NCSCOS GOAL 10 WWII and the Cold War Aftermath. Benito Mussolini Italy was led by Benito Mussolini [president] for about 22 years. Leader of Italy’s Fascist.

NCSCOS GOAL 10

WWII and the Cold War Aftermath

Benito Mussolini

Italy was led by Benito Mussolini [president] for about 22 years.

Leader of Italy’s Fascist party.

Main ideas of his government:

Extreme nationalismStrong militaryAgainst personal

freedomAgainst big business

Adolf Hitler

Germany was lead by Adolf Hitler [Fuehrer] for about 12 years.

Leader of Germany’s Nazi party.

Main ideas of his government:

white supremacyStrong militaryControl of Central

EuropeElimination of Jews

The Third Reich

The 12 year period from 1933-1945 was called the 3rd Reich during Hitler’s leadership.

The Nazi Party attempted to pattern itself after the great episodes in German history.

The government was responsible the invasion and destruction of Europe and the mass murder of millions of Jews in Eastern Europe.

Countries and their leaders

Japan was led by Emperor Hirohito for about 20 years.

Absolute Monarch of Japan.

Main ideas of his government:

Modern version of ancient Japan.

Held absolute control over people’s lives.

Viciously loyal military. Wanted control over fellow

oriental Asians [China and Korea].

Munich Pact [Munich Agreement] European countries became nervous over Germany’s

invasions. England’s Prime Minister [before Churchill] met with Hitler. What did Hitler tell him? Czechoslovakia was all he wanted and no one else had to

be worried.

Josef Stalin

The Soviet Union was led by Josef Stalin [Communist party leader] for about 30 years.

Leader of the Communist party.

Main ideas of his government:

Control every portion of people’s lives.

Strong military. Have equality among

regular people. No private businesses for

profit.

Winston Churchill

Great Britain was led by Winston Churchill [Prime Minister] for about 10 years.

Prime Minister of England.

Main ideas of his government:

England must be a strong leader in the world.

Government must help people succeed.

England must cooperate with its fellow countries.

Kellogg-Briand Pact In 1928 the United States and France [England, Japan, Italy and Germany also

joined the pact] initiated a peace agreement to renounce [reject or avoid] aggression. Frank B. Kellogg was the U.S. Secretary of State and Aristide Briand was the French foreign minister.

Despite the agreement to not engage in unprovoked warfare Germany, Italy and Germany all violated the agreement and invaded other countries.

Violations of this “pact” was the source of future prosecutions for war crimes after World War II ended.

Neutrality Acts The United States, led by F.D.R., decided it was best to remain

isolationist as much as possible.

However, the U.S. did provide opportunities for foreign nations to trade with it. The U.S. passed so-called Neutrality Acts in 1935, 1936, 1937 and 1939.

Weapons and supplies were sold to European nations friendly to the United States.

President Franklin Roosevelt’s Quarantine’s Speech

F.D.R. believed it was in the United States’ best interest to avoid nations that were involved in aggression towards other nations.

F.D.R. did not mention specific nations but it was obvious he was talking about Italy, Japan and Germany who had attacked other nations in Asia and Europe.

The speech raised tension between the U.S. and the aggressor nations.

Non-Aggression Pact [Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

This was a pledge [promise] by Germany and the Soviet Union to remain neutral if either country was attacked by another country.

The pact was signed on August 23, 1939 but was violated by Germany on June 22, 1941 after it invaded the Soviet Union.

Unfortunately due to very harsh weather the German invasion ended in disaster with heavy casualties and surrenders.

Four Freedoms F.D.R. delivered a State of the Union

Address [Youtube speech] on January 6, 1941 about what he called the Four Freedoms.

Roosevelt told Congress that he looked forward to a word founded on:

[1] Freedom of speech and expression

[2] Freedom of worship [religion]

[3] Freedom from want [basic standard of living is met]

[4] Freedom from fear based on reduced military armaments

Lend-Lease Act of 1941 In order to avoid conflict and remain a non-combatant F.D.R. tried to comply

with the Neutrality Acts he decided to limit involvement to lending military equipment and lending money to foreign nations.

The legislation raised German suspicions toward the U.S. and it stepped up U-boat attacks on Allied ships.

After the war the U.S. received returned equipment and discounted by 90% money it lent to foreign nations.

Rosie the Riveter During World War II with most men overseas fighting

the Axis Powers many women worked industrial factory jobs to produce war supplies.

