RECUWATT Conference - Jan Manders lecture

Waste-to-Energy and itscontribution to Renewable Energy across Europe

Jan MandersDeputy President CEWEP

Mataro, 24 th March 2011

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

1

CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

CEWEP represents 390 of 440Waste-to-Energy plants across Europe.(60 mt of EU capacity of 73 mt in 2010)They thermally treat household andcomparable waste, which is not other-wise reused or recycled, and generate energy from it.

In 2009 across Europe they supply:30 TWh electricity and55 TWh of heat.

2

Waste Hierarchy adopted by EU within the Waste Framework Directive

e.g. energy recovery

Prevention

Reuse

Recycling

Other recovery

Disposal

The 5 step waste hierarchy in the Waste Framework Directive helps to achieve sustainable waste management, placing prevention at the top and disposal (such as landfilling) as the least favoured option.

3

EU Landfill Directive

According to the Landfill Directive (1999/31/EC)biodegradable municipal waste going to landfills must be reduced(base year 1995):to 50 % by 2009 and to 35% of the total amount by 2016.

Derogations:

For countries that had 80% landfilling in 1995:

50% Until 2013 Greece, Poland

United Kingdom

New Member states:

2014Bulgaria

2017Romania

Poor landfills are a threat to the environment:-- Contamination of water and soil-- Methane emissions (GHG)-- Loss of materials

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Treatment of MSW in Europe EU27, 260 m tpa in 2009

A large part of the EU27 waste is still wasted by putting it on landfills with negative effects on the environment.

But waste is a precious resource which should be utilised!Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste in the EU 27 in 2008

Source: EUROSTAT

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Treatment of MSW in the EU 27 in 2008Source: EUROSTAT

Recycling Thermal Treatment Landfilling„Bio-Recyling“

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Treatment of MSW across Europe in 2009Source: EUROSTAT Graph created by CEWEP

Recycling Thermal Treatment Landfilling„Bio-Recyling“

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1 1 14

5

17

32

45 46 4852

62 62 62

75 75 78 82 82 83 8692 95 96 99 100

14

20

3439

29

4948

35

36

3412

18 119

3

19

1

10 1

1012

49

42

18

18

28

40

1414

24

20

16 3212

14

24

4

12

2

11

27 2

62 1

17

16

24

48

32 3036 34 36

27

1811

24 26

15

32

8

34

14 13 14 17

2 2

147

3 4 1

3428

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

E…

DE NL

AT

SE

DK

BE LU FR IT FI UK

ES IE PT SL EE

HU PL GR

SK CZ

CY LV LT MT

RO BG CH NO

r e c y c l i n g

Successful Strategy for Integrated Waste management in various West- European countries

Separation at source

Domestic and Comparable Wastetextilesglass

packagingpaper

Organic Residual Waste Bulky Dom. Waste

landfill *backup

AD +Compost. WtE Separation

Compost Wood Biomass Energy PlantsRubble RRDF pellets cement kilnsetc. R

Bottom ashes RResidue material*Metals R

Energy

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Alternative processing routes : variants of MBT ,especially for situations with little / no source separation

AnaerobicDigestion

Composting

Fuel preparation

Separation & SortingM

SW

Paper, metals, plastics, etc Recycling

Landfill

Compost ?Meeting specs ?

If not landfill

Organics

Residue

RDFSRFcombustible

Incineration Heat / Electricity

Biogas

BiologicalDrying

Energy

• Hope to avoid the investment of incineration plants.• Hope that RDF/ SRF would become « end of waste »

general purpose fuel finding many applicationsThe Reality is however: • MBT is only a pre-treatment• RDF is and will be waste, continuing to fall within EU

waste emission legislation (WID, IED)• RDF fuel is finding application in cement kilns; potential

for co-incineration in power plants is very limited• Majority of RDF is finding its way into dedicated

incineration plants ( = WtE plant for residual MSW)

Why were/are sorting & MBT variants for Residual Waste being considered ? (DE, AT, IT, ES, UK )

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Waste to Energy in Europe(Incineration with Energy Recovery of MSW and comparable waste)

dominant route for the treatment of residual waste (and of RDF or sorting residues)

Fully proven and environmentally safe thanks to FGC

About 71 million tonnes of capacity in operation in 2009supplying about 30 TWh of electricity (8 million households) and about 55 TWh of heat.

about 50 % of this energy is classified as renewable

represents a net CO2 saving and avoids the use of fossil fuels elsewhere for energy production

Typical Waste-to-Energy Plant

1. Tipping hall 8. DENOx catalyst 15. Primary air fan

2. Waste bunker 9. Economiser 16. Re-circulation fan

3. Grabs 10. Spray drier 17. Re-circulation to ECO

4. Feed chute 11. Fabric filter 18. Turbine and generator

5. Moving grate 12. Fan 19. Boiler water tank

6. Boiler 13. Stack 20. Residue silo

7. Electrostatic precipitator 14. Bunker air extraction

21. Bottom ash bunker

Waste delivery

Incineration/ Energy recovery

Flue-gas cleaning

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Waste to Energy Cycle

13

Treatment of waste in a WtE plant is recovery if:

An existing plant meets efficiency factor > 0,6New plant (from 2009) meets efficiency factor > 0,65Energy efficiency formulae:

Energy produced – (Energy in added fuel + Energy import)

0,97* x (Energy in the waste + Energy in added fuel)

Equivalency factor electricity production x 2,6Equivalency factor heat exported x 1,1

* factor accounting for energy losses due to bottom ash and radiation

Agreed formulae within the WFDfor the R1 Efficiency criterion

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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Power kWh/ ton of waste

Heat

pro

duct

ion

kWh/

t of w

aste

Heat vs Power production by WtE plantsacross EU relative to EU R1 Criterion

Maximisation of supply of heat

Power only

Mix of heat and powerLess

efficient plants

R1=0,8

0,6

Based on data from majority of CEWEP WtE plants15

Net CO2 emissions from modern WtE plants

A state-of- the art WtE plant saves CO2 in the range of 100 to 350 kg CO2 eq per tonne of waste processed *, depending on:

• Waste composition (% biogenic)• Amount of heat and electricity supplied• Country Energy substitution mix

If WtE replaces (poor) landfilling, then there would be additional savings of 200 to 800 kg CO2 /tonne waste

* The more energy can be supplied as heat the higher the CO2 savings

WtE plants can look pretty, even in city centres !

