Contemporary Archives, 1969–1972. London: Keesing’s Limited, 1970–73. Kissinger, Henry. White House Years. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1979.Kissinger, Henry. Years of Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO Final Communiqués, 1949–1974. Brussels:

NATO Information Service, no date.

XX Sources

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XX

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. NATO Online Library: Ministerial Communiqués. http: //www.nato.int/docu/comm.htm

United Kingdom. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office and the Foreign and CommonwealthOffice. Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III, Volume I, Britain and the So-viet Union, 1968–72. Edited by G. Bennett, K.A. Hamilton, I. Warner, R.P. Bevins, G. Quinn, E. Kane. London: The Stationery Office, 1997.

U.S. Department of State. Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.U.S. Department of State. Documents on Germany, 1944–1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Gov-

ernment Printing Office, 1985.U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of the

United States: Richard Nixon, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974. Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office, 1971–1975.

U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Public Papers of the Presidents of theUnited States: Gerald Ford, 1974, 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1975–1977.

320-672/B428-S/40001

Sources XXI

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXI

320-672/B428-S/40001

Abbreviations and TermsAAA, anti-aircraft artilleryAAPD, Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik DeutschlandABM, antiballistic missileACDA, Arms Control and Disarmament AgencyAD 70, “Allied Defense Problems in the Seventies” (a NATO study)Adm, AdmiralAEC, Atomic Energy CommissionAF, Bureau of African Affairs, Department of StateAP, Associated PressASAP, as soon as possibleAsst, assistantARA, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of StateATSD (AE), Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, Atomic Energy

backchannel, a method of communication outside normal bureaucratic procedure; theWhite House, for instance, used “backchannel” messages to bypass the Departmentof State.

Benelux, Belgium, the Netherlands, and LuxembourgBFR, balanced force reductions

C, Office of the Counselor, Department of StateCBM, confidence-building measureCDSP, Current Digest of the Soviet PressCDU, Christian Democratic Union (Federal Republic of Germany)CES, Conference on European SecurityCIA, Central Intelligence AgencyCINC, Commander in ChiefCINCEUR, Commander in Chief, U.S. Forces, EuropeCINCLANT, Commander in Chief, AtlanticCMEA, Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCOMECON, Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCPSU, Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCSC, Conference on Security and Cooperation (i.e., CSCE)CSCE, Conference on Security and Cooperation in EuropeCSU, Christian Social Union of Bavaria (Federal Republic of Germany)CTB, comprehensive test ban

D, Deputy Secretary, Department of StateDCI, Director of Central IntelligenceDCM, Deputy Chief of MissionDEFMIN, Defense Ministerdel, delegationdeloff, delegation officialDeptel, Department of State telegramDIA, Defense Intelligence AgencyDOD, Department of DefenseDPC, Defense Planning CommitteeDPG, Defense Planning GroupDPRC, Defense Program Review Committee

XXIII

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXIII

XXIV Abbreviations and Terms

320-672/B428-S/40001

E, Bureau of Economic Affairs, Department of StateEA, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Department of StateEC, European CommunityECE, United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeEDIP, European Defense Improvement ProgramEE, Eastern Europe; Office of Eastern European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs,

Department of StateEEC, European Economic CommunityEmb, EmbassyEmboff, Embassy officialEmbtel, Embassy telegramEPU, European Parliamentary UnionESC, European Security ConferenceEUR, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateEUR/CE, Office of Central European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of

StateEUR/EE, Office of Eastern European Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of

StateEUR/GER, Office of the Country Director for Germany, Bureau of European Affairs, De-

partment of StateEUR/IG, European Interdepartmental GroupEUR/RPM, Office of the Director for NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Affairs,

Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateEUR/SOV, Office of Soviet Union Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of

StateEUR/WE, Office of Western European Affairs, Department of StateExdis, exclusive distribution

FBI, Federal Bureau of InvestigationFBS, forward-based systemsFCO, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United KingdomFDP, Free Democratic Party (Federal Republic of Germany)Fedrep, Federal Republic of GermanyFM, Foreign MinisterFonmin, Foreign MinisterFONOFFS, Foreign OfficesFRG, Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)FY, fiscal yearFYI, For Your Information

GATT, General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDR, German Democratic Republic (East Germany)GNP, Gross National ProductGOR, Government of Romania

HAK, Henry A. KissingerHAKTO, White House series indicator for messages from KissingerH, Bureau of Congressional Relations, Department of StateH.E., His ExcellencyHK, Henry KissingerHMG, Her Majesty’s Government (United Kingdom)

IG, interagency (interdepartmental) groupIO, Bureau of International Organization Affairs, Department of State

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXIV

Abbreviations and Terms XXV

320-672/B428-S/40001

IG/EUR, Interdepartmental Group for European AffairsINR, Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of StateIRBM, intermediate-range ballistic missileISA, Office of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense

JCS, Joint Chiefs of StaffJRS, James R. Schlesinger

KGB, Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (State Security Committee), Soviet Union

L, Office of the Legal Adviser, Department of StateL/EUR, Assistant Legal Adviser for European Affairs, Department of StateLDC, Less Developed CountryLimdis, limited distribution

