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Theory

of

Human

Becoming

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

• The Parse theory of human becoming guides nurses in their practice to focus on quality of life as it is described and lived (Karen & Melnechenko, 1995).

• The human becoming theory of nursing presents an alternative to both the conventional bio-medical approach and the bio-psycho-social-spiritual (but still normative) approach of most other theories of nursing.(ICPS)

•The human becoming theory posits quality of life from each person's own perspective as the goal of nursing practice.(ICPS)

• Rosemarie Rizzo Parse first published the theory in 1981 as the "Man-living-health" theory (ICPS)

•The name was officially changed to "the human becoming theory" in 1992 to remove the term "man," after the change in the dictionary definition of the word from its former meaning of "humankind."

ABOUT THE THEORIST•Educated at Duquesne University, Pittsburgh•MSN and Ph.D. from University of Pittsburgh•Published her theory of nursing,  Man Living-Health in 1981•Name changed to Theory of Human Becoming in 1992•Editor and Founder, Nursing Science Quarterly•Has published eight books and hundreds of articles about Human Becoming Theory•Professor and Niehoff Chair at Loyola University, Chicago

“Man-Living-Health”- unique theory of

nursing presented by Parse (1981) - synthesized principles and concepts from Rogers, and concepts and tenets from existential phenomenology

Purpose:- posit an idea of nursing

rooted in the human sciences as an alternative to ideas grounded in the natural sciences.Natural Sciences

- nursing as having to do with the quantification of man and illness rather than the qualification of man’s total experience with health.

World-views of Nursing

Totality Paradigm

Simultaniety

Paradigm

Man Posited as a total summative being whose nature is a combination of bio-psycho-social-spiritual aspects.

•More than and different from the sum of the parts•An open being free to choose in mutual rhythmical interchange with the environment•Gives meaning to situations and is responsible for choices in moving beyond what is•Experiencing the what was, is, and will be all at once

Environment External and

internal stimuli surrounding man

Nursing Applied Science - drawing knowledge from all

other sciences

Basic Science - with its own body of distinct knowledge

1992- Parse changed the name of her theory of

Man- Living Health to the theory of Human Becoming

Basis for Assumptions

Roger’s three major principle:•helicy•complimentarity (now called integrality)•resonancy

Roger’s four major concepts:•energy field•openness•pattern•organization

Tenets and concepts of exixtential-phenomenological thought:

•intentionality•human subjectivity•coconstitution•coexistence•situated freedom

ASSUMPTIONS

Parse’s (1981)original nine

assumptions

Parse’s latestrevision(1998)

Basis

1. Man is coexisting while coconstitu-ting rhythmical patterns with the environment.

1. The human is coexisting while coconstitu-ting rhythmical patterns with the universe.

•Pattern and organization•Coconstitution•Coexistence

2. Man is an open being, freely choosing meaning in situation, bearing responsibility for decisions.

2. The human is open, freely choosing meaning in situation, bearing responsibility for decisions.

•Energy field•Openness•Situated freedom

3. Man is a living unity continuously coconstitu-ting patterns of relating.

3. The human is unitary continuously coconstitu-ting patterns of relating.

•Energy field•Pattern and organization•Coconstitution

4. Man is transcending multidimensionality with the possibles.

4. The human is transcending multidimensionality with the possibles.

•Openness•Four dimensiona-lity•Situated freedom

5. Health is an open process of becoming, experienced by man.

5. Becoming is unitary human-living-health

•Openness•Coconstitution•Situated freedom

6. Health is a rhythmically coconstituting process of the man- environment interrelationship.

6. Becoming is a rhythmically coconstituting process of the human- universe process.

•Pattern and organization•Four dimensiona-lity•Coconstitution

7. Health is man’s pattern of

relating value priorities.

7. Becoming is the human’s pattern of relating value priorities.

OpennessPattern and organization•Situated freedom

8. Health is an intersubjective process of transcending with the possibles.

8. Becoming is an intersubjective process of transcending with the possibles.

•Openness•Coexistence•Situated freedom

9. Health is unitary man’s negentropic unfolding

9. Becoming is unitary human’s emerging.

•Energy field•Four dimensiona-lity•Coexistence

The original nine assumptions are further synthesized into three assumptions on human becoming (1992)

•Human becoming is freely choosing personal meaning in situations in the intersubjective process of relating value priorities.•Human becoming cocreating rhythmical patterns of relating in open interchange with the universe.•Human becoming is cotranscending multidimensionally with the unfolding possibilities.

Parse (1987) cites the following distinctives of her theory:

•The belief that humans are more and different then the sum of their parts.•Human beings evolve mutually with the environment•Human beings cocreate personal health by choosing meaning in situations•Human beings convey meanings that are personal values, which reflect their dreams and hope.

