Project managment 7

Project Quality Mangement 4/3/2011

PMP Prep Course 1

Project Management

Knowledge Areas

Section – 3

Chapter – 8

Project Quality Management

Session Objectives…

1. To identify the project quality management

knowledge area‟s processes

2. How to plan quality for the project

3. How to implement quality assurance

4. How to monitor and control quality


PMP Prep Course 2


Exam Objectives…

1. What is Quality

2. Preparing for Quality

3. Planning for Quality

4. Creating the Quality Management Plan

5. Performing Quality Assurance

6. Implementing Quality Control


What makes quality to suffer?

Overworking the project team in order to

complete the project.

◦ May result in unacceptable work due to decline in

team morale

A hurry to complete the project work by

speeding through quality inspections

◦ May result in unacceptable deliverables


PMP Prep Course 3


Quality Vs Grade

Quality and Grade are not the same

Quality is the sum of the characteristics of a product that meet the specifications / expectations of the project

Grade is the category or rank given to entities having the same functional use but different characteristics

Quality management characteristics

Customer satisfaction

Prevention

Management responsibility

Continuous improvement:-

Plan – Do – Check –Act

Plan

DoCheck

Act


PMP Prep Course 4

Quality Gurus

Phillip B Crosby

Crosby devised the “Zero Defects” practice

That is, DO IT RIGHT THE FIRST TIME

He says, that costs will increase when quality

planning isn‟t performed upfront, which means,

rework, affecting productivity

Prevention is the KEY

Quality Gurus

Joseph M Juran

Is known for his “FITNES FOR USE”

That is, stakeholders and customers‟ expectations

are met or exceeded

Conformance to Specifications


PMP Prep Course 5

Quality Gurus

W Edwards Deming Suggested that as much as 85% of quality issues is

management problem

Deming proposed that workers cannot figure out quality on their work and thus cannot perform at their best

Workers need to be shown what acceptable quality is

Deming is major contributor of Total Quality Management (TQM)

Total Quality Management Total Quality Management (TQM ) Says that the process is the problem, not people

TQM stipulates that quality must be managed in and that quality improvement should be a continuous way of doing business

Six Sigma Is a quality management approach

Mostly used in manufacturing and services industries

Is a measurement based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction by applying Six Sigma methodologies


PMP Prep Course 6

Six Sigma

Six Sigma

It follows methodologies

DMADV

Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, and Verify

DMAIC

Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control

Six Sigma aims to eliminate defects and stipulates that no more than 3.4 defects for million operations


Kaizen technology:

A quality philosophy of applying continuous small

improvements to reduce costs and ensure

consistency

Marginal analysis:

The cost of the incremental improvements to a

process or a product are compared against the

increase in revenue made from the improvements


PMP Prep Course 7


The project team should adopt the quality policy of the organization to guide the project implementation

Project manager should document how the project will fulfill the quality policy in project management and deliverables

If quality policy is not adoptable to the project or the organization does not have a quality policy, the project team should create a quality policy for the project

Quality is planned, designed, and built in – not inspected

Plan Quality

The quality management plan addresses

Quality control

Quality assurance

Quality improvement

The process identifies and documents the

quality requirements & standards for project


PMP Prep Course 8

Plan Quality

INPUTS TOOLS & TECHNIQUES OUTPUTS

1. Scope Baseline

2. Stakeholder

Register

3. Cost Performance

Baseline

4. Schedule Baseline

5. Risk Register

6. Enterprise

Environmental

Factors

7. Organizational

Process Assets

1. Cost-Benefit

Analysis

2. Cost of Quality

3. Control Charts

4. Benchmarking

5. Design of

Experiments

6. Statistical Sampling

7. Flowcharting

8. Proprietary Quality

Management

Methodologies

9. Additional Quality

Planning Tools

1. Quality Management

Plan

2. Quality Metrics

3. Quality Checklists

4. Process

Improvement Plan

5. Project Document

Updates

Plan Quality

Inputs

1. Scope Baseline

2. Stakeholder Register

3. Cost Performance Baseline

4. Schedule Baseline

5. Risk Register

6. Enterprise Environmental Factors

7. Organizational Process Assets


PMP Prep Course 9

Plan Quality Tools and Techniques

1. Cost-Benefit analysis

2. Cost of quality (COQ)

3. Control Charts

4. Benchmarking

5. Design of experiments

6. Statistical Sampling

7. Flowcharting

8. Proprietary Quality Management Methodologies

9. Additional quality planning tools

Plan Quality

Outputs

1. Quality Management Plan

2. Quality Metrics


4. Process Improvement Plan

Process Boundaries

Process Configuration

Process Metrics

5. Project Document Updates


PMP Prep Course 10

Tools & Techniques

Benefit-Cost Analysis

Benefit:

