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Next. The movement of African-Americans to the North has many names. The movement started after the Emancipation Proclamation and grew stronger in the.
Dec 22, 2015
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The movement of African-Americans
to the North has many names.
The movement started after
the Emancipation Proclamation
and grew stronger in the 20th Century.
The experiences of African-Americans,
not the historical dates,
is what is important in this story.
The story is “read” by examining
images (photographs & drawings)
which were created by people
who were alive at the time.
Your task is to record your
observations and thoughts
about the images
in your Freedom Journal.
At the end of each section
you will be reminded to write
your reflection.
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Before considering African-American
movement to the North
take a moment to
look at some images of slavery.
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Photograph - Slave Family
Photograph - Slave Auction
Photograph - Slave PenPhotograph - Slave Store
Photograph - Working in Cotton Field
Home
• Emancipation Proclamation
• End of the Civil War
• Reconstruction
• PUSHED from the South
• PULLED to the North
• Life in the North
Images of conditions that caused the Great Migration
CLICK ONE
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Part 1
“. . .all persons held
as slaves . . .
On January 1, 1863,
about half-way through
the Civil War,
Abraham Lincoln signed
the Emancipation Proclamation
which begins with the words:
shall be . . .forever
free . . .”
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation
encouraged hope among slaves.
Next you will examine a drawing titled
“Emancipation”
by
Thomas Nast,
an artist during Civil War times.
The following diagram willhelp you understand the drawing.
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On this side
Mr. Nast
shows
slave life
BEFORE
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
On this side
Mr. Nast
predicts
African-American
life
AFTER
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
The center shows
a free
African-American
family
AT THE TIME OF
the
Emancipation
Proclamation
The Drawing is a Timeline with 3 Sections
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Runaway salves are hunted down in a swamp.
Man is sold at a slave auction without his wife and children.
Female slave is beaten whileher husband is branded.
Free black family rejoices because of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Woman holds the olive branch of PEACE and the scales of JUSTICE.
Black mother sends her children to free public school.
Free black man receives his pay from a cashier.Abraham Lincoln, U.S. President and
author of the Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation - by Thomas Nast
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Click on the
for descriptions
of the drawing.
1. You have viewed images of :Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation andThomas Nast’s timeline drawing .
Your Reflections on the ‘Emancipation Proclamation’
2. Now go the Emancipation Proclamation reflections page in your Freedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on John Nast’s Emancipation Proclamationdrawing. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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End of the Civil War
Part 2
Photograph - by Russell Lee
Roads, railroad tracks and bridges were destroyed.
When it is hard to travel from place to place it becomes difficult to conduct business.
Farmland and buildings in the Southwere destroyed in the battles of the war.
This chimney and foundation is all that remains of a wealthy plantation home.
Photograph - Confederate Money
Crossing the North Edisto - By William Waud
Confederate money became worthlesswhen the South lost the war.
This meant that many Southerners were in poverty when the was ended.
The War Left The South In Ruin
Click to find out more.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Travel
Property
Money
Mustered Out - by Alfred R. WaudThe following drawing
by Civil War artist
Alfred R. Waud,
sometimes called
“Mustered Out”,
shows
African-American Soldiers
celebrating and greeting
their families
as they return home
at the end of the war.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Celebration of Abolition in Washington, D.C. by F. Dielman
The next drawing
by Civil War artist
F. Dielman
shows a
celebration
of the abolition of slavery
in Washington D.C.
about one year after the war ended.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
1. You have viewed images of: The South at the end of the Civil War,Alfred Waud’s “Mustered Out” andF. Dielman’s “Celebration in Washington, D.C.
Reflections on the ‘End of the Civil War ‘
2. Now go the ‘End of the Civil War’ reflections page in your Freedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on one of the images listed above. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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Reconstruction
Part 3
Reconstruction had two main goals:
1. To help rebuild the South
2. To help Southern whites and blacks
live in freedom peacefully.
At first Reconstruction seemed like it was
working. As time went by too many
problems came up. After 10 years
Reconstruction was over. It had failed.
The Reconstruction Act was a plan written
by Congress to help restore the South
after the devastation of the Civil War.
Whydoit?
Click to find out more.
Whatwasit?
Didit
work?
CloseCloseClose
The Reconstruction Act
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
The Freedmen’s Bureau - A.R. Waud
One reason Reconstruction
seemed to be working at first was
the Freedmen’s Bureau.
It was formed to teach ex-slaves
to read and write
and to help them find jobs.
The next drawing by
Alfred R. Waud,
is titled
“The Freedmen’s Bureau”.
In this drawing the man in the middlerepresents the Freedmen’s Bureau as
it tried to solve problems between white Southerners and ex-slaves.
Click HERE to find out more.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
This drawing shows an ex-slave voting for the first time.
Click HERE to find out more.
Drawing for Harpers Weekly
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
At the beginning of Reconstruction
many ex-slaves in the South
were able to vote.
Photograph - So. Carolina Legislature
This photograph shows the South Carolina legislature after the war, which clearly
includes African-Americans.
Some ex-slaves
were even
voted into office.
Click HERE to find out more.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
1. You have viewed images of: The Freedmen’s Bureau.The South Carolina Legislature.
Reflections on ‘Early Reconstruction’
2. Now go the Early Reconstruction reflections page in your Freedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on The Freedmen’s Bureau drawing. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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Pushed from the South
Part 4
Most white southerners believed themselves to
be superior to African-Americans .
Most ex-slaves in the South became
sharecroppers or took menial jobs. They
could not make enough money to support
their families.
Click to find out more.
Poverty
Prejudice
CloseClose
Two Main ReasonsAfrican-Americans Were PUSHED from the South
(The same reasons reconstruction failed.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
The first reason
African–Americans were
PUSHED
out of the South
was that they
could not make enough money
to survive.
After the Civil War
most ex-slaves could only get
low paying jobs. . .
or they become sharecroppers.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
A sharecropper family on the side of the road…evicted from the farm because they could not pay their debts.
A Sharecropper’s House.
Photograph by Ben Stahn
Sharecropping seemed like
a good idea at first.
An ex-slave family could
live on a farm,
work the fields,
and share the profits.
It didn’t work because
there were not enough profits.
Sharecroppers went into debt.
When they couldn’t pay their bills
they were evicted.A sharecropper plowing a field.
Photograph by Arthur RothsteinPhotograph by Arthur Rothstein
The Life a Sharecropper
Work
Click to find out more.
Home
Evicted
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Men carrying bags of riceon a shipping dock.
Street vendors in Georgia.
Photograph - Street VendersPhotograph - Drying CottonPhotograph - Working on a RiverPhotograph - Street Venders
Two men working on rafts on a river in Florida. Drying cotton at a factory
Ex-slaves that weren’t sharecroppers
took menial labor jobs
that paid very little wages.
The work was
hard and exhausting.
Menial Jobs
CottonFactory
Click to find out more.
RiverWork
StreetVendors
CloseCloseClose
DockWorkers
Close
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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The second reason
African–Americans were
PUSHED
out of the South
was due to the
racism of the white southerners.
The South began to pass laws
that took away the freedoms
of African-Americans.
It became a hostile
and dangerous place
for ex-slaves to live.
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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African-American on ground under the feet of white men.
Written on club: “A vote”.
Written on knife: “The Lost Cause”.
Written on wallet: “Capital (money) for Votes”
African-American orphanage in flames. African-American children lynched near the burning buildings.
“CSA” belt buckle. (Confederate States of America)
This is a White Man’s Government - by Thomas Nast
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Click on the
to find out about
the next image.
The racism of the South
can be seen in the next image
by Thomas Nast,
“This is a White Man’s Government”,
a political cartoon
that shows the prejudice
of white southerners.