PRINCIPLES

Three main themes:Meaning

- refers to the linguistic and imagined content of something and the interpretation that one gives to something. Rhythmicity - refers to the fast paced, paradoxical patterning of the human- universe mutual process. Transcedence - described as reaching beyond with possibles-the hopes and dreams seen in multidimensional experience

Principle I Structuring meaning multidimensionally is cocreating reality through the languaging valuing and imaging.

Principle II Cocreating rhythmical patterns of relating is living the paradoxical unity of revealing- concealing, and enabling-limiting, while connecting-separating.

Principle III Cotranscending with the possibles is powering unique ways of originating in the process of transforming.

Principle 1:Structuring meaning multidimensionally is

cocreating reality through the languaging of valuing and imaging.

Principle 2:Cocreating rhythmical patterns of relating is living the paradoxical unity of revealing- concealing

and enabling-limiting while connecting-separating.

Principle 3:Cotranscending with the

possibles is powering unique ways of

originating in the process of transforming.

Valuing Enabling-limitingImaging Revealing-concealing

Powering Originating

Languaging

Connecting-separating Transforming

Concepts in the squares: Powering emerges with revealing- concealing of imaging.Concepts in the oval: Originating emerges with the enabling-limiting of valuing.Concepts in the triangle: Transforming emerges with the languaging of connecting-separating

NURSING PARADIGMS

MAN

NURSING PARADIGMS

MAN - open being who is more than and different from the sum of the partsENVIRONMENT - everything in the person and his experiences - inseparable, complimentary to and evolving with

HEALTH - a synthesis of values, a way of living - man’s lived experience as it unfolds negentropically.NURSING - basic science, the practice of which is a performing art. - loving, true presence with the other to promote health and the quality of life.

In an editorial in Nursing Science Quarterly, Parse (1989) proposes a “set of fundamentals essential for fully practicing the art of nursing.

These include the following:•Know and use nursing frameworks and theories•Be available to others•Value the other as a human presence•Respect differences in view•Own what you believe and be accountable for your action•Move on to the new and untested•Connect with others•Take pride in self•Like what you do•Recognize the moments of joy in the struggles of living•Appreciate mystery and be open to new discoveries•Be competent in your chosen area•Rest and begin anew

PRACTICE APPLICATIONMrs. M, a terminally ill cancer client:

Emergent Patterns of Health for Mrs. M

Mrs. M – Nurse Activities

1. Mrs. M says she does not want to discuss her situation with her family, yet she makes plans to broach the subject with them.

Be truly present with Mrs. M as she imagines familiar and unfamiliar ways of engaging with and withdrawing from family during the coming days and week .

2. Mrs. M says that this is the worst time of her life yet she says that she has never enjoyed the natural world so much as now

Be with Mrs. M while she imagines aspects of nature that have special meaning for her.

CRITIQUE

CLARITY The relationships are clear and flow with logical precision from the assumptions, to the principles, to the theoretical structures, to the practice dimensions, and to the research methodology. Concepts and relationships become more clear to the reader as one’s familiarity with the terminology increases.

SIMPLICITY The theory is a complex theory. Parse differentiated the totality and simultaneity paradigms in nursing. She then synthesizes tenets, principles and concepts to create her nine assumptions. The principles of the theory of human becoming are derived from the assumptions, with each principles relating three concepts to each other.

GENERAL/GRAND Parse’s theory of human becoming focuses on the lived experiences of unitary human beings and therefore is applicable to all individuals, families and communities at all times and in all contexts.

IMPERICAL PRECISION This theory is based on the work of nurse scientist, Martha Rogers (1970), and existential phenomenology. In synthesizing Roger’s principles of helicy, complimentarity (now called integrality), and resonancy and her four concepts of openness, energy field, pattern and organization, and four-dimensionality with the tenets of existential-phenomenological thought.

DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCE Critical thinking used by the nurse in true presence with the person is thinking that guides, illuminates, synchronizes rhythms, and mobilizes transcendence together-with the person. It is never judgement or direction that nurse gives to or requires of the person.

STRENGTHS and WEAKNESSESS

STRENGTHS• logical flow from construction of her assumptions to the deductive derivation of principles, theoretical structures, practice dimensions, and research process• focuses on all individuals, not only those defined by societal norms as being ill.• assumption about humans freely choosing personal meaning in the process of relating value priorities.• differentiates nursing from other disciplines• practice - provides guidelines of care and useful administration• useful in Education• provides research methodologies• provides framework to guide inquiry of other theories (grief, hope, laughter, etc.)

WEAKNESS• lack of articulation with the body of knowledge and psychomotor skills that most nurses and society generally attribute to the practice of professional nursing.• research considered to be in a “closed circle”• rarely quantifiable results - Difficult to compare to other research studies, no control group, standardized questions, etc.• does not utilize the nursing process/diagnoses• degates the idea that each person engages in a unique lived experience• not accessible to the novice nurse• not applicable to acute, emergent care

- END -

Prepared by:

Maria Neze E. Dalimocon

Submitted to:

Mrs. Mary Day E. Florano