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Week 4: FLOOR SYSTEMS AND HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS Floor systems: 1. Span Define: distance between 2 structural supports (Ching, 2008) Measured: vertical supports (for ) Horizontal support (for ) ** Not necessarily same long as a member ** 2. Spacing Define: repeating distance between series of similar elements. (Ching, 2008) Associated with supporting elements Measured: center line – centerline = *SPACING of supporting elements depended on SPANNING capabilities of supported elements. (Ching, 2008) 3. Strut Held in compression 4. Retaining wall
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Log book part 3

Mar 10, 2016

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gabriella bertazzo
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Page 1: Log book part 3

Week  4:  FLOOR  SYSTEMS  AND  HORIZONTAL  ELEMENTS    Floor  systems:  

1. Span  Define:  distance  between  2  structural  supports  (Ching,  2008)  Measured:  vertical  supports  (for                                            )                                                                                              Horizontal  support  (for                        )  **  Not  necessarily  same  long  as  a  member  **                    

2. Spacing  Define:  repeating  distance  between  series  of  similar  elements.  (Ching,  2008)  Associated  with  supporting  elements  Measured:  center  line  –  centerline            =  *SPACING  of  supporting  elements  depended  on  SPANNING  capabilities  of  supported  elements.  (Ching,  2008)      

3. Strut    Held  in  compression      

 4. Retaining  wall    

                           

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Materials  and  their  systems:    

1. CONCRETE  SYSTEM:    2  directions                                    Or                          1  direction          Measuring  depth  of  slab:  span  (m)  x  30  Eg)              Diagram  on  reinforcements  for  concrete  beams                                    Footing:  part  of  building  that  transfers  the  super  system  load  to  the  ground  Foundations:  supports  the  footings.  Is  the  soil  =  not  man  made    

2. STEEL  SYSTEM:  Heavy  gauge:  structural  steel,  large  joists  between  main  girders.  (Ching,  2008)  Light  gauge:    steel  web  joists    

Can  combine  with  concrete:              

 

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3. TIMBER  SYSTEM:  Joists  –  support  secondary  flooring  Bearers-­‐  span  between  stumps  and  piers                    Can  be  closely  spaced  for  thinner  timber,  wider  apart  for  thicker  timber        Parts  of  floor  system:  BEAMS:  horizontal  structural  element  Function:  carry  loads  along  the  length  of  beam  +  transfer  to  vertical  supports.    CANTILEVERS:  supported  at  only  one  end  Function:  transfer  load  to  main  support  system    INSITUE  CONCRETE:    Joints:  construction  –  used  in  small  and  manageable  places                          Control  –  absorb  expansions    PRE-­‐CAST  CONCRETE:    - Standardized  outcome    - Controlled  process  - Increased  quality  - Faster  construction  process  

Joints:  construction  and  structural                              

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     WEEK  4:    ‘SCALE,  ANNOTATED  AND  WORKING  DRAWINGS  CONVENTIONS’    Scale:    Why:  to  represent  the  building  in  a  smaller  view  that  is  an  exact  representation  of  the  building.  Allows  clients,  builders,  and  architects  to  work,  modify  and  present  the  design  in  a  clear  and  manageable  way.    How:  scale  is  reduced  used  a  ratio  that  equally  represents  life  size  to  smaller  size.  Drawing  to  life  size:  time  the  length  of  member  by  the  units  in  the  scale  bar.    How  does  the  information  in  the  drawing  set  compare  to  what  you  observed  in  last  weeks  site  visit?  The  information  gives  a  clear  structure  of  what  was  seen  in  the  site  visit.  Although  specific  element  within  the  drawings  are  not  recognizable  base  construction  isn’t  that  far  ahead.  Smaller  details  such  as  box  guttering  can  not  be  seen  because  fascia  is  covering  it.    How  does  the  scale  of  the  building  compare  to  scale  of  the  drawing?  The  scale  of  the  drawing  is  a  lot  smaller  compared  to  the  building.  Scale  1:1,  so  every  1cm  =  1m.    How  do  architectural  and  structural  drawings  differ?  Structural  drawings  are  primary  based  on  the  details  of  how  the  building  is  constructed,  such  as  joints  and  footings  as  well  as  loads.  Including  design,  location  and  dimensions.  Where  as  architectural  drawings  show  the  overall  picture  of  the  building,  including  landscaping  and  aesthetics.  Both  drawings  can  show  elevation,  sections.      

