International Year of Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. December 2007

7/31/2019 International Year of Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. December 2007

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From Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main ReportNational Sanitation Conference 2007 3

Welcoming International Year of Sanitation 2008 7

International Year Sanitation 2008 Momentum for Sanitation

Development in Indonesia 10

Insight:Solid Waste and Flood: Correlation of Environmentally Supported

Urban Management Development 12

Sanitation, Health and Handling 15

Plan When Young, Harvest When Mature 17

WSES From Islamic Perspective 20

RegulationsMinisterial Decree of Public Works no. 18/PRT/M2007 on

The Implementation of Water Supply System Development 24

Interview

Nugie: Speaking about Sanitation 26

Our Guest

Creating Clean and Green Surabaya 28

Reportage

Blitar City Zero Waste Management 30

InspirationCreating a Comfortable Public Toilets 32

Reflection

Nursalam's Recycle Workshop: Keep on Going in the Middle of Jakarta 33

Around PLAN 34

Around ISSDP 36

Around WASPOLA 39

Around WSES 42

Programs

Metropolitan Sanitation Management and Health Project (MSMHP) 46

Abstract

Solid waste Process in Piyungan Final Disposal Site (FDS) Through

Recycling and Composting 47

IATPI Clinic 48CD Info 49

Book Info 50

Website Info 51

WSES Library 52

Information Media for Water Supply and

Environmental Sanitation

Published by:Water Supply and Sanitation

Working Group

Advisor:

Director General for Human Settlement,

Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:

Director of Settlement and Housing, National

Development Planning Agency

Director of Water and Sanitation,

Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,

Department of Public Works

rector of Natural Resources and Appropriate

Technology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,

Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special Planning

Environment Management,

Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:

Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:

Zaenal Nampira,

Indar Parawansa,

Bambang Purwanto

Editor:

Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,

Raymond Marpaung, Fanny Wedahuditama

Design/Illustrator:

Rudi Kosasih

Production:

Machrudin

Distribution:

Agus Syuhada

Address:

Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113

http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion items

are welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and

accompanied by identity.Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id


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1Percik

December 2007

In this December edition, Percik

brings to you a number of topics

centred around sanitation issues

due to the International Year of

Sanitation 2008, which is aiming at accel-

erating sanitation development by givingit high priority. Sanitation is an unpopu-

lar topic to be discussed since it is related

to faeces and waste water, which, general-

ly in Indonesia, continuously makes sani-

tation an important issue as human basic

needs.

As mentioned before by state minister

of PPN/Head of Bappenas, Paskah

Suzetta, on the opening of National

Sanitation Conference 2007 in Jakarta,

last November 19-21 November 2007, alarge number of families do not have

access to sanitation facilities due to inter-

nal constraints such as knowledge,

behaviour, and economy, and external

constraints, such as policy framework,

perceptions, gender, and technology.

All these constraints need to be given

high priority and follow-up actions not

only by the community, but also from the

policy makers both from the central and

regional level. This is also to mention the

need of private sector, Non-governmental

organizations, state institutions and

donors.

According to Paskah Suzetta, National

Sanitation Conference 2007 was not

merely held to welcome the international

year of sanitation, which had been decid-

ed by the general assembly of United

Nations Organization on the 4th of

December 2006. Rather, it was because

sanitation has become mutual need of all

stakeholders in improving the quantity

and quality of sanitations services for the

community. Nonetheless, National

Sanitation Conference 2007 can be the

initial momentum for the implementa-

tion of International Year of Sanitation

(IYS) action plan.

This action plan is aimed to initiate

dialogue at all levels in order to obtain

bigger resources allocation commitment

from the government and political lead-

ers regarding sanitation for the poor.

This edition also discusses the role of

the government in sanitation develop-

ment in Indonesia, particularly sanitation

in the big cities. In turn, the successes in

these cities will act as pilot project, which

will be replicated in other regions.

The discussion on sanitation develop-

ment can be read in the Program column

in project investment in environmental

sanitation sector article (Metropolitan

Sanitation Management and Health

Project - MSMHP) funded by ADB and

other resources.

The Interview column presents envi-

ronment ambassador of the Indonesian

state ministry of environment, Nugie,

who is also known as a consistent singer

with environmental themes. However, in

this interview, Nugie, whose full name is

Agustinus Gusti Nugroho, will not speak

about environment in the broader sense.

Rather, he will speak about sanitation.

This younger brother of Katon Bagaskara,

also a singer, will speak about sanitation

condition in Indonesia and his experi-

ences so far, being a singer, in perceiving

sanitation among the community.