The manual labor that women performed was much different than the stereotypical domestic and clerical work many women were accustomed to.

There contributions to the war effort was essential to the U.S. victory. “Rosie the Riveter” became an iconic image used as propaganda to motivate women to perform non-traditional factory jobs.

W.A.C.s [Women’s Army Corps]

Beginning in 1942 an all female U.S. army unit called the Women’s Army Corps was formed and given full active status in 1943.

The unit performed support role such as air traffic control for the U.S. Army Air Corps [forerunner of the Air Force].

There was significant opposition to the female service personnel by traditionalists therefore a female draft was never begun.

General McArthur called the WACs his best soldiers because they were worked harder, complained less, and had more discipline than men.

Japan’s Aggression at Pearl Harbor

On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the U.S. Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

The attack was done using war planes.

Attack was a near total surprise but killed over 2,000 U.S. servicemen.

F.D.R. called the day one “that would live in infamy.”

The United States declared war against the Axis powers days after.

Korematsu vs. United States:1944 [Opposition to Japanese Internment]

Facts of the Case:

President Franklin Roosevelt issued an

Executive Order excluding/removing all

Japanese-Americans from the West Coast

of the United States. After the 1941 Japanese attack on the U.S.Japanese-Americans were forced to

selltheir homes and businesses. They

were then relocated to “internment

camps” in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.

Many Japanese-Americans had been in the

U.S. for several generations and almost all

were natural born citizens.Many sued to be released but all

failed intheir appeals. Fred Korematsu sued

for his release and was granted appeal in 1944.

Constitutional Issue:Was the executive order issued by

the President allowable and within hispower?

Were Japanese-Americans treatedunfairly during a time of war?

Supreme Court’s RulingSupreme Court’s Ruling::

The opinion determined that as Commander in The opinion determined that as Commander in Chief the president had the duty, power and Chief the president had the duty, power and responsibility to use his judgment to responsibility to use his judgment to determine how to handle war time determine how to handle war time emergencies so the “temporary” relocation emergencies so the “temporary” relocation was was not considered a violation of Korematsu’s not considered a violation of Korematsu’s rightsrights..

Manhattan Project In 1941 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers started a top secret

program to create a weapon of mass destruction.

The program was code named Manhattan.

Scientists from countries such as Italy, Germany, Austria and the U.S. were able to enrich uranium and plutonium.

The process was based on atomic chain reactions which massive amounts of energy to release.

The weapon became known as the atomic bomb.

The United States Strikes Back! Within three days of each

other the United States dropped two atomic bombs.

Code names were Fat man and Little Boy

First one on Hiroshima, Japan. Second one on Nagasaki,

Japan. At least 80,000 killed instantly. Many more died due to

radiation poison later on.

The Marshall Plan

Former World War II army general, George Marshall, became Truman’s Secretary of State after WWII.

The Secretary of State designed the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe.

The ambitious and extremely expensive reconstruction plan program offered money, equipment, food, machines [mechanical, manufacturing equipment], engineers and skilled workers.

Purpose?

Fix extensive damage to Europe caused by WWII.

Truman Doctrine

FDR died in 1945.

Vice President Harry Truman took over and decided “stop babying” the Soviets.

Truman began of policy of containment.

This meant keeping the Soviets from spreading communism to other countries.

G.I. Bill of Rights G.I. Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944Readjustment Act of 1944

– Federal law passed by Congress to reward and help Federal law passed by Congress to reward and help returning WWII veterans with payment for the following:returning WWII veterans with payment for the following:

– EducationEducation• job training job training • college college

– Loans for homes and businessesLoans for homes and businesses

G.I. Bill & College G.I. Bill & College EnrollmentEnrollment

An Iron Curtain Has Descended…

The allied powers split up and Russia became an “enemy” of the United States.

Germany was split into two separate countries creating the Berlin Wall

In a speech at an American College Winston Churchill described the spread by saying “it appears an iron curtain [Click on link] has descended over Eastern Europe.”

Japan was occupied by the United States and was not allowed to have a military.

The Berlin Crisis: The WallThe Berlin Crisis: The Wall

• With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht ultimately With dangerously mounting tensions, Khrushchev and Ulbricht ultimately conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict with the West. conceived of a plan which would avoid a costly conflict with the West.

• The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in order to stem The erection of a barrier would separate East and West Berlin in order to stem the influx of migration. the influx of migration.