M, Under Secretary for Management, Department of StateMBFR, Mutual and Balanced Force ReductionsMC, memorandum of conversationMech, mechanizedMed, MediterraneanMemcon, memorandum of conversationMFA, Ministry of Foreign AffairsMFN, Most Favored NationMIRV, multiple independently-targetable reentry vehicleMisc., miscellaneousMOD, Minister of DefenseMPT, Multilateral Preparatory Talks (for CSCE)MRBM, medium-range ballistic missile

NAC, North Atlantic CouncilNATO, North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNCA, national command authorityNEA, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, Department of Staten.d., no dateNGA, NATO guidelines areaNIE, National Intelligence EstimateNodis, no distribution (to other than persons indicated)NOFORN, no foreign distributionNotal, not to allNPC, Nuclear Planning Committee, NATONPG, Nuclear Planning Group, NATONPT, Nuclear Non-Proliferation TreatyNSA, National Security AgencyNSC, National Security CouncilNSDM, National Security Decision MemorandumNSSM, National Security Study Memorandumnucs, nuclear weaponsNYT, New York Times

OBE, overtaken by eventsOECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOEP, Office of Emergency PreparednessOMB, Office of Management and BudgetOSD, Office of the Secretary of DefenseOST, Office of Science and Technology, the White House

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXV

XXVI Abbreviations and Terms

320-672/B428-S/40001

P, Under Secretary for Political Affairs, Department of Statepara, paragraphPermrep, permanent representativePL, Public LawPM, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, Department of State; also Prime MinisterPM/DCA, Office of Disarmament and Arms Control, Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs,

Department of StatePOLAD, Political AdvisorPt., part

QA, Quadripartite AgreementQRR, quadripartite rights and responsibilities

REDCOSTE, reduction of costs in Europerep, representativeReforger, return of force to GermanyReftel, reference telegramrep, representativeRG, Review Group or Record GroupRN, Richard Nixon

S, Office of the Secretary of State S/S, Executive Secretariat, Department of StateSACEUR, Supreme Allied Commander, EuropeSACLANT, Supreme Allied Commander, AtlanticSALT, Strategic Arms Limitation TalksSecDef, Secretary of DefenseSecDel, Secretary’s DelegationSECTO, series indicator for telegrams from the Secretary of State or his delegation to

the Department of StateSeptel, separate telegramSG, Secretary GeneralSHAPE, Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers, EuropeSLCM, submarine-launched cruise missileSNIE, Special National Intelligence EstimateSOV, Office of Eastern Soviet Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of StateSPC, Senior Political Committee, NATOSPD, German Social Democratic Party of Germany (West Germany)SRG, Senior Review GroupSYG, Secretary General

TAC, Tactical Air Commandtac, tacticaltac-nuc, tactical nuclear weaponTASS, Telegrafnoye Agentstvo Sovyetskovo Soyuza (Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union,

Soviet news agency)Telcon, telephone conversationTOHAK, series indicator for White House messages to KissingerTopol, series indicator for telegrams to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Orga-

nization and European Regional OrganizationsTOSEC, series indicator for telegrams from the Department of State to the Secretary of

State or his delegation

U, Office of the Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsUK, United Kingdom

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXVI

320-672/B428-S/40001

UN, United NationsUNGA, United Nations General AssemblyUNSYG, United Nations Secretary GeneralUS, United StatesUSA, United States of America or United States ArmyUSAF, United States Air ForceUSCINCEUR, United States Commander in Chief, EuropeUSLOSACLANT, United States Liaison Office to Supreme Allied Commander AtlanticUSCOSACLANT, United States Commander, Supreme Allied Commander for the

AtlanticUSDEL, United States delegationUSDOCOSOUTH, United States Documents Officer, Allied Forces, Southeastern EuropeUSG, United States governmentUSIA, United States Information AgencyUSNATO, series indicator for telegrams from the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty

Organization to the Department of StateUSNMR, United States National Military Representative, SHAPEUSSR, Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUSUN, United States Mission to the United Nations

VIP, very important personVol., volumeVP, Verification PanelVPWG, Verification Panel Working Group

WEU, Western European UnionWG, Working GroupWH, White HouseWHY, White House YearsWP, Warsaw Pact

Z, Zulu (Greenwich Mean Time)

Abbreviations and Terms XXVII

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXVII

XXIX

320-672/B428-S/40001

PersonsAaron, David, United States Delegation to SALT from 1969 to 1972; member of the Na-

tional Security Council staff from 1972 to 1974Abrasimov, Pyotr A., Soviet Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic until 1971;

Ambassador to France from September 1971 to May 3, 1973Agnew, Spiro T., Vice President of the United States from January 20, 1969 to October

10, 1973Akalovsky, Alexander, Special Assistant, United States Mission to NATO until May 1970;

Political Officer, U.S. Mission in Berlin, Department of State from July 1970 to March1974

Aldrich, George H., Deputy Legal Adviser, Department of State from October 1969Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei M., National Security Advisor to Soviet General Secre-

tary Brezhnev from 1970Andreani, Jacques, Chief of the Bureau of Eastern European and Soviet Affairs, Min-

istry of Foreign Affairs, France until 1970; Assistant Government Representative toNATO from 1970 to 1972; Head of the French delegation to the CSCE from 1972 to1975

Andreotti, Giulio, Prime Minister of Italy from January 1972 to June 1973Annenberg, Walter, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom from April 1969 to 1974Armitage, John A., Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from Janu-

ary 1973

Bahr, Egon, (SPD) Special Ambassador and Chief of the Planning Staff in the West Ger-man Foreign Office until October 21, 1969; State Secretary, Foreign, Defense, andGerman Policy, in the Federal Chancellery and Minister of the Federal Republic ofGermany for Special Tasks from December 15, 1972

Baraz, Robert, Deputy Director, Office of Strategic and General Research, Departmentof State from October 1973

Barnes, Harry G., Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Romania from January 1974Barnum, James, National Security Council StaffBartholomew, Reginald, Director of the Department of Defense MBFR Task Force from

1972 to 1974; Director, Policy Planning Staff, Department of Defense from 1973 to1974; Deputy Director, Policy Planning Staff, Department of State from 1974 to 1977

Beam, Jacob D., U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia until March 1969; Ambassador tothe Soviet Union from April 18, 1969 to January 24, 1973

Biesheuvel, Barend Willem, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from July 1971 to May1973

Bogdan, Corneliu, Romanian Ambassador to the United States from July 27, 1967 to July9, 1976

Boster, Davis, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairsand Chief of the United States Delegation to the CSCE from October 1973 to March1974

Brandt, Willy, (SPD) Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from October 22,1969 to May 7, 1974

Bremer, L. Paul III, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State from May 1973Brezhnev, Leonid, General Secretary, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the

Soviet UnionBrimelow, Thomas, British Ambassador to Poland until 1969; Deputy to the Permanent

Under-Secretary of State, British Foreign Office, from 1969 to November 1973; Per-manent Under-Secretary of State from 1973

Brosio, Manlio G., General Secretary of NATO until October 1, 1971

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXIX

XXX Persons

320-672/B428-S/40001

Brown, Gen. George S., USAF, Air Force Chief of Staff from 1973 to 1974; Chairman,Joint Chiefs of Staff from July 1, 1974

Bruce, David K.E., U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO from December 1974 to Feb-ruary 1976

Butterfield, Alexander, Deputy Assistant to the President from January 1969 to January1973

Butz, Earl L., Secretary of Agriculture from December 1971

Callaghan, James, Foreign Secretary, United Kingdom, from March 5, 1974 to April 8,1976

Campbell, Alan, Deputy Under Secretary, Foreign Ministry, United KingdomCargo, William I., Director of the Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of State

from August 1969 to July 1973; Ambassador to Nepal from July 1973Carrington, Lord Peter, Minister of Defense, United Kingdom June 1970 to 1974Ceausescu, Nicolae, First Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party; President of

RomaniaChaban-Delmas, Jacques, Prime Minister of France from June 1969 to July 1972Chnoupek, Bohuslav, Director of the Czechoslovak State Radio from 1969 to 1970; Am-

bassador from Czechoslovakia to the Soviet Union from 1970 to 1971; Foreign Min-ister of Czechoslovakia from December 1971

Chou En-lai (Zhou Enlai), PRC Premier; member, Standing Committee of the ChineseCommunist Party’s Political Bureau from 1969 to January 8, 1976

Clarke, Bruce C., Jr., Secretary of Defense’s Representative for MBFRClements, William P., Jr., Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 30, 1973Clift, A. Denis, National Security Council Staff member from 1971 to 1976Colby, William, Director of Central Intelligence from May 1973 to November 2, 1975Crittenberger, Major General Willis D., Jr., USA, Deputy Chief of Staff Operations,

Headquarters, Europe from 1969 to 1971; Joint Chiefs of Staff Representative forMBFR, Deputy Director for International Negotiations, Directorate for Plans andPolicy, Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1971

Cromer, Earl of, Ambassador from the United Kingdom to the United States from Feb-ruary 8, 1971 to March 13, 1974

Cushman, Lieutenant General Robert E., Jr., USMC, Deputy Director of Central Intel-ligence from 1969 to December 1971; Commandant of the USMC from 1972

David, Edward, Jr., Science Advisor to the President from September 1970 to January1973

Davies, Richard T., U.S. Ambassador to Poland from December 1972Davignon, Etienne Viscomte, Director General for Political Affairs, Foreign Ministry of

Belgium from 1969 to 1976; Commissioner of the EEC from December 1976Davis, Jeanne, Director of the National Security Council Secretariat from 1969 to 1970;

National Security Council Staff Secretary from 1970 to 1971De Gaulle, Charles, President of France until April 1969Dean, Jonathan, Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of State for MBFR and Chair-

man of the Interagency MBFR Coordinating Committee from July 1972 to January1973; US representative to the MBFR Preparatory Negotiations, Vienna from Janu-ary to June 1973; Special Assistant from June to October 1973; Deputy U.S. repre-sentative to the MBFR Negotiations from October 1973

Debre, Michel, Foreign Minister of France until June 1969; Minister of Defense of Francefrom 1969 to 1973

