LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS CHILE PART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS A: The Largest Earthquake in the World Walter Hays, Global Alliance.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS

CHILEPART 3: EARTHQUAKES AND

TSUNAMISA: The Largest Earthquake in the World

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,

Virginia, USA 

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE

NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN CHILEDISASTERS IN CHILE

FLOODS

WINDSTORMS

EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS

VOLCANOES

WILDFIRES

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

HIGH BENEFIT/COST FROM BECOMING DISASTER NRESILIENT

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES

Natural Phenomena That Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s heat flow causes movement of lithospheric plates, which causes subduction, which causes EARTHQUAKES

Natural Phenomena that can Cause Disasters

Planet Earth’s Restlessness causes subduction of tectonic plates, which can cause

TSUNAMIS

TECTONIC PLATES

SOUTH AMERICA AND CHILE

CHILE: THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NAZCA PLATES

THE WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED

IN CHILEMAY 22, 1960

A SUBDUCTION ZONE EARTHQUAKE

M9.5

WORLD’S LARGEST EARTH-QUAKE: CHILE; MAY 22, 1960

CHILE’S CITIES (NOTE: VALDIVA)

LOCATION: NEAR VALDIVA

THE RUPTURE ZONE WAS 1,000 KM (600 MILES) LONG

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK AND TSUNAMI RISK

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI RISK AND TSUNAMI RISK

EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION

RISKRISKRISKRISK

EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI HAZARDS

ARE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

SURFACE FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, GROUND

FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

EARTHQUAKE

TSUNAMI

GROUND

SHAKING

FAULT RUPTURE

FOUNDATION FAILURE

SITE AMPLIFICATION

LIQUEFACTION

LANDSLIDES

AFTERSHOCKS

SEICHE

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS

DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS

UNREINFO

RCED MASO

NRY, BRIC

K OR S

TONE

REINFORCED C

ONCRETE WIT

H UNREIN

FORCED WALLS

INTENSITYINTENSITY

REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS

STEEL FRAME

ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME

VV VIVI VIIVII VIIIVIII IXIX

3535

3030

2525

2020

1515

1010

55

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MEA

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M

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O

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EPLA

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CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND

SHAKING

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

Severe damage from strong ground shaking occurred in

the Valdivia-Puerto Montt area of Peru

GROUND SHAKING MAP

IMPACTS OF WORLD’S LARGEST EARTHQUAKE

• 1,655 killed, 3,000 injured, 2,000,000 homeless, and $550 million damage in southern Chile;

TSUNAMI HAZARDS

TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP, WAVE REGRESSION, COASTAL EROSION

A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT

A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT

Tsunamis Are Associated with Subduction Zone Earthquakes

• M 7 or larger earthquakes that occur in oceanic subduction zones can cause:

Tsunamis

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

CAUSES OF DAMAGE

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

“DISASTER LABORATORIES”

Severe damage from tsunami wave runup occurred in low-lying coastal areas of Peru as

well as on the coasts of countries on the Pacific Rim

IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI

• Tsunami caused 61 deaths, $75 million damage in Hawaii;

• 138 deaths and $50 million damage in Japan;

• 32 dead and missing in the Philippines;

• $500,000 damage to the west coast of the United States.

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH

CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER

PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

A DISASTER CAN HAPPENWHEN THE

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE OR A TSUNAMI INTERACT WITH

CHILE’S COMMUNITIES OR WITH THE COMMUNITIES OF ANOTHER

PACIFIC RIM COUNTRY

A DISASTER is ---

--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help  when three continuums: 1)  people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis,…) intersect at a point in space and time.

Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause

extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,

joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure will be LOST because they are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen, not to mention the low-probability of occurrence—high-probability of adverse consequences event.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for early threat identification and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a timely and effective manner to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI

DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

DISASTER RESILIENCE

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE--TSUNAMI

DISASTER ISEARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI

DISASTER RESILIENCE

CHILE’S CHILE’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

CHILE’S CHILE’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES

DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

• WINDSTORM HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

EQ-TS RISK EQ-TS RISK

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

EQ-TS DISASTER EQ-TS DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES-TSUNAMIS

PREPAREDNESS FOR ALL THE LIKELY HAZARDS IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES-TSUNAMIS TECHNOLOGIES THAT FACILITATE THREAT IDENTI-FICATION AND/OR EARLY WARNING AND EVACUATION ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE

ALL EARTHQUAKES-TSUNAMIS

TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN CHILE ARE INEVITABLE

EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS IN CHILE ARE INEVITABLE

• ---SO, DON’T WAIT FOR ANOTHER REMINDER OF THE IMPORTANCE OF BECOMING EARTHQUAKE—TSUNAMI DIS-ASTER RESILIENT.

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMINMG EQ—TSUNAMI DISASTER

RESILIENT

STRATEGIC COLLABORATION (I.E., WORKING TOGETHER ON A

COMMON GOAL)

FOR BECOMINMG EQ—TSUNAMI DISASTER

RESILIENT

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIESEMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE

• MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN)

• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS)

• RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

• MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GROUND SHAKING; STRAIN)

• INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (E.G., GIS)

• RISK MODELING (E.G., HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

• DATABASES • DISASTER

SCENARIOS• ZONATION OF

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS

• DATABASES • DISASTER

SCENARIOS• ZONATION OF

POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS AS A TOOL FOR POLICY DECISIONS

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER REWILIENCE

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER REWILIENCE

• AUTOMATED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMEMT

• PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIZATION

• ADVANCED MATERIALS (E.G., COMPOSITES)

• COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

• PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS

• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION)

• REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS

• COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

• PERFORMANCE BASED CODES AND STANDARDS

• ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES (E.G., BASE ISOLATION)

• REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE

EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR EQ—TS DISASTER RESILIENCE

• PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS

• MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM)

• PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS

• MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., SEISMIC NETWORKS, TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM)

• DATABASES• SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND

SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP

• DISASTER SCENARIOS• WARNING SYSTEMS• RISK MODELING (E.G.,

HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

• DATABASES• SEISMIC ENGINEERING • MAPS: GROUND

SHAKING, GTOUND FAILURE, TSUNAMI WAVE RUNIP

• DISASTER SCENARIOS• WARNING SYSTEMS• RISK MODELING (E.G.,

HAZUS, INSURANCE UNDERWRITING)

TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

• FACILITATES GETTING PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY OF TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP THROUGH HORIZONAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION

• FACILITATES GETTING PEOPLE OUT OF HARM’S WAY OF TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP THROUGH HORIZONAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION