RECUWATT Conference - Heidelore Fiedler lecture

31 March, 2011 1

Stockholm Convention – Dioxin Inventories

Dr. Heidelore FiedlerUNEP/DTIE Chemicals Branch11-13, chemin des AnémonesCH-1219 Châtelaine (GE), SwitzerlandE-mail: [email protected]

Stockholm Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants(POPs)Entered into force on 17 May 2004Today, has 170 parties

www.pops.int

Dioxin inventories (SC)

Development and maintenance of inventories of releases of unintentional POPs (= polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/PCDF) a requirement for parties (n=172 = legally binding obligation);National action plan to be updated every five years;Guidance developed and COP-endorsed through Expert Group on review and updating of the ToolkitHarmonized reporting format developed;Expert Group recommends to include BAT/EP process into Toolkit process.

Dioxin Inventories: 1995 vs. 2007

1995 emissions:15 developed countries = ca. 10,500 g TEQ per yearEmissions to air predominantly

2005/2009 releases:ca. 20 developed countries - 800 million population

ca. 14,700 g TEQ per year to airca. 16,500 g TEQ per year in total

62 (most) developing countries - 2.6 billion populationca. 22,700 g TEQ per year to airca. 48,500 g TEQ per year in total

AUT, BEL, BGR, CDN, CYP, CZE, DEN, FIN, FRA, GER, HUN, IRE, JAP, LVA, NLD, NZL, NOR,

SLK, SVN, SWE, CHE, TWA,GBR, USA

ALB, ARG, ARM, AUS, AZE, BLR, BEN, BRN, BFA, BDI, KHM, CHL, CHN, HKG, CIV, HRV, CUB, DJI, ECU, ETH, FJI, GAB,

GMB, GHA, IDN, IRN, JOR, KEN, LAO, LBN, LBR, LTU, MKD, MDG, MLI, MUS, MDA, MAR, NPL, NZL, NIC, NGA, NIU, PAN,

PRY, PER, PHL, ROM, WSM, SYC, SVN, LKA, SDN, SYR, TJK, TZA, THA, TGO, TUN, URY, VNM, ZMB

Source Distribution per Country

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

A

AU

S B

CH

CAN D

DK F

HGK

HU

N

JPN NL

NZ S

SK UK

USA

Ot hersMineral Prod.Road TransportWast e Incin.Small Comb. UnitsInd. Comb. Plant sPower PlantsNon-ferr. MetalsIron&St eel

PCDD/PCDF (TEQ), Reference year around 1995; mainly developed countries

Methodology to establish complete, comparable PCDD/PCDF Inventories

(250 pages + EXCEL file)

Updating and review process mandated by Conference of the Parties, started in 2006

some new emission factors proposed for COP-5 (April 2011)

http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pcdd_activities/default.htm

Recommendations of Toolkit experts

Process for Toolkit review and updating is adequate, should continue.New information shared through the Stockholm Convention clearing-house mechanism and the UNEP Chemicals website. Parties be aware that formation of PCDD/PCDF is accompanied by releases of other unintentional POPs, and their minimization or elimination can be achieved by the same measures. Assessment activities at the country level should thus focus on PCDD and PCDF as “indicative for unintentional persistent organic pollutants” as a basis for identifying and prioritizing sources of all unintentional persistent organic pollutants.Parties should be encouraged to use the Toolkit (according to the source categories listed in Annex C to the Convention, grouped into the source groups specified in the Toolkit).

COP.5/11

Category 2f - Lead

COP.5/11

Household cooking/heating–fossil fuels

COP.5/11

Summary (n=62) – Actual Status

Air Water Land Product Residue

22,688 1,129 5,855 4,879 13,927

47% 2% 10% 12% 29%

Grand total 48,478

g TEQ per year, n=62• Most dioxins go to air ⇒ LRT• Least dioxins go to water (directly)

Air Emissions per capita and year

Annual Release to Air (ug TEQ per capita)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

107 ug, Niue

Emissions to air – Toolkit

Release to air (%)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cat 8Cat 7Cat 6Cat 5Cat 4Cat 3Cat 2Cat 1

Total releases of PCDD/PCDF (TEQ) according to vector and country.

Releases to air and in residues are dominating(exception = Moldova)

Release per vector (%)

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

ALB

ARM

AZE

BEN

BFA

KHM

CHN

CI V

CUB

ECU

FJ I

GM B

I DN

JOR

LAO

LBR

M KD

M L I

M DA

NPL

NI C

NI U

PRY

PHL

WSM

SVN

SDN

T JK

T HA

T UN

VNM

Av e

Air Water Land Product Residue

Annual releases from all source groups

LBRGMB

NGABDI

ZMBARG

GHA

NICMDA

IDNA US

SY R

TUNALB

TGOBFA

MKDJOR

SDN

KHM

ETHAZE

MA RMDG

LKAPA N

NIUBEN

LBN

PRY

LTUGA B

CUBCHL

LAO

KEN

NZLCIV

TZA

THAECU

PER

MUS

SY CDJI

FJIBRN

NPL

URY

ROMCHN

TJKBLR

VNM

IRN

WSM

PHL

HRVHKG

SV NMLI

0 150503

Dendrogram: percentage of source group to air release inventory

Countries cluster according to source categories

Category 6 has largest influence on classification

Cat10

Cat9

Cat7

Cat8

Cat4

Cat5

Cat3

Cat2

Cat1

Cat6

0 329386

Toolkit Source Group 6 = Open Burning

Category 6 of the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit addresses