Demirel, Suleyman, Prime Minister of Turkey until March 1971 and from August 1974 Denktash, Rauf, Head of the Cyprus Turkish Federated State from June 20, 1976Denney, George C., Jr., Deputy Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, De-

partment of State from November 1973

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXX

Persons XXXI

320-672/B428-S/40001

De Rose, F. de Tricornot, Permanent Representative of France to NATO from 1970 to 1975 Dobrynin, Anatoly F., Soviet Ambassador to the United States; member, Central Com-

mittee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1971Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, Foreign Secretary, United Kingdom, from June 1970 to 1974Dubcek, Alexander, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia until

April 1969Dubynin, Yuri, Chief of the European Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the

Soviet Union from 1971; Deputy Chief of the Soviet Delegation to the CSCE from1973 to 1975

Dubs, Adolph, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Embassy in Moscow, from September 1972;Charge d’Affaires ad interim, Moscow from January 1973 to March 1974

Eagleburger, Lawrence S., National Security Council Staff until September 1969; Chief,Political Section, US Mission to NATO from 1969 to August 1971; Deputy AssistantSecretary of Defense from 1971 to June 1973; Deputy Assistant to the President forNational Security Operations from 1973 to 1975; Deputy Under Secretary of Statefor Management from 1975

Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., Executive Secretary of the Department of State from August 10,1969 to November 1973

Ellsworth, Robert F., Assistant to the President from January to May 1969; PermanentRepresentative to NATO from May 1969 to June 1971; Assistant Secretary of Defensefor International Security Affairs from 1974 to 1975; Deputy Secretary of Defensefrom 1975

Farley, Philip J., Deputy Director, ACDA from 1969 to 1973Fiss, Colonel Robert, USA, Special Assistant for Arms Control, Joint Chiefs of Staff un-

til 1971; Delegate to NATO from 1973Floyd, Arva Colbert, Office of Political-Military Affairs, the Department of State from

July 1969 to October 1973; Deputy Director of the Office of NATO-Atlantic Political-Military Affairs from October 1973

Fokin, Yuriy E., Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union from 1966 to1976

Ford, Gerald R., Vice President from December 6, 1973 to August 9, 1974; President ofthe United States from August 9, 1974

Freeman, John, British Ambassador to the United States from March 1969 to January 1971Frowick, Robert H., Office of Political-Military Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, De-

partment of State from August 1973Furnas, Howard, Special Assistant to the Director of ACDA from 1969 to 1971

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Federal Republic of Ger-many and Vice Chancellor from 1974

Gierek, Edward, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers’ Party from December 1970Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs of France from 1969

to May 27, 1974; President of France from May 27, 1974Gomulka, Wladyslaw, First Secretary of the Polish United Workers’ Party until Decem-

ber 1970Goodby, James, member of the Office of NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Affairs,

Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State until August 1971; Political Offi-cer, U.S. Mission to NATO, from August 1971 to July 1974; Deputy Director of theBureau of Political-Military Affairs from July 1974

Goodpaster, General Andrew, USA, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe from July 1969to 1974

Gromyko, Andrei A., Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXI

XXXII Persons

320-672/B428-S/40001

Haig, General Alexander M., Jr., USA, Senior Military Assistant to the Assistant to thePresident for National Security Affairs from January 20, 1969 to June 1970; DeputyAssistant to the President for National Security Affairs from June 1970 to 1972; ArmyVice-Chief of Staff from 1972 to May 1973; White House Chief of Staff from May 4,1973 to September 1974; Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, from December 15,1974

Haldeman, H. Robert, Chief of Staff and Assistant to the President from January 1969to April 30, 1973

Hartman, Arthur A., Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from January 1974Hattersley, Roy, Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United

Kingdom from 1974 to 1975; appointed Privy Councilor from 1975Heath, Edward, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to 1974Helms, Richard M., Director of Central Intelligence until February 2, 1973Higgins, Michael, member, National Security Council Program Analysis StaffHill, Robert C., Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from

May 10, 1973 to January 4, 1974Hillenbrand, Martin J., U.S. Ambassador to Hungary until February 15, 1969; Assistant

Secretary of State for European Affairs from February 20, 1969 to April 30, 1972; Am-bassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from June 27, 1972

Hirschfeld, Thomas J., Foreign Affairs Officer, ACDA from August 1969Honecker, Erich, Head of the Socialist Unity Party and Leader of the German Demo-

cratic Republic from 1971Husak, Gustav, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from April

1969Hyland, William G., member of National Security Council staff from 1969; Director of

the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, from January 1974 toNovember 1975; President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs from No-vember 1975

Ikle, Fred C., Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, fromJuly 10, 1973

Ingersoll, Robert S., Ambassador to Japan from April 1972 to January 1974; Deputy As-sistant Secretary for East Asian-Pacific Affairs from January to July 1974; DeputySecretary of State from July 1974

Irwin, John N. II, Special Emissary to the President of Peru from 1969 to 1970; DeputyUnder Secretary of State from September 1970 to July 1972; Deputy Secretary of Statefrom July 1972 to February 1973; Ambassador to France from February 1973 to Oc-tober 1974

Jablonski, Henryk, Chairman, Polish Council of State from 1971Jackson, Henry M. “Scoop,” Senator (D–Washington)Jaroszewicz, Piotr, Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Poland, from 1970Jennings, Colonel Richard M., USA, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense from 1971 to