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 CONSTRUSCTION  DOCUMENTATION  TOUR:                                                                                                

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Week  5:  COLUNMS,  GRIDS,  WALL  SYSTEMS    Columns:    - Vertical  structural  members  designed  to  transfer  axial  compressive  loads.  - Considered  slender  members  - Short  or  long    

 Comparison  of  short  +  long  columns:  EL:  effective  length  CD:  smallest  y  set  dimension                                                                              

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   JOINING  OF  COLUMNS:  Fixed  joint  –  pin  joint:  contriflexture  1/3,  0.3  =  0.75  of  original  length  is  lost.  Fixed  –  fixed:  0.5  contriflexture  =  length  is  halved  Pin  –  pin  –  pin:  contriflexture  halved.  Middle  column  effectively  makes  1  into  2  =  reducing  likely  hood  of  buckling.    LOAD  BEARING  WALLS:  

1. Concrete:  insitu  or  precast    Panels:  provide  support  for  spandrel  panels  

 2. Reinforced  masonry:  either  core  filed  hollow  concrete  blocks  or  grout  filled  

cavity  masonry.      Bond  beams:  used  over  openings.  Special  concrete  blocks,  alternate  to  steel/concrete  lintels.  (Ching,  2008)  

 3. Solid  masonry:    single/multiple  skins,  concrete  or  clay  brick  

Joined:  brick/wall  ties                

   

4. Cavity  masonry:  2skin    Advantages:    

o Increased  thermal  performance  o Opportunity  for  insulation  o Better  waterproofing  o Run  services  

Recognizable:  damp  proof  course  +  weep  holes  (Ching,  2008)  eg)  Melbourne  university  swimming  complex                      

 

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STUD  FRAMING:  1. Metal  and  timber:  smaller  sections  of  framing  or  light  gauge  steel  

 Smaller  sections:  o Repeated  @  smaller  intervals  o Require  restraining  à  noggins:  prevents  long  thin  members  buckling    Consists  of:  

                   BRICK  VENEER  CONSTRUCTION:    1  skin  non-­‐structural  masonry  +  1  skin  structural  frame  wall.    Used  for  aesthetic  appeal.                            Walls  Uses:  structure  system  and  enclosure  systems    Systems:    

1. Structural  frames  o Concrete  frames  eg)  large  scale  city  building  o Steel  frames  eg)  industrial  building  o Post-­‐beam      eg)  sloping  site  

 2. Load  bearing  walls    

o Concrete  eg)  new  apartment  buildings  o Masonry  

     

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3. Stud  walls    o Light  gauge  steel  framing    o Timber  framings  eg)  Z  or  C  section  

 STURCTURAL  FRAMES    

1. Concrete  frames:  using  a  grid  of  columns  w  connecting  beams.    Square  column  +  Circle  column:  spiraling  reinforcements  

o Moment  joint:  beam  interconnected  into  column.  (Ching,  2008)                      

2. Steel  framing:  grid,  connected  to  girders  and  beams.                    

3. Post  and  beam:  grid,  connected  to  beams.  Bracing  between  bays  or  at  corners  and  junctions.    

   

   

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 ENGINEERED  TIMBER  PRODUCTS:    

1. I  beams:  timber  LVL/  plywood  OSB  Use:    floor  joists  and  rafters  

 2. Box  beams:  timber  LVL/  2  plywood  OSB  

Uses:  decorative,  joists,  rafters    

3. Timber  flanged  steel  web  joists:    light  tubes,  solid  rounds,  corrugated  sheets  Uses:  floor  joists,  rafters  