Completing quality work increases productivity

Costs

Completing quality work may cost little more

Gold plating

Is process of adding extra features that may increase cost

Cost of Quality

Cost of Quality

The cost of quality is cost of all the activities

within a project to ensure the quality

Cost of conformance to requirements:-

The cost of completing the project work to satisfy

the project scope and expected quality

Cost of nonconformance

The cost of completing the project without quality


PMP Prep Course 11

Cost of Quality

There are three types of Cost of Quality

1. Prevention Costs

The costs associated with satisfying customer

requirements by producing a product without

defects. Includes quality planning, training

Cost of Quality

2. Appraisal Costs

The costs expended to examine the product or process and make certain the requirements are being met. Includes inspections and testing

3. Failure Costs

The costs when things don‟t work as expected.

Two types or failure costs are 1. Internal FailureCosts and 2. External Failure Costs

Ex. 1.Rework – 2. Liabilities, Warranty work, Lost business


PMP Prep Course 12

Control Chart

Used to objectively define a process and variation

Process containing only common causes of variation is considered stable, implying that the variation is predictable within the established control limits

Processes containing special as well as common causes of variation are considered unstable. In such cases the special causes fall outside the established control limits

Control charts can be plotted for tracking Production failures, defects by schedule/effort/cost and variances

Control Chart

No

. o

f D

efe

cts

Days

Lower Control Limit

Upper Control Limit

Stable Process


PMP Prep Course 13

Control Chart

Unstable Process

No

. o

f D

efe

cts

Days

Lower Control Limit

Upper Control Limit

Benchmarking

Is comparison among two projects, processes or

performance of organizations

The goal is to evaluate the differences between

two projects and to make corrective actions to the

current project

Is also used as a measurement against industry

standards, competitors‟ level of performance


PMP Prep Course 14

Design of Experiments

The approach relies on statistical what-if

scenarios to determine what variables within a

project will result in the best outcome.

Most often used on the product of project rather

than the project

Is also used as a method to identify which variables

within a project or product , are causing failures

Flowcharting

The flowchart shows the logical steps

required to accomplish an objective.

The flowchart steps through a logical

sequence and checks for “YES” or „NO”