1972Jobert, Michel, Secretary General of the French Presidency until April 1973; Foreign Min-

ister of France from April 1973 to May 1974Johnson, Lyndon B., President of the United States until January 20, 1969Johnson, U. Alexis, Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from February 7, 1969

to February 1973; Ambassador at Large from February 1973; U.S. Negotiator at SALTin 1973

Jordan, Amos A., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Se-curity Affairs from 1974 to 1976

Jurich, Anthony J., Special Assistant to the Secretary of Treasury for National SecurityAffairs from 1970 to 1972

1370_chfm.qxd 1/14/08 9:06 AM Page XXXII

Persons XXXIII

320-672/B428-S/40001

Kadar, Janos, First Secretary of the Hungarian Communist PartyKaramanlis, Constantine, Prime Minister of Greece from August 1974Karjalainen, Ahti, Foreign Minister of Finland from 1972 to 1975Kekkonen, Urho, President of FinlandKennedy, David M., Secretary of the Treasury from 1969 to 1971; Ambassador at Large,

member of the President’s Cabinet, and Permanent Representative to NATO from1971 to 1973

Kennedy, Colonel Richard T., USA, senior member of the National Security Councilstaff from 1969 to 1971; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Coun-cil planning from 1973 to 1975

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeievich, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the So-viet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union until Oc-tober 14, 1964

Kingswell, Joseph Attard, Maltese Representative to the CSCEKissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from Janu-

ary 20, 1969 to November 3, 1975; Secretary of State from September 21, 1973 to Jan-uary 21, 1977

Knowles, Lieutenant General Richard T., USA, Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefsof Staff from 1970 to 1972

Korniyenko, Georgi M., member of the Collegium of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ofthe Soviet Union; Chief of the USA Division until 1975; Deputy Assistant to Gromykofrom 1975

Kosciuszko-Morizet, Jacques, French United Nations Representative from February1970 to May 1972; French Ambassador to the United States from 1972

Kosygin, Alexei N., Chairman, Council of Ministers of the Soviet UnionKovalyev, Anatoly G., Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister and Head of the Soviet Delega-

tion to the CSCE from 1973 to 1975Kreisky, Bruno, Chancellor of Austria from March 1970

Laboulaye, Francois de, Political Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France from 1974Laird, Melvin R., Secretary of Defense from January 22, 1969 to January 29, 1973Lake, W. Anthony, staff member of the Office of the Assistant to the President for Na-

tional Security Affairs and National Security Council from 1969 to April 1970Leber, Georg, Minister of Defense of the German Democratic Republic from July 7,

1972LeBieu, Kenneth, Deputy Assistant to the President for Congressional Relations until

1970; Deputy Assistant to the President for Senate Relations from 1970Lee, Vice Admiral John M., USN, Assistant Director, Bureau of Weapons Evaluation and

Control, ACDA from 1970Lehman, John F., Jr., National Security Council staff from 1969 to 1971; National Secu-

rity Council Special Counsel from 1971 to 1974; member of U.S. Delegation to MBFRfrom 1974 to 1975; Deputy Director of ACDA from 1975

Lemnitzer, General Lyman, USA, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, until July 1969Lincoln, George A., Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness from 1969Lindjord, Haakon, Assistant Director, Office for Emergency Preparedness from 1971 to 1973Linebaugh, John David, ACDA until September 1973; Deputy Assistant Director, ACDA

from 1973Lipatti, Valentin, Romanian Ambassador to CSCE from 1972 to 1975 Lobdell, Brigadier General Harrison, Jr., USAF, Regional Director for European Affairs,

Bureau of International Security Affairs, Department of Defense from February 1971to September 1, 1976

Lodal, Jan, Director of NATO and General Purpose Force Analysis Division, Office ofthe Secretary of Defense from 1969 to 1970; Director of Program Analysis for theNational Security Council from 1973 to 1975

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXIII

XXXIV Persons

320-672/B428-S/40001

Lord, Winston, member of Policy Planning staff, Office of International Security Affairsuntil 1969; National Security Council planning staff in 1969; Special Assistant to theAssistant to the President for National Security Affairs from 1970 to 1973; Directorof Policy Planning Staff, Department of State from 1973

Lowenstein, James G., Deputy Assistant Secretary for European Affairs, Department ofState, from April 1974

Lucet, Charles, Ambassador from France to the United States until April 1972Luns, Joseph, Foreign Minister of the Netherlands until July 6, 1971; NATO Secretary

General from October 1, 1971

Macovescu, Gheorghe, First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania until 1972;Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from October 1972

Makarios III, Archbishop of Cypriot Orthodox Church; Cypriot President from 1960 toJuly 15, 1974, and July 23, 1974 to August 1977

Makarov, Vasiliy G., Chief of the Cabinet to Soviet Foreign Minister GromykoMakins, Christopher, First Secretary, UK Embassy until 1975Manescu, Corneliu, Foreign Minister of Romania until October 1972Mansfield, Michael, Senator (D–Montana), Majority Leader of the SenateMaresca, John J., Deputy Head of the U.S. Delegation to the CSCE from 1973 to 1975Matlock, Jack F., Jr., Country Director for Soviet Affairs from June 1971 to January 1973;