 FRAMING  +  EFFECTS  OF  LOADS    

1. Fixed  frame:  (rigid  frame)    o Resistant  to  deflection  o Sensitive  to  support  settlements  of  thermal  expansion  +  contraction  

 2. Hinged  frame  (rigid,  pin  joint  frame)  

o Able  to  rotate  as  a  unit  when  stressed    

3. Three  hinged  frame  o Sensitive  to  deflection              

         

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WEEK  5:  ACTIVITY    Aim:  to  re  building  in  a  scaled  model  a  certain  section  of  the  oval  pavilion  Assigned  section:  left  hand  half  of  the  oval  pavilion  canopy/cantilever.                              Elements  forming  part  of  structural  system  Structural  elements:  structural  steel,  reinforced  concrete  columns    What  the  materials  are  used  for:    Structural  steel-­‐  strong  in  compression.  Used  as  to  transfer  load  to  the  main  reinforced  concrete  columns.  Steel  used  to  create  angles  for  aesthetic  appeal  and  support  external  cladding.    Reinforced  concrete  columns-­‐  part  of  footings  to  transfer  the  loads  to  foundations  of  building  and  to  support  the  large  canopy  overhead.    Structural  joints:  between  structural  steel  there  is  fixed  joints.  You  want  the  canopy  to  be  rigid  and  avoid  any  movement  within  this  element.    Fixings:  bolted,  concrete  pad  footings.    Categories  Foundations  and  footings:  reinforced  concrete  columns  Vertical/horizontal  primary  structure:  horizontal  structural  beams.  Connecting  to  the  main  steel  column.  Vertical/horizontal  secondary  structure:  horizontal  beams,  smaller  in  size  connecting  from  the  primary  horizontal  beams  to  the  canopy’s  corners.  These  beams  are  load  bearing  but  do  not  take  the  same  magnitude  of  force  as  the  primary  ones.    Materials  used:    3x  60cm  balsa  wood  square  columns  Recycled  cardboard  2  x  60  x  10cm  balsa  wood  sheets  Pins,  sticky  tape    

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Problems:  the  limited  amount  of  materials  brought  to  class  limited  the  quality  of  our  design  and  its  stability.  This  caused  future  problems  when  analyzing  the  structure  because  the  fixings  and  structural  element  weren’t  correct  and  present.    Method:  Our  group  worked  on  our  structure  by  working  upside  down,  we  used  the  external  cladding  (which  is  not  part  of  the  structural  system),  however  provided  as  with  a  base  to  work  from.      Photographic  sequence:    

       

Joining  of  two  pieces  of  board  together  with  tape:  the  canopy  roof.    Problems:  not  enough  cardboard  to  create  the  structure  to  scale.  Solution:  scavenged  for  more  cardboard.  

Three  main  structural  columns  for  transferring  loads  to  foundations.      Noting:  the  columns  are  all  the  right  of  the  canopy.  Architectural  decision  for  aesthetics.    Joints:  fixed  

Developing  the  primary  and  secondary  horizontal  structure.    Each  beam  connecting  to  canopy  corners.  

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 Load  paths:                                                    Key  elements  identified  in  the  making:  Reinforced  steel  concrete  beams  continue  all  the  way  to  the  basement  footings.  Meaning  the  canopy  needs  most  structural  support.  Achieved  through  long  columns  reaching  to  foundations.                

Final  completion  of  case  study.  You  can  see  in  the  photo  that  the  structural  system  is  very  precise  design,  for  maximum  aesthetic  appeal  to  allow  for  a  concealed  structure.  