The white robes and head coverings of theKu Klux Klan was intended to represent the
ghosts of Confederates who died in the Civil War.
The Ku Klux Klan held midnight meetings where they promotedhatred, terrorism and set crosses on fire. They often tortured and even killed African-Americans by burning or by lynchingThis early Ku Klux Klan poster shows a klansmen as a
racist warrior, stomping on an African-American.
Early Poster - Ku Klux KlanPhotograph - Klan Members
Painting - Cross Burning
A racist group, the Ku Klux Klan,
was started by ex-Confederates
after the Civil War.
Their goal: Oppose Reconstruction.
Their primary belief: White Supremacy.
The Ku Klux Klan
Klan Dress
Click to find out more.
Poster
Activities
CloseCloseClose
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
The South began to pass laws
that took away
the freedoms and rights
that were won for African-Americans
in the Civil War.
These laws came to be known as
Jim Crow Laws.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
The Jim Crow Laws
White and African-American children cannot be in the same
classroom.
African-Americans cannot stand in the same line as whites when waiting to
buy tickets to the circus.
An African-American cannot be taken care of by a white nurse.
Once a textbook is used by an African-American student, it cannot
not be used by a white student.
Theatres cannot seat whites and African-Americans together. There must be
separate seating areas for each.
Teachers who teach in a school that has both white and African-American
students will be fined up to $50.
Railroads must provide separate cars for African-American passengers and for white
passengers.
An African-American barber cannot cut the hair of a white person.
Restaurants cannot serve both African-Americans and white
people. They must serve one or the other.
African-American and white students cannot go to the same school.
At a home for the blind: African-Americans and whites must be housed in
separate buildings.
Bus stations must provide separate waiting rooms for whites and
African-Americans.
Jim Crow was an
African-American
comedian and entertainer.
Naming the new laws
after a character he played
was a
further insult
to African Americans.
Click on the flags
for examples of Jim Crow Laws.
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
1. You have viewed images of: Poverty in the South (menial jobs & sharecropping).Prejudice in the South (Ku Klux Klan & Jim Crow Laws).
Reflections on ‘Pushed from the South’
2. Now go the Pushed from the South reflections page in yourFreedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on at least one of the images from ‘Pushed from the South”. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Pulled to the North
Part 5
There were many jobs in the North because the Industrial Revolution
caused many factories to be built in Northern cities.
African-Americans who were living in the North encouraged those in the South to move away from the poverty and racial
prejudice.
The Chicago Defender was animportant and powerful
African-American newspaper.
It encouraged African-Americansto move to the North.
It even helped themfind jobs and places to live.
Jobsin theNorth
Click to find out more.
The Chicago Defender
Friends &
FamilyCloseCloseClose
Three Main ReasonsAfrican-Americans were PULLED to the North
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
This newsboy worked in Chicago selling The Chicago Defender on street corners.
A Chicago Defender Headline
Photograph of a Chicago Defender NewsboyPhotograph of the First Chicago Defender Building
The first issues of The Chicago Defender were printed in the kitchen of John Abbott’s landlord. Later, as the newspaper became successful, it
moved into this building in Chicago.
Chicago Defender grew to become
the most important
black newspaper in the country.
It fought for black rights and against racism.
The newspaper persuaded
thousands of southern blacks
to migrate north.
It even organized aid for travelers.
The Chicago Defender published news of the terrorism against
African-Americans in the South.
It urged African-Americans to moveto the North, telling them about the opportunities to overcome poverty.
Robert Abbott used his last 25 cents and some borrowed money to start The Chicago Defender
in 1905. He became the country’s first self-made African-American millionaire.
The Chicago Defender
Building
Click to find out more.
Robert Abbott
Headline
CloseCloseClose
Newsboy
Close
Photograph of Robert Abbott
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Some African-Americans found factory and construction jobs in the North where they made enough money to support their families. This
work also gave them self-confidence and hope.
It was true
that there were many jobs available
for African-Americans
in the North.