Director of the Office of Soviet Affairs from January 1973Maurer, Ion Gheorghe, Prime Minister of Romania until March 29, 1974McAuliffe, Eugene, Deputy Chief of Mission, U.S. Mission to NATO, from October

1972McClellan, John L., Senator (D–Arkansas), Chairman of the Defense Subcommittee of

the Senate Appropriations CommitteeMcGinnis, John J., Deputy Special Assistant to the Secretary of Treasury for National

Security Affairs from 1971 to 1972McGovern, George, Senator (D–South Dakota), Democratic Party nominee for President,

1972McGuire, Ralph, Director, NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Affairs, Bureau of Eu-

ropean Affairs, Department of State until December 1973; Ambassador to Mali fromDecember 1973

McManaway, Clayton, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regional Programs, Bureau ofSystem Analysis, Department of Defense from 1971 to 1973

Mendelevich, Lev, Soviet Ambassador to CSCE; Soviet Deputy Permanent Representa-tive to the UN until 1970

Michael, Colonel Louis G., Director, MBFR Task Force from 1976Miller, Robert H., Assistant Director of ACDA from November 1973Mintoff, Dominic, Maltese Labor Party leader and Prime Minister of Malta from 1971Mitchell, John, Attorney General from January 1969 to February 1972Moorer, Admiral Thomas H., USN, Chief of Naval Operations until July 1970; Chair-

man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from July 1970 to July 1974Morse, John H., Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and NATO Affairs, Bureau of

International Security Affairs, Department of Defense from 1971 to 1973

Nixon, Richard M., President of the United States from January 20, 1969 to August 9, 1974Nunn, Samuel, Senator (D–Georgia)Nutter, G. Warren, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs from

March 4, 1969 to January 30, 1973

Odeen, Philip A., Director of the Program Analysis Staff, National Security Council fromNovember 1971

Olszowski, Stefan, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland from December 22, 1971 to De-cember 2, 1976

1370_chfm.qxd 1/14/08 9:06 AM Page XXXIV

320-672/B428-S/40001

Packard, David, Deputy Secretary of Defense from January 24, 1969 to December 13,1971

Palme, Olaf, Prime Minister of Sweden from October 14, 1969 to October 8, 1976Pastore, John, Senator (D–Rhode Island)Pauls, Rolf, Ambassador from the Federal Republic of Germany to the United States un-

til March 1973Perez, Frank, Deputy Director of the Office of Strategic and General Research, Depart-

ment of State until April 1970; Director of the Office of Strategic and General Re-search, Department of State from February 1970 to 1971

Peterson, Frederick V.E. “Val,” Ambassador to Finland from May 1, 1969 to March 23, 1973 Pickering, Thomas R., Deputy Director of Political-Military Affairs, Department of State

from September 1969; Special Assistant to the Secretary and Executive Secretary ofthe Department of State from August 1973 to February 1974

Podgorny, Nikolai V., Chairman, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Unionuntil 1977

Pompidou, Georges, President of France from June 15, 1969 to April 2, 1974Proctor, Edward W., Assistant Deputy Director for Intelligence, Central Intelligence

Agency until May 1971; Deputy Director for Intelligence from May 1971Pungan, Vasile, Romanian Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1969; Counselor

to the President of Romania

Ramsbotham, Peter, UK Ambassador to the United States from 1974Resor, Stanley R., Ambassador and U.S. Representative to the MBFR Negotiations from

October 1973Richardson Elliot L., Under Secretary of State from 1969 to 1970; Secretary of Health,

Education, and Welfare from 1970 to 1972; Secretary of Defense from January 30,1973 to May 24, 1973; Attorney General from May 25, 1973 to October 20, 1973; Sec-retary of Commerce from February 2, 1976

Roberts, Brigadier General Francis J., European Division, Office for Nation Security Coun-cil Affairs, Directorate of Plans and Policy, Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1971 to 1972

Rodman, Peter W., member of the Planning Group, National Security Council Staff, from1969 to 1970; Staff member of the Office of the Assistant for National Security Af-fairs from 1970

Rogers, William P., Secretary of State until September 3, 1973Roth, Helmut, Directory of Subdivision B, General Disarmament and European Secu-

rity, the Second Political Division and Representative of the Federal Republic of Ger-many for Questions of Disarmament and Arms Control from August 1969; Com-missioner for Disarmament and Arms Control from November 3, 1969

Rumor, Mariano, Prime Minister of Italy until July 1970Rumsfeld, Donald Henry, U.S. Permanent Representative to the NATO Council from

February 1973 to December 1974; Director, White House Office of Operations from1974 to 1975; Secretary of Defense from November 20, 1975

Rush, Kenneth, Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany from July 22, 1969 toFebruary 20, 1972; Deputy Secretary of Defense from February 1972 to February1973; Deputy Secretary of State from February 1973 to May 1974; Counselor to thePresident for Economic Policy from May to September 1974; Ambassador to Francefrom September 1974

Ryan, General John D., USAF, Air Force Cargo Coordination Support System, JointChiefs of Staff from August 1969

Saunders, Harold H., member of the National Security Council Operations staff for NearEast and South Asia from January 1969