As always, for Our Guest column, we

introduce the readers to our profile, the

head of DKP of Surabaya, Ms. Tri

Rismaharini, who succeed in making the

capital of East Java not only clean but

also greener. The leadership and strategy

of Ms. Risma has set an example for many

regional leaders in Indonesia.

Issues around sanitation, whether

nationally and internationally, have

become important for Percik to put as its

main feature in this edition. It is impor-

tant because many stakeholders consider

sanitation development is not strategic,

nor popular, that more strategic plans

needed in order to have concrete follow-

up actions in the future.

On this occasion, all Percik's editorial

staff would like to wish the readers

"Happy New Year 2008". May this year

becomes the year of awareness, and of

healthier and better living. Let us to-

gether develop sanitation with full con-

sciousness and improved behaviour start-

ing with ourselves.

FROM THE EDITOR

Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National Development Planning Agency, Paskah

Suzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for

Human Settlement Agus Widjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development Planning

Agency Dedy Supriadi Priatna observing the 2007 National Sanitation Expo. Source: Bowo Leksono


4/56

How to subscribe

Greetings,

I am a student at FKM UNEJ, I am

interested with the content of WSES ma-

gazine which I found at the FKM's read-ing room. I want to know further how to

subscribe, and whether it is possible for a

student like me to subscribe?

Dhany Brian

Dhany,

Greetings from Percik. It is possible

for you to obtainPercikMagazine, even

other information media which might be

needed regarding your study. Just send

your full address. Thank you.

Customer's note

Dear editor,

I would like to subscribePercik ma-

gazine by this address: B. Widyarti,

Rumah Organik, Pesona Kayangan blok

DL No. 5 Jl. Margonda Raya Depok, West

Java. Thank you for your attention.Regards,

Rumah Organik

How to obtain books

reviewed in

Book Info Column

Thank you for sending Percik maga-

zine to Environmental Study Centre of

Surabaya University. I am interested with

the books reviewed in the Book Info col-

umn in Percik August 2007 (Go Green

School and Green's Journey). Where can

I get them? Thank you.

Tuani Lidiawati

You are welcome Ms. Tuani.

Unfortunately, not all books informed

through Book Info in the Percik maga-

zine are available at our library.

However, we can help you to copy the if

you are willing.

Request for books

and magazines

Dear Pokja AMPL &Percik magazine

editor,

Regarding the letter from Bappenas

ref. no. 6855/Dt. 6. 3/11/2007 and

5770/Dt. 6. 3/10/2007 with subject on

WSES related books and information

media for water supply and environmen-

tal sanitation (Percik magazine), here-

with, we would like to thank you for the

books and magazines.

However, since these books are seen

important, which then made us distribute

them to ESP's branches in other regions,

as well as the related ESP's divisions

(such as communication division), we

would like to request five copies of the fol-

lowing books:

1. Turn it into friend when difficult to

handle

2. Compilation of WSES related regu-

lations

3. WSES regulation pocket book

As for the Percik's editor, doesn't

Percik publish the English version dan

Percik Junior? It was unfortunate that we

did not receive those two editions. If there

are still some left, is it possible for us to

have them?

Please kindly consider our request

and we thank you for your kind attention.

Sincerely,

Siti Wahyuni

Administratif Associate - Service

Delivery Team

USAID-ESP, Jakarta Indonesia

62 21 7209594 ext 706

Ms. Siti Wahyuni,

We will try our best to meet all of

your queries, and you are very much

welcome.

Request for Magazine

Dear Percik,

I am an international NGO staff, and I

am interested to subscribe Percik maga-

zine after reading one of your customer's

letter on how to subscribe in October edi-

tion. Supposedly my request is granted;

please send it to the following address:

DEDY M. HURUDJI

d/a Jl. Palma No. 07, Wumialo,

Kota Tengah Sub-district,

Gorontalo City 96128

I am looking forward to hear from

you. Thank you

Warm regards,

Dedy M. Hurudji

We will try to fulfil your request.

Thank you.

YOUR VOICE

Created by RudiKosasih

2PercikDecember 2007


5/56

The bell of new round in developing better sanitation

condition has just been rung. It marked the official

opening of National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007

by state minister of National Development Planning/Head of

National Development Planning Agency, H. Paskah Suzetta, at

Balai Kartini Jakarta, Monday, 19th of November 2007.

NSC was held for three days with "Resources Mobilization to

Accelerate the Sanitation Development" as the theme. The con-

ference involved ministerial level officers, policy makers, donors

and universities.

Other than the head of Bappenas, the opening was attended

by Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto, Minister of

Industry, Fahmi Idris, Director General of infrastructure,

Bappenas, Dedy Supriadi Priatna.

