LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS ITALY PART 2: VOLCANOES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA
Jan 16, 2016
LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
ITALYPART 2: VOLCANOES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED NATURAL HAZARDS THAT HAVE CAUSED DISASTERS IN ITALY DISASTERS IN ITALY
FLOODS
WINDSTORMS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
HIGH BENEFIT/COST PROGRAMS FOR BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENT
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE GOAL: PROTECT PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIESAND COMMUNITIES
Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s heat flow and lithospheric-mantle collision-zone inter-actions cause VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF 1,500 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
ITALY AND THE REGIONAL TECTONIC PLATES
LITHOSPHERIC-MANTLE INTER-
ACTIONS: AFRICA---EURASIA PLATES
VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of
movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii
and Iceland).
VOLCANOES are awesome manifestations of heat flowing as a result of
movement along faults located in subduction zones or at hot spots (e.g., Hawaii
and Iceland).
Of the 14 volcanoes in Italy, the four best known are: Etna (the
largest active volcano in Europe), Vulcano, Stromboli, and Vesuvius (the only active volcano on the mainland of
Europe).
A DISASTER is ---
--- the set of failures that overwhelm the capability of a community to respond without external help when three continuums: 1) people, 2) community (i.e., a set of habitats, livelihoods, and social constructs), and 3) complex events (e.g., volcanic eruptions, ,..) intersect at a point in space and time.
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause
extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness,
joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is UN-PREPARED for what will likely happen
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• When it does happen, the functions of the community’s buildings and infrastructure that are UNPROTECTED with the appropriate codes and standards will be LOST.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or WARNING SYSTEM in place as a strategic framework for concerted local, national, regional, and international actions.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations.
THE REASONS ARE . . .
• The community is INEFFICIENT during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.
TOWARDS VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCETOWARDS VOLCANO
DISASTER RESILIENCE
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK
ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISKRISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
ITALY’S ITALY’S COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• VOLCANO HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
VOLCANO RISK VOLCANO RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
VOLCANO DISASTER VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/SCENARIOS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• VERTICAL PLUME
• ASH AND TEPHRA
• LATERAL BLAST
• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
VOLCANO HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS)
• LAVA FLOWS
• LAHARS
• EARTHQUAKES (related to movement of lava)
• “VOLCANIC WINTER”
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES PREPAREDNESS FOR THE LIKELY HAZARDS (PDA’s) IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR EVAC-UATION AND DISASTER RESILIENCE
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT DISASTER RESILIENCE
ALL VOLCANOES TIMELY EMERGENCY RESPONSE IS ESSENTIAL FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE
LOCATION: ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE VOLCANOES
LAST ERUPTIONS OF ITALY’S FOUR NOTABLE
VOLCANOES
VULCANO: 1890
VESUVIUS:1944
ETNA: 2012
STROMBOLI: 2013 CONTINUING
ITALY’S VULCANO: 1890 - - -
ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944
ITALY’S VESUVIUS: 1944
Naples is at risk
ITALY’S ETNA: 2012 - - -
ITALY’S STROMBOLI: 2013 - - -
THE MOST COMMON FLAWS EXPOSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
• UN—PREPARED FOR WHAT HAPPENED
• UN---WARNED; NO EVACUATION• UN---ABLE TO RESPOND
EFFECTIVELY; LIVES LOST
ITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLEITALY’S NEXT VOLCANIC ERUPTION IS INEVITABLE
• BUT, VOLCANO DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NOT AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM!