LIPIDA

LIPIDA

LIPIDA

LIPIDS DEFINISILipids are insoluble in water, but soluble in fat or organic solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene, acetone).Lipid adalah senyawa organik yang terbentuk dari alkohol dan asam lemak yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan ester.

LIPIDS DEFINISILipids are widely distributed in nature both in plants and in animals.

PERAN PENTING LIPIDSdapat disimpan untuk jumlah yang tidak terbatas dibandingkan dengan karbohidrat .memiliki nilai energi tinggi (25% dari kebutuhan tubuh) dan mereka memberikan lebih banyak energi per gram dari karbohidrat dan protein, tetapi karbohidrat adalah sumber energi lebih disukai.asam lemak esensial (PUFA Omega-3 dan Omega-6) yang tidak dapat disintesis oleh tubuh.Supply the body with fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K).They are important constituents of the nervous system.Tissue fat is an essential constituent of cell membrane and nervous system. It is mainly phospholipids in nature.

PERAN PENTING LIPIDSLipid disimpan "depot lemak" disimpan dalam semua sel manusia bertindak sebagai:A store of energy.A pad for the internal organs to protect them from outside shocks.A subcutaneous thermal insulator against loss of body heat.Lipoproteins, which are complex of lipids and proteins, are important cellular constituents that present both in the cellular and subcellular membranes.Cholesterol enters in membrane structure and is used for synthesis of adrenal cortical hormones, vitamin D3 and bile acids.Lipids provide bases for dealing with diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, lipid-storage diseases, essential fatty acid deficiency, respiratory distress syndrome,

Classification of LipidsSimple lipids (Fats & Waxes) Compound or conjugated lipidsDerived LipidsLipid-associating substancesLipid adalah senyawa organik yang terbentuk dari alkohol dan asam lemak yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan ester.

Simple Lipids

: adalah ester asam lemak dengan berbagai jenis alkohol.

Simpel LipidFATS: ester asam lemak dan gliserol.WAX: ester dari alkohol rantai panjang (16-30 karbon) dan Asam Lemak rantai panjang (16-30 karbon)

1. FATSFats adalah ester asam lemak dan gliserol. Suatu asam lemak adalah asam organik dengan rantai hidrokarbon berakhir di karboksil (COOH) kelompok.Kebanyakan asam lemak memiliki bahkan jumlah atom karbon berkisar antara 14 sampai 22 (paling sering 16 atau 18). Ekor hidrokarbon panjang yang hidrofobik (tidak mengikat air).

CHOHCH2OHCH2OHHO C R O

HO C R O

HO C R O

CHCH2CH2 O C R O

O C R O

O C R O

+ 3H2Oglycerolfatty acidstriacyl glycerol Ester bond

R = long hydrocarbon chain

Fatty Acids

The Length of the Carbon Chain

Short-chain Fatty Acid (less than 6 carbons)

Medium-chain Fatty Acid(6-10 carbons)Long-chain Fatty Acid(12 or more carbons)

Fatty Acids classifySaturated Fatty Acidspossess only single bonds in their hydrocarbon chain.Unsaturated Fatty Acidshave one or more double bond in the hydrocarbon chain.

The Length of the Carbon Chainlong-chain, medium-chain, short-chainThe Degree of Unsaturationsaturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturatedThe Location of Double Bondsomega-3 fatty acid, omega-6 fatty acid

Saturated Fatty Acid All single bonds between carbons

Saturated Fatty Acid

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid(MUFA)

One carbon-carbon double bond

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid(PUFA)

More than one carbon-carbon double bond

Location of Double BondsPUFA are identified by position of the double bond nearest the methyl end (CH3) of the carbon chain; this is described as a omega number;If PUFA has first double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end=omega 3 FA6 carbons from methyl end=omega 6 FA

Degree of UnsaturationFirmnesssaturated vs. unsaturatedStabilityoxidation, antioxidantsHydrogenationadvantages, disadvantagesTrans-Fatty Acidsfrom hydrogenation

Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)Omega-3: Eicosopentaenoic acid (EPA)Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)flaxseed--most, canola (rapeseed), soybean, walnut, wheat germbody can make some EPA and DHA from ALAOmega-6corn, safflower, cottonseed, sesame, sunflowerLinoleic acid

FISH

Omega-3Omega-6

Omega-3 Fatty AcidsAssociated with:anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, hypolipidemic, vasodilatory propertiesInflammatory conditionsUlcerative colitis, CrohnsCardiovascular diseaseType 2 diabetes* Mental functionRenal disease* Growth and development

Essential Fatty Acid DeficiencyClassical symptoms include:growth retardation, reproductive failure, skin lesions, kidney and liver disorders, subtle neurological and visual problemsPeople with chronic intestinal diseasesDepression--omega-3?inadequate intake alters brain activity or depression alters fatty acid metabolism?Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorderlower levels of omega-3--more behavioral problems