In his opening remarks, Paskah Suzetta explained that NSC

2007 was not held merely to welcome year 2008 which had been

decided as International Year of Sanitation by the general

assembly of United Nations Organization (UNO), on the 4th ofDecember 2006. Rather, as the mutual need to improve the

quality and quantity of safe access to sanitation for all level of

community.

According to Paskah, on one hand, internal constraint, such

as knowledge, behaviour, and economic have become the reason

of large number of households who do not have safe access to

sanitation facilities. "Meanwhile, external constraints consist of

policy framework, perceptions, gender and technology" said he.

Paskah emphasized that we have to be able to overcome the

issue of inappropriate sanitation. "Reviews need to be conduct-

ed against the sanitation policy and strategy, which has been

implemented so far, and action plan and improvement efforts of

sanitation services for the community need to be formulated"

said he.

Meanwhile, minister of public works, Djoko Kirmanto, in his

keynote speech, explained that the implementation of sanitation

infrastructure in Indonesia is closely related to the concern, re-

gulation, institution, budgeting priority and community aware-

ness.

"Government institutions at district level who are responsi-

ble for sanitation are still overlapping with each other. Even

worse, sometimes there is no institution responsible for sanita-tion sector" said he.

Budget limitation, add Djoko Kirmanto, whether it comes

from APBN or APBD will result in limited budget allocation for

the development of sanitation infrastructure at almost every dis-

trict/city since sanitation has a very low priority.

Djoko continues, the existing regulations and laws in sanita-

tion sector are very often not properly explained or manifested

intoPerda and not publicly socialized to all community. "On the

other hand, regulations and laws still need to be developed in

order to catch up with other sectors, such as water supply, trans-

portation and others" said he.

The NSC 2007 acted as a forum to develop commitment

among stakeholders in order to jointly agree on an integrated

policy, strategy and efforts in sanitation development program.

On the occasion, a sanitation decree was signed by the mi-

nisters, governors, bupati and mayors. The opening of NSC was

then followed by visit a to the sanitation exhibition which was

held at Balai Kartini's lobby. Bowo Leksono

MAIN F EATURE

National Sanitation Conference 2007

Brings Forth National Policyand Strategy

3Percik

December 2007

Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of National Development

Planning Agency, Paskah Suzetta, Minister of Public Works, Djoko Kirmanto,

Minister of Trade Fahmi Idris, Director General for Human Settlement Agus

Widjanarko and Deputy for Infrastructure National Development Planning

Agency Dedy Supriadi Priatna during the opening of the 2007 National

Sanitation Conference. ource: Bowo Leksono


6/56

We acknowledge sanitation as human basic need,

which has important value for dignity and quality

of life. Failure to fulfil it, will results in the increas-

ing of child mortality rate, decreasing welfare, particularly for

women and children, additional financial burden for medical

services, decreasing productivity and increasing poverty, which

ultimately will lead to national economic loss, and last but not

least, degrading the quality of environment as well as polluting

intake resources. Nevertheless, the rate of basic sanitation ser-

vices for more than ten years, 1990-2004, has not been increas-

ing significantly, 45% in 1990 to 67,1% in 2004.

Various efforts have been conducted to fulfil the need of sa-

nitation services according to these principals:

1. Comprehensive and inclusive approach, which consider the

community's practical needs through the formulation of

Mid term investment plan and program sanitation facilities

with proportional joint funding, and to involve the role of

community and private sector effectively.

2. Step-by-step development approach with initial priority on

the intervention of regions with high risk on community's

health.

3. Optimalization of resources allocation, which is sufficient

in supporting healthy and hygienic behaviour at all level of

society.

4. Increase the provision of integrated sanitation facilities forthe city and environmental scale community-based cen-

tralized services (communal and individual).

5. Sustainable financial and institutional arrangement for the

operational and maintenance of sanitation facilities accor-

ding to cost recovery principles.

By using these principles, many programs have been imple-

mented to increase the basic sanitation services to 69,34% in

2006. However, the challenges to achieve MDGs are still enor-

mous and in needs of support and cooperation, and lastly, com-

mintment from all stakeholders.

Herewith, we who signed jointly agree to:

1. Effectively improve the sustainability of sanitation services

and facilities such as domestic waste management, solid

waste and drainage and to develop clean and healthy

behaviour, particularly hygienic behaviour.

2. Together with all stakeholders through partnership, which

involve central and district level institutions, community,

private sector, NGOs, media, universities, financial institu-

tions, and donors, implement the following actions:

a. Determine sanitation as priority sector within the

national and regional development;

b. Develop and support clean and healty behaviour, par-

ticularly hygienic behaviour;

c. Develop sanitation service provision by private sector

and NGOs;

d. Increase regional government capacity in