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Spittelau, Vienna AVR Rotterdam

WtE Capacity Europeby end of 2008 is 71 m tonnes.

ArialArial

WtE capacity growth in steps(includes MSW & comparable & dedicated RDF/SRF incin plants)

Waste to Energy Capacity Development within Europe

Country Groups Likely developmentsPotential for expansion

DE, NL, DK, SE, CH, A, BE Recent extensionsDemand and Capacity in balance or slight overcapacity emerging

FR, IT, ES, PT, IE Market opportunities, but complications due to local policies & preferences

UK, CZ, PL, Major extension potential

GR, new EU entrants Major potential, but various complications and hurdles despite EU support

EU 27 have ambitious targets for Renewable Energyoverall 20 % of consumption by 2020

21The gap to close is about 1500 TWh of Renewable Energy(at a flat – zero growth - EU energy consumption level of 13700 TWh)

• EU binding targets on RE : 20 % by 2020, differentiated by country

• Major gap of 1500 TWh of RE to be filled by solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, waste

• Renewable Energy from waste is « low hanging fruit » : easy-to-achieve, reliable and relatively cheap

• CEWEP study shows that EfW might contribute 95 TWh, of which the largest contribution is through WtE, followed at a distance by SRF/RDF and LFG

Energy from Waste as a source of Renewable Energy

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Renewable Energy 2006 from Waste(all routes) for Europe in total

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Growth in Renewable Electricity from all routes for Europe in total

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Growth of Renewable Heat from all routes for Europe in total

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Communication with stakeholders is often the most important issue when considering investment in WtE:

• Who are our stakeholders ?• Local community, neighbours• Politicians• Media• NGO’s and pressure groups• Authorities

Communication with stakeholders on Waste-to-Energy

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Thank you for your attention !

CEWEPConfederation of EuropeanWaste-to-Energy PlantsOffice in Brussels:Boulevard Clovis 12AB-1000 BrusselsBELGIUM

Tel.: +32 (0)2 770 63 11Fax: +32 (0)2 770 68 14 e-mail: [email protected]

www.cewep.eu

[email protected]

Amount of MSW per capita in EU countries(total amount of waste leaving the household)

28Waste composition varies across Europe

EU Waste Incineration Directive:Emission Limit Values (ELV) for WtE incineration

Component Limit value Period

(Cd) and (Tl) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours• (Hg) 0,05 mg/m³ max 8 hours

(Sb), (As), (Pb), (Cr), (Co), (Cu), (Mn), (Ni), (V) 0,5 mg/m³ max 8 hours

dioxins and furans, 0,1 ng/m³ max 8 hours

(CO) 50 mg/m³ daily average value

dust 10 mg/m³ daily average value

(HCl), 10 mg/m³ daily average value

(HF), 1 mg/m³ daily average value

(SO2), 50 mg/m³ daily average value(No), (NO2) (depending on plant size). 200 mg/m³ - 400 mg/m³ daily average value 29

Major routes for Energy from Waste- Europe( based on MSW, CDM, but excl. Biomass and Agricultural waste)

Route Current significance

Where in Europe ?

Form of energy

Status of technology

Growth potent.

WtE from residual MSW(incineration with energy recov)

OOOOO Throughout Power,Heat

Mature Yes, regional

Incineration of RDF, SRF derived from MSW and CDM inCement kilns, power plants etc

OOO DE, IT, AT,SE, ES, FI, UK

Power,Fuel replacer

mature /Being proven

regional

Anaerobic Digestion from source-separated organic MSW

O IT, ES, BE, D,FR, UK

biogasPower

Proven / developing

yes

Anaerobic Digestion fromSorted organic fraction of MSW

O IT, ES, FR Biogas,Power

Proven / developing

regional yes

Incineration of Waste derived Biomass ( eg wood)

OO DE, NL, BE Power subsidised

Proven Yes, regional

Landfill Gas Extraction OO Throughout Western Eur

Power,biogas

Mature Yes, regional

Gasification & Pyrolysis o few Power,Syngas

Developing ?

How much does Energy from Wastecontribute to the EU 27 binding targets?

31

2006 2020 Comments

Total EU 27 Energy consumption

13700 TWh 13700 TWhIf no growth in consumption !

Total EU 27 Renewable Energy

1258 TWh(8,5 %)

2735 TWhTarget 20 %:

The gap is about 1500 TWh

Renewablecontribution from Waste EU 27

55 TWhBetween

90 – 151 TWhWaste can

potentiallly fill 95from the gap of

1500 TWhShare Energy from Waste of Total RE

4,4 %Between

3,3 and 5,5 %assuming Binding EU Targets are

achieved !

RE from waste is by far the cheapest form of Renewable Electricity !

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Source: EREF report 2009; * * Price level for WtE € 45 -65 €/ MWh. Only few % of WtE Electricity gets some Renew Subsidy* For LFG avg Feed in Tariff in EU: 71 € (incl minor subsidy)

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