Open burning of biomass (forest fires, sugarcane burning, etc.)Open burning of municipal waste

Often >60% in national release inventories in developing countries (← high activities or relatively high emission factors in the Toolkit)

Open burning - % in air inventory

n = 61

PCDD/PCDF as TEQ

Split 6a(biomass) and 6b(waste)

42 countries8 report 0

Cat 6Country Country Air Land Total 6a Air Land Total 6b Total 6Argentina ARG 203 162 365 353 706 1,059 1,424Belarus BLR 0.12 1.06 1.18 0.04 0.04 0.08 1.26Bolivia BOL 399 133 532 0 0 0 532Cameroon CAM 943 0 943 0 0 0 943Chile CHL 13.5 15.8 29.3 4.4 4.37 8.77 38.1China CHN 16.7 953 970 0 0 0 970Costa Rica CRI 58.1 19.6 77.7 93 91 184 262Cote D'Ivoire CDO 7.50 6.00 13.5 220 0 220 234Croatia HRO 2.20 1.70 3.90 0 0 0 3.90Cuba CUB 8.67 3.7 12.4 39.7 24.1 63.8 76.2Dominican Republic DOM 64.5 21.5 86.0 0.34 0.62 0.96 87.0Guatemala GUA 0 0 0 327 196 523 523Haiti HTI 43.5 14.5 58.0 0.04 0.04 0.08 58.1Honduras HON 21.2 12.5 33.7 140 246 386 420Iran IRN 95.3 31.8 127 706 0 706 833Jordan JOR 0.18 0.07 0.25 51 1.88 52.9 53.1Liberia LIB 22.5 7.50 30.0 160 120 280 310Lithuania LIT 0.86 0.3 1.16 12.9 13 25.9 27.1Malaysia MAL 0 0 0 1.28 1.18 2.46 2.46Mauritius MAU 0.09 0.33 0.42 1.98 3.06 5.04 5.46Mongolia MON 0 0.04 0.04 17.4 34.9 52.3 52.3Montenegro MTG 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.12 0.09 0.21 0.42Morocco MOR 0.28 0.22 0.50 135 30 165 166Nicaragua NIC 6.42 3.10 9.52 166 300 466 476Nigeria MIG 152 121 273 2,600 2,400 5,000 5,273Pakistan PAK 0 0 0 313 626 939 939Paraguay PGY 22.4 8.5 30.9 38.7 76.2 115 146Peru PER 115 61.5 177 3.58 3.44 7.02 184Russia RUS 171 137 308 1,050 630 1,680 1,988Rwanda RWA 1.13 1.85 2.98 45.7 12.7 58.4 61Serbia SEB 0.15 0.17 0.32 84.1 94.0 178 178Seychelles SEY 0.006 0.003 0.009 0.38 0.74 1.12 1.129Syria SYR 0.002 0.002 0.004 339 208 547 547Taj ikistan TAJ 0 0 0 3.97 7.42 11.4 11.4Tanzania TNZ 227 181 408 124 48.1 172 580Thailand THA 19.9 6.64 26.5 124 236 360 387Tonga TON 0 0.03 0.03 0 3.16 3.16 3.19Uganda UGA 0 1.97 1.97 0 492 492 494Ukraine UKR 0.23 0.18 0.41 0 0 0 0.41Uruguay URU 4.28 1.79 6.07 3.37 6.1 9.47 15.5Venezuela Venezuela 54.1 37.6 91.7 307 0 307 399Vietnam Vietnam 13.2 5.33 18.5 10.6 9.16 19.7 38.2Grand Total Grand Total 2,686 1,953 4,640 7,478 6,626 14,102 18,741

6A 6B

Source Group 6 (g TEQ per year n=42)

Source Group 6a and 6b Releases

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Total 6aTotal 6b

Release vector and source category

Source group 6

0.000

0.200

0.400

0.600

0.800

1.000

1.200

B-Air B-Land W-Air W-Land

%

Open burning of biomass

COP.5/11

xxx

Rural waste in China

Urban waste in Mexico

China, high ash content

New sampler developed for sampling fumes from open burn events:

High-volume sampler with sampling head downwards; filter and PUF cartridge

Mexico Rural waste; poor combustion

Mexico urban industrial, very good combustion

Open burning of waste

COP.5/11

Muchas gracias

Further informationStockholm Convention WebPage:www.pops.intUNEP Chemicals:www.chem.unep.ch