Sauvagnargues, Jean, Foreign Minister of France from 1974 to 1976

Persons XXXV

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXV

XXXVI Persons

320-672/B428-S/40001

Scheel, Walter, Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister of the Federal Republic of Ger-many from October 1969 to 1974; President of the Federal Republic of Germany from1974

Schlesinger, James R., Assistant Director of the Bureau of the Budget from January 1969to June 1970; Assistant Director of the Office of Management and Budget from July1970 to August 1971; Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1971 to1973; Director of Central Intelligence from February to July 1973; Secretary of De-fense from 1973 to 1975

Schmidt, Helmut, Chairman of the SPD Bundestag Faction until October 1969; Ministerof Defense of the Federal Republic of Germany from October 1969 to July 1972; Min-ister for Economic Affairs from July to December 1972; Minister of Finance from De-cember 1972 to May 1974; Chancellor from May 16, 1974

Scowcroft, Lieutenant General Brent, USAF, Military Assistant to the President from1972 to 1974; Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from1974 to 1975; Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs from Novem-ber 3, 1975

Selden, Armistead I, Jr., Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Interna-tional Security Affairs from 1970 to 1972

Sherer, Albert William, Jr., “Bud,” Ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1972; Chief ofthe U.S. Delegation to the CSCE negotiations from February 1974

Shinn, William, Counselor’s Office, Department of State from 1974 to 1976.Shultz, George, Secretary of Labor from January 1969 to June 1970; Director, Office of

Management and Budget from July 1970 to May 1972; Secretary of the Treasury from1972

Sisco, Joseph, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs untilFebruary 1969; Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairsfrom February 1969 to February 1974; Under Secretary of State for Political and Eco-nomic Affairs from February to May 1974; Under Secretary of State for Political Af-fairs from May 1974

Smith, Gerard C., Director, ACDA from February 7, 1969 to January 4, 1973Smith, K. Wayne, Director of the National Security Council’s Program Analysis Staff

from 1970 to 1971Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, Russian author and recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature

in 1970; arrested and expelled from the Soviet Union to the Federal Republic of Ger-many in February 1974; moved to the United States in 1975

Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, member of the National Security Council Operations Staff for Eu-rope from January 1969 to January 1974; Counselor of the Department of State fromJanuary 1974

Spasowski, Romuald, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of PolandSpierenburg, Dirk P., Permanent Representative from the Netherlands to NATO from

1970 to 1973Spiers, Ronald I., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Politico-Military Affairs, Department

of State from August to September 1969; Director of the Bureau of Politico-MilitaryAffairs from September 1969 to August 1973

Spiro, Herbert, Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of State from July 1970Springsteen, George, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs to June

1972 and from August 1973 to January 1974; Acting Assistant Secretary of EuropeanAffairs from June 1972 to August 1973; Special Assistant to the Secretary of Stateand Executive Secretary of the Department of State from January 1974

Stabler, Wells, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs from February1973; Acting Assistant Secretary from January to March 1974; then Senior DeputyAssistant Secretary for European Affairs from March 1974

Staden, Berndt von, Director of Subdivision A in the First Political Division of the For-eign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany until June 1970; Head of the First

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXVI

Persons XXXVII

320-672/B428-S/40001

Political Division of the Foreign Office from June 1970 to April 1973; Ambassadorto the United States from April 1973

Stewart, Michael, British Foreign Secretary until June 1970Stoessel, Walter J., Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Poland until August 5, 1972; Assistant Sec-

retary of State for European Affairs from August 9, 1972 to January 1974; Ambas-sador to the Soviet Union from January 1974

Strausz-Hupe, Robert, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium from February 1972 to May 1974Streator, Edward, Deputy Director, Office of NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Af-

fairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Department of State from February 1969 to De-cember 1973; Director, Office of NATO and Atlantic Political-Military Affairs fromDecember 1973

Sukhodrev, Viktor M., Counselor, Second European Department, Soviet Ministry of For-eign Affairs

Sykes, Richard, Minister, Foreign and Commonwealth Office, United Kingdom

Theis, Paul, Executive Editor, White House Editorial Office from 1974 to 1975Thomson, John, Representative of the head of the British Permanent Mission to NATO

and head of the British Delegation to the MBFR Preparatory Talks in Vienna fromOctober 1973; Assistant Under Secretary of State in the British Foreign Office

Thorn, Gaston, Foreign Minister of Luxembourg until May 26, 1974; Prime Minister fromMay 1974

Tickell, Crispin, Head of the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s NATO DepartmentTito, Josip Broz, President of YugoslaviaTrampczynski, Witold, Ambassador from Poland to the United States from March 1972Trend, Sir Burke, British Cabinet Secretary until 1973Trudeau, Pierre-Elliott, Prime Minister of Canada

Unger, General Ferdinand T., USA, Plans and Policy Director, Joint Chiefs of Staff un-til 1970

Van den Uyl, Joop, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from May 1973Van der Stoel, Max, Foreign Minister of the Netherlands from May 1973Van Elslande, Renaat, Foreign Minister of Belgium from January 1973Van Lynden, Rijnhard, Ambassador from the Netherlands to the United States until Au-

gust 1974Van Well, Guenther, Ministerial Director and Head of the Political Division of the Fed-

eral Republic of Germany Foreign Office until March 1973; thereafter, Director ofthe Political Division