• The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. opting not to The building of the wall began on August 13, 1961, with the U.S. opting not to act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R. act out in aggression against the U.S.S.R.

Tension between the Superpowers

The blockade of Berlin by the Soviets heightened the fear of Western Europe.

Within months countries including France, England,

Italy, Canada and the U.S. formed NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Purpose? To counter the threat of Soviet aggression.

Soviet response to NATO

The Soviet Union developed its own alliance in 1955 forming the Warsaw Pact.

Purpose(s)? [a] The counter the growing influence of NATO. [b] Increase the power of the Soviet Union.

The United Nations A group of fifty (50) countries

“came together” in June 1945.

Even though the Yalta Conference left the U.S. and Soviet Union at odds they also joined.

The mission of the U.N. was to keep world peace.

Each member nation has a vote [members are called diplomats].

The real power rests with the large countries which constitute the security council.

The Security Council consists of 15 countries (5 permanent and 10 temporary) that vote on major world issues such as foreign aid, war and environmental treaties.

Berlin Airlift The Soviets challenged Truman’s containment and occasionally

test the United States.

Best example of this was Stalin’s blockade of West Berlin in 1948.

Truman was forced to fly in food, fuel and supplies for West Germans cut off by the Soviets.

More than 277,000 flights dropped off 2 million tons of supplies.

C.I.A. [Central Intelligence Agency]

In 1947 the C.I.A. [Central Intelligence Agency] was created with funding from the National Security Act.

The mission of the C.I.A. was and remains to acquire intelligence in order to detect foreign threats against the U.S.

Intelligence is generally acquired via clandestine [secret] means using espionage [spying].

U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations: U-2 incident

To gain information on the other side espionage was practiced.

The U.S. sent countless aerial spy missions using U-2 spy planes.

In 1960 an American U-2 was shot down over Soviet territory.

The U.S. pilot, Gary Powers, was jailed for nearly 2 years.

U.S.-U.S.S.R. Relations• Threats of war from both sides were

constant.

• Both sides tested each other occasionally with minor challenges to see what the other would do.

• At other times the challenges were great.

• In the face of challenges important decisions had to occur.

• Should we use nuclear force?

• These type of “battles” were called brinkmanship.

• Forcing the other side to the “brink” of war.

Bay of Pigs InvasionIn April of 1961 a secret C.I.A.-sponsored mission to overthrow Cuban Communist leader Fidel Castro using Florida-based Cuban refugees was defeated by Cuban forces within hours.

Castro soon after sought the protection of the Soviet Union.

CRISIS OVER CUBA Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented the

first big test of JFK’s foreign policy.

Openly Communist, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro who welcomed aid from the USSR.

Relations between the U.S. and Cuba deteriorated due to tensions and suspicions related to communism.

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

Castro had a powerful ally in MoscowSoviet leader Nikita Khrushchev promised to

defend Cuba with Soviet weaponsDuring the summer of 1962 the flow of Soviet

weapons into Cuba – including nuclear – increased greatly

• Kennedy made it clear the U.S. would not tolerate nuclear weapons in Cuba.

• When surveillance photos revealed nukes ready to launch in Cuba, JFK said the U.S. would respond to any attack from Cuba with an all-out nuclear retaliation against the Soviets

KENNEDY RESPONDSAmerican president John F Kennedy making his dramatic television broadcast to announce the Cuba blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis 

13 DAYS

When more Soviet ships headed

for the U.S. with weapons, JFK ordered a blockade

The first break in the crisis occurred when the Soviets ships turned back

Finally, Khrushchev agreed to remove the nuclear weapons from Cuba in exchange for a U.S. promise NOT to invade Cuba

For 13 days in October, 1962 the world stood still as the threat of nuclear war gripped the planet

Baby Boomers During the post WWII period from

1946-1964 more than 78 million people were born in the United States.

The so-called Baby Boom was the result an unprecedented period of peace, prosperity and economic expansion.

Favorable domestic economic conditions lead to huge population increases that created greater demands for housing, schools and public services within the United States.

As these citizens age the stress on the Social Security and Medicare system will only increase.

Levittown, New York Housing developer William Levitt built several planned suburban

housing developments on Long Island, New York from 1947-1951. Previously, homes and buildings had been built over time as needs arose

and economic shifts occurred. Since many returning G.I.s [military servicemen] wanted to start families

and careers there was a huge demand for housing in cities throughout the U.S.

Levittown’s pre-planned community design served as the model for future development.

Image Sources

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