Eicosanoids: made from EFA--derivatives of 20-carbon fatty acids;--affect cells where they are made;--have different effects in different cells--cause muscles to contract and muscles to relax;--help regulate blood pressure, blood clot formation, blood lipids, and immune response;--participate in immune response to injury and infection, producing fever, inflammation, and pain;--include:prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

TriglyceridesAnimal sourcesContain saturated fatty acidsSolid at room temperatureFatsPlant sourcesContain unsaturated fatty acidsLiquid at room temperatureOils

TriglyceridesAct as energy storeRelease twice as much energy per gram as proteins or carbohydratesInsoluble, stored as droplets in cytoplasmStored in adipose tissue of mammalsAlso protect and insulate and provide buoyancy

2. WaxESTERS dari alkohol rantai panjang (16-30 CARBONS) dan fatty acids rantai panjang (16-30 CARBONS) ACIDS (MIXTURES)EXAMPLES:BEESWAX, CERYL MYRISTATE (ANIMAL)CARNAUBA WAX, MYRICYL CEROTATE (PLANT)SPERMACETI WAX, CETYL PALMITATE (ANIMAL)

Compound LipidsTersusun lebih dari dua komponen (glicerol, fatty acids)

2-Compound LipidsDefinition:They are lipids that contain additional substances, e.g., sulfur, phosphorus, amino group, carbohydrate, or proteins beside fatty acid and alcohol.Compound or conjugated lipids are classified into the following types according to the nature of the additional group:PhospholipidsGlycolipids.sphingolipidLipoproteinsSulfolipids and amino lipids.

PhospholipidHydrophilic head - polar groupHydrophobic tail - 2 fatty acid chainsMolecule with hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions - AmphipathicSimplest has phosphate group onlyMost have alcohols esterified to phosphate group

Cell membranes are phospholipid bilayers

PhospholipidsStructureGlycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate groupFunctionsComponent of cell membranesLipid transport as part of lipoproteinsEmulsifiersPhosphatidylcholineFood sourcesEgg yolks, liver, soybeans, peanuts

Glycolypid

functionsMenyusun dinding sel Penyedia energiMarker celMemperpanjang dari lapisan ganda fosfolipid ke lingkungan berair di luar sel.Bertindak sebagai pengenalan bahan kimia tertentuMembantu menjaga stabilitas membran sel Penyusun jaringan

SphingolipidsHHHH3C (CH2)12 C = C C C CH2OH

H

OH

NH2

to 1 fatty acid

to phosphate Sphingolipids have sphingosine backbone instead of glycerolsphingosine

SphingomyelinFatty acid chain bonded to sphingosine molecule via an amide bond not ester bond

they regulate important processes, including the stress response, cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, genetic diseases, and resistance to chemotherapySenyawa ini memainkan peran penting dalam transmisi sinyal dan pengakuan sel. Sphingolipidoses, atau gangguan metabolisme sphingolipid, memiliki dampak tertentu pada jaringan saraf.

Derived Lipids

SteroidsFour rings of carbon atomsDesignated A, B, C, DSynthesised from cholesterolCholesterol precursor for steroid hormones

Top: Conversion of cholesterol (1) into pregnenolone (3) to progesterone (6).Bottom: Progesterone is important foraldosterone(mineralocorticoid) synthesis, as17-hydroxyprogesteroneis forcortisol(glucocorticoid), andandrostenedioneforsex steroids.

Cholesterol

ABCD

HO

O

O

OHOHO

OH

O

OHOHOCortisolCorticosterone

Progesterone

O

Progesterone is a C-21steroid hormoneinvolved in thefemalemenstrual cycle,pregnancy(supportsgestation) andembryogenesisof humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to a class of hormones calledprogestogens, and is the major naturally occurring human progestogen.Progesterone

Plasma MembraneMade up of lipid bilayer and proteinsLipid bilayer - double layer of lipidhydrophilic heads to outsidehydrophobic tails to insideProteinsintegral - within bilayerperipheral - on surface of bilayerFluid structure - Fluid Mosaic Model

CortisolKortisol adalah hormon steroid, lebih khusus glukokortikoid, diproduksi oleh zona fasciculata dari korteks adrenal. dirilis dalam respon terhadap stres dan tingkat rendah glukokortikoid darah.Fungsi utamanya adalah untuk meningkatkan gula darah melalui glukoneogenesis, menekan sistem kekebalan tubuh, dan membantu dalam lemak, protein dan metabolisme karbohidrat Mengurangi pembentukan tulang.Berbagai bentuk sintetik kortisol digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit

Polar head(hydrophilic)

Fatty acid tail(hydrophobic)

glycolipid

Integral proteins

Peripheral proteins

cholesterol

Lipid bilayer

Function of Plasma MembraneLipid BilayerBarrier to entry and exit of charged or polar substances (glucose)Freely permeable to water, O2 and CO2Glycolipids act as cell markersProteinAct as transporters and channels for polar moleculesReceptors for binding of moleculesCell Markers

CLASIFICATION