branching


PMP Prep Course 15

Flowcharting

Measure attributes

of Deliverable

Deliverable

Ready for

Quality check

Deliverable is

Ready for

Dispatch

Conformance

To

Requirements

Return to

owner

YES

NO

Quality Check

Additional Quality Tools

1. Brainstorming

2. Nominal Group Techniques


PMP Prep Course 16

Perform Quality Assurance

Quality assurance (QA) is the sum of the

planning and the implementations of the plan

that ensures the project meets the quality

demand

Involved in continuous process improvement,

for improving the quality of all processes



1. Project

Management Plan

2. Quality Metrics

3. Work Performance

Information

4. Quality Control

Measurements

1. Plan Quality &

Perform

Quality Control

Tools &

Techniques

2. Quality Audits

3. Process

Analysis

1. Organizational

Process Assets

Updates

2. Change Requests

3. Project

Management Plan

Updates

4. Project Document

Updates


PMP Prep Course 17


Inputs

1. Project Management Plan

Quality Management Plan

Process Improvement Plan

2. Quality Metrics

3. Work Performance Information

4. Quality Control Measurements


Tools and Techniques

1. Plan Quality and Perform Quality Control

Tools & Techniques

2. Quality Audits

3. Process Analysis


PMP Prep Course 18


Outputs

1. Organizational Process Assets Updates

2. Change Requests

3. Project Management Plan Updates


Perform Quality Control

Quality Control is to monitor and measure

project results to determine that the results

are as per quality standards

QC measures performance, scheduling and

cost variances

QC occurs throughout the life of project


PMP Prep Course 19


Project team should do the following QC

activities

Conduct statistical quality control

Inspect the product to minimize errors

Study special causes to determine anomalies to

quality

Check the tolerance range to determine if the

results are within acceptable level of quality


Project team should know the differences

between the following termsPrevention Inspection

Keeping errors out of the

process

Keeping errors out of the hands

of the customer

Attribute Sampling Variable Sampling

The result either conforms or

does not conform

The result is rated on a continuous

scale that measures the degree

conformity

Tolerances Control Limits

Specified range of accepted

results

Thresholds, which can indicate

whether the process is out of

control


PMP Prep Course 20



1. Cause and Effect

Diagrams

2. Control Charts

3. Flowcharting

4. Histogram

5. Pareto Chart

6. Run Chart

7. Scatter Diagram

8. Statistical sampling

9. Inspection

10. Approved Change

Requests Review

1. Project

Management Plan

2. Quality Metrics


4. Work Performance

Measurements

5. Approved change

Requests

6. Deliverables

7. Organizational

Process Assets

1. Quality Control

Measurements

2. Validated changes

3. Validated

Deliverables

4. Organizational

Process Assets

Updates

5. Change Requests

6. Project Management

Plan Updates

7. Project Document

Updates


Inputs

1. Project Management Plan

2. Quality Metrics


4. Work Performance Measurements

5. Approved Change Requests

6. Deliverables

7. Organizational Process Assets


PMP Prep Course 21



1. Cause and Effect Diagrams

2. Control Chart

3. Flowcharting

4. Histogram

5. Pareto Chart



6. Run Chart

7. Scatter Diagram

8. Statistical sampling

9. Inspection

10. Approved Change Requests Review


PMP Prep Course 22


Outputs

1. Quality Control Measurements

2. Validated Changes

3. Validated Deliverables

4. Organizational Process Assets Updates

5. Change Requests

6. Project Management Plan Updates


Tools & Techniques

Quality Tools

1. Cause and Effect Diagram

2. Control Charts

3. Flowcharting

4. Histogram

5. Pareto Chart

6. Run Chart

7. Scatter Diagram


PMP Prep Course 23

Cause and Effect Diagram

To visualize

clarify

link

identify and

classify possible causes of problems in processes, products and services.

Also known as Fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams

Examples

Identifying sources of defect causes


Customer

Satisfaction

Resources

ProductProcess

Cause1

Cause2Cause3

Cause4

Cause5

Cause6

Cause7

Cause8Cause9


PMP Prep Course 24


Identify a problem (effect) with a list of

potential causes

Write the Effect at the rightmost side of the

paper

Identify Major Causes of the problem, which

become “Big Branches”

Cause Categories are Measurement,

Methods, Materials, Machines, People and

Environment


Fill in the “Small branches” with sub-clauses till

the lowermost level

Review the diagram with the work process

Work on the Most important causes

Collect the data related to identified Root

Causes and study relationship

Continue for all Root Causes


PMP Prep Course 25

Histogram Also known as Frequency

Distribution Chart

A bar graph that groups the

data by predetermined

intervals to show the

frequency of the data set

Used to measure and analyze

the data and identify Defect

Classification, Delivery Times,

Survey FindingsX-Axis

Y-A

xis

Pareto Chart Is also known as 80 – 20 rule

Provides the ability to Categorize Items, usually by content (type of defect, position, process, time, etc.) or cause (materials, operating methods, manpower, measurement, etc.) factors

Identify the causes or characteristics that contribute most to a problem

Decide which basic causes of a problem to work on first

Understand the effectiveness of the improvement by doing pre- and post improvement charts


PMP Prep Course 26

Pareto Chart Define the problem clearly

Collect sufficient Sample Size

Sort the data in descending order by

occurrence/frequency of cause/characteristics

Run Chart A graph of data in a chronological order, which

displays changes and trends in the central tendency

Used to monitor and quantify process outputs prior to control charts

Decide which output of a process to measure

Label the chart vertically and horizontally

Plot the individual measurements over time

Connect Data points

Monitor the data points for Trends


PMP Prep Course 27

Run Chart

No

. o

f D

efe

cts

Days

Average

Scatter Diagram

It is used for problem solving and

understanding cause-and-effect relationships

It shows if a relation exists between Two variables

Also known as Correlation Diagrams


PMP Prep Course 28

Scatter Diagram

1000

2000

3000

321 4 5

Scatter Diagram

Age Years

Pri

ce

Car Age & Price


To Sum Up….

1. We identified the project quality management knowledge area‟s processes

2. We know how to plan quality for the project

3. We know how to implement quality assurance

4. We know how to monitor and control quality


PMP Prep Course 29

Questions ?

Project managment 7

Business