Vavilov, Andrei, Official of the USA Department, Soviet Ministry of Foreign AffairsVest, George S., Deputy Chief, U.S. Mission to NATO from August 1969 to October 1972;

Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for CSCE and Chief of the U.S. Delega-tion to the CSCE from October 1972 to October 1973; Special Assistant to the Secre-tary for Press Relations from October 1973 to April 1974; Director of the Bureau forPolitical-Military Affairs, Department of State from April 1974

Vine, Richard D., Director, Office of West European Affairs, Department of State, fromAugust 1972

Vorontsov, Yuli, Minister of the Soviet Embassy to the United States from 1970

Wagner, Jean, Ambassador from Luxembourg to the United States from October 2, 1969to November 29, 1974

Walters, Lieutenant General Vernon A., USA, Deputy Director of Central Intelligencefrom May 1972

Ware, Richard A., International Security Affairs, Office of the Secretary of Defense from1970 to 1973

Watts, William, National Security Council Staff Secretary from 1969 to April 1970

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXVII

Weinel, Vice Admiral John P., USN, Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff from 1969

Weiss, Seymour, member of the Planning and Coordination Staff, Department of Statefrom August 1969 to August 1972; Director of the Planning and Coordination Stafffrom August 1972; Director of the Bureau of Political and Military Affairs from Au-gust 1973 to January 1974; member of the Policy Coordination Staff from January1974

Welander, Rear Admiral Robert O., USN, Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefsof Staff for National Security Affairs

Wickham, Major General John, Jr., USA, Military Assistant to Secretary of DefenseSchlesinger from 1973 to 1976

Wilberforce, John, Counselor, Embassy of the United Kingdom in the United StatesWilson, Harold, British Prime Minister until 1970 and from 1974 to 1976

Ziegler, Ronald L., White House Press Secretary from January 1969 to 1974Zorin, Valerian, Soviet Ambassador to France until 1971; Special Missions of Ambas-

sador for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to CSCE Negotiations from 1971

XXXVIII Persons

320-672/B428-S/40001

1370_chfm.qxd 12/7/07 8:22 AM Page XXXVIII

320-672/B428-S/40001

European Security,1969–1976

“Bureaucratic Steamroller,” January 1969–November 1970

1. Memorandum of Conversation1

Washington, April 4, 1969, 2:30–3:30 p.m.

SUBJECT

European Security Conference

PARTICIPANTS

Anatoliy F. Dobrynin, Soviet AmbassadorUnder Secretary RichardsonMorton Abramowitz, Special Assistant, UAdolph Dubs, Acting Country Director, EUR/SOV

Ambassador Dobrynin said he was calling on the instructions ofhis Government to draw the attention of the U.S. Government to theAppeal on European Security issued by the Warsaw Pact countries atBudapest on March 17.2 The Warsaw Pact countries attach great im-portance to a conference on European security. They believe that the

1

1 Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 725,Country Files, Europe, USSR–Memcon’s, Dobrynin/Richardson, April 1969. Confiden-tial. Part I of II. Drafted by Dubs. The meeting was held in the Under Secretary’s office.The day before, Dobrynin initially raised the issue of a European security conference ina meeting with Kissinger at 3:30 p.m. Kissinger wrote in a memorandum to the Presi-dent on April 3:

“Dobrynin began the conversation by saying that he had been instructed by thehighest level of the politburo to give me an advance indication of a note that was goingto be presented at the State Department tomorrow morning. This note in effect presentsthe Budapest Declaration of the Warsaw Pact nations, and asks for a European SecurityConference. (I am sending you a separate memorandum on this.) Dobrynin asked mefor my views. I told him a European Security Conference which excluded the UnitedStates would meet with strong opposition. Dobrynin said that Moscow has no intentionof prescribing the membership; if one of our allies proposed United States participation,Moscow would agree. (This represents a major change in Soviet policy.)”

The full text of the memorandum is in Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, volume XII,Document 32. For Kissinger’s memorandum to the President, see Document 2.

2 The Budapest Appeal of the Warsaw Pact to all European Countries is printed inDocuments on Disarmament, 1969, pp. 106–108.

1370_A1-A2.qxd 12/7/07 7:41 AM Page 1

Appeal represents a serious attempt to facilitate security in Europe andcooperation among European States in the economic, technological andscientific fields. No conditions are being attached to the holding of sucha conference. The Soviet Union and its allies are prepared to discussany issues. The views of these countries about a security conferenceare spelled out in the Appeal. This is not a propaganda exercise but aserious approach to an important matter. It was visualized that apreparatory committee should meet to discuss the time, place andagenda for such a conference.

Ambassador Dobrynin said he knew that the question of U.S. par-ticipation would arise. This would be a matter for the European coun-tries to consider and to decide. If all European states believe that U.S.participation is necessary or desirable, then the Soviet Union wouldhave no objection. Dobrynin indicated that the Appeal was being de-livered to various governments by the Hungarian Government sincethe Appeal originated at the Budapest meeting. Soviet ambassadorswere under instructions to present the Appeal to governments in West-ern Europe.

Mr. Richardson