Some African-Americans found
jobs in factories
or in construction.
However, many African-Americans who
moved North could only get
jobs that were
were low-paying, menial labor.Some African-Americans could only find jobs
as servants for wealthy white people.Here you see a woman washing a family’s
clothes, a black man-servantand a shoeshine boy.
Jobs in the North
MenialLabor
Click to find out more.
IndustryJobs
CloseClose
Photograph - Construction Crew
Photograph - Woman in Factory
Drawing - Servant & EmployerPhotograph - S
hoeshine Boy
Photograph - Doing Laundry
Photograph- Men in Factory
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Moving North to Friends & Family
Drawing - Effects of the ProclamationPhotograph
Ex-Slaves Migrating to KansasPhotograph by
Strohmeyer & WymanPhotograph - Family Reunited in the North
CloseCloseCloseCloseClose6lose
Click to find out more.
Some went North
after the Proclamation.
Women moving to Kansas.
Large family moving on a
cart.
Some were able to go by boat.
Family moving after invention of
the car.
Family reunited in the North.
Photograph - Negro Exodus
Photograph - Ex-Slaves Migrating
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
Many African-Americans
made the decision
to move to the North
at the urging
of friends and relatives
who were already there.
1. You have viewed images of: The Chicago Defender
Jobs in the North Moving North toward Family & Friends
Your Reflections on ‘Pulled to the North’
2. Now go the Pulled to the North reflections pagein your Freedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on one of the ‘Pulled to the North’ images. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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Life in the North
Part 6
Life in the North
was a big improvement
over life in the South
for many African-Americans.
At the same time, others found it was
difficult to get a good paying, reliable job.
They lived in poverty in the North
as they did in the South.
They also found racial prejudice
in the North that affected their
everyday lives, where they could live
and how much money they could make.
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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Photograph - PlaymatesPhotograph - Only Negro Store
Some Dreams Came True in the NorthClick to find out more.
Childrenwithout
Prejudice
African-Americanneighborhood
in Chicago
Well-DressedWomen at a
Fair
Business Owned byAfrican-
American
Integrated Classroom
Entertainers
Photograph by F. B. Johnston
Photograph - Classroom
Photograph - South State St. Chicago
Photograph - Floorshow
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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Drawing -F.R. Opper
Photograph - Family
Some Dreams did not Come True
End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
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OvercrowdedLiving Conditions
in Small Apartments
Affordable Housing was Run- down
Lower Wages for Blacks than
for Whites
Racist Poster for ChicagoWorld’s Fair
Low Wagesfor Factory
Work
Low Wages for Domestic
Work
Photograph - Factory Work
Photograph - Black Tenement Life
Photograph - Picketing for Equal WagesPhotograph - Nanny & Children
Click to find out more.
The Northward movement
of African-Americans continued
continued until the 1960’s,
almost 100 years after the
Emancipation Proclamation
and the end of the Civil War.
The conditions in the North
did not turn out to be as hoped,
and African-Americans have
continued to struggle for
their rights as freemen.
Abraham Lincoln’s words:
“shall be…forever free”
started a journey that
continues today.
A Final Thought
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1. You have viewed images of dreams that DID and DID NOT come true
Your Reflections on ‘Pulled to the North’
2. Now go the Life in the North reflections pagein your Freedom Journal.
3. Write your reflections on two of the ‘Life in the North’ images… one for dreams that came true, one for dreams that didn’t. (Go back to the image when writing.)
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End of the Civil War Reconstruction Pushed from the South Pulled to the North Life in the NorthEmancipation Proclamation
abolition
auction
Confederate
domestic work
emancipate
evict
exodus
legislature
Vocabulary
migration
mustered out
prejudice
quest
racism
sharecropper
tenement
white supremacy
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Written and Created
by Barbara Hull
Nathan Hale Middle School, Crestwood, Illinois
through the sponsorship of
Governors State University
and
The Library of Congress
An Adventure of the American Mind / American Memory Collection
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