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Comparison  to  other  groups:    

   

This  groups  worked  is  evidently  of  higher  quality  and  provides  a  much  easier  model  to  determine  load  paths  and  structural  properties.  In  comparison  within  the  primary  structural  beams  there  is  secondary  vertical  framework.  This  framework  is  creating  a  rigid  structure,  to  minimize  the  movement  and  deflection  of  the  main  beams.      Conclusion:  from  this  activity  it  is  evident  that  the  canopy  has  needed  a  lot  of  reinforcement  and  structural  support  in  order  to  achieve  the  large  span  of  distance  that  the  outreach  part,  without  the  support  of  a  column.  This  has  been  achieved  through  the  three  main  columns  in  close  in  proximity,  which  are  connected  down  to  basement  footings  and  foundations.  This  spreads  the  load  over  a  wider  area  to  compensate  for  the  over  hang  canopy.  

       

   

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WEEK  6:    SPACING  AND  ENCLOSURE  SYSTEM    ROOFING:  Primary  sheltering  for  internal  space  Collect  rainwater  Influence  appearance    Define  plates:  rigid,  planar,  monolithic  structure  that  holds  diverse  loads  in  multidirectional  pattern.  Load  follows  shortest  routes.  (Ching,  2008)    Grids:  framework  of  spaced  bars  that  are  parallel  to  or  cross  each  other.    Systems:  

1. Flat  roof:  o Pitch  1-­‐3  degrees  o Ponding  occurs  if  flat  –  increase  load,  leakage    

                     

2. Pitched  and  slopping  roof:    >  3  degrees                      TYPES:  

1. Concrete  roofs:    o Flat  plates  of  reinforced  concrete  o Slopes  towards  drains  o Waterproofing  membranes  

Used:  car  parks,  fire-­‐rating  requirements,  rooftop  gardens    

     

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                   v Support  of  masonry  load  bearing  frames  à  columns  à  foundations  

   

2. Structural  steel  framed  roofs    

Flat  –  primary/secondary  support.  Includes:  beams,  meat  decking,  concrete,  roof  beams  and  purlins.  

 Sloping  –  light  sheet  metal  

Includes:  roof  beams  and  purlins    Portal  frames  –  braced  grid  frames  (2x  columns,  beams)  

Includes:  purlins,  grids  for  walls,  columns  and  beams  are  fixed  joints,  sheet  metal,  c,  z  sections.  Leaved  off  beams  below.  

 3. Truss  roofing  Define  truss:  fabricated  steel  bolted  or  welded  at  structural  angles  and  tees  to  form  a  triangulated  framework.  (Ching,  2008)  When:  shaped  roof  system,  curved  Why:  slenderness  provides  a  more  open  roof  cavity,  aesthetics,  bracing  and  structural  strength.  o Open  web  elements  o Steel  or  timber  =  spans  long  distances  o Efficient,  high  strength:  material  ratio  

                 

4. Space  framing  o 3D  plate  type-­‐  long  spanning  in  two  directions  o Linear  steel  section:  welded,  bolted,  and  threaded.  o Used:  where  glazing  is  required  

   

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Made  from:    - Circular  hollow  sections  - Pipes  - Rectangular  hollow  section  - Square  tubes  - T-­‐section  - I  beam  =  allow  for  large  spans  

   

5. Light  framed  roofs  Gable:  vertical,  triangular  section  Includes:  common  rafter,  ridge  beams,  ceiling  joists,  bird  mouthed  over  beams,  outriggers  used.  Materials:  timber,  cold-­‐formed  steel  sections                  

 Hip:  vertical,  triangular  section  Includes:  common  rafters,  hip  rafters,  Vally  rafters,  ridge  beams,  ceiling  joists.  Materials:  timber,  cold-­‐  formed  sections.  

 METALS  *refer  to  back  section  on  materials**    - Malleable,  ductile,  not  brittle  - Ferrous/non-­‐ferrous  (increased  quality)  - Alloys-­‐  2  or  more  metals.  

 Types:  Ferrous  magnetic,  chemically  reactive,  compressive  strength  Non-­‐ferrous:  greater  variety    Considerations:  - Water  damage:    

Oxidation/corrosion  =  rusting    - Reducing  corrosion:    

Avoid  prolonged  exposure  eg)  crevices  Seal  against  moisture  eg)  enamel,  paint  Chemical  treatment  eg)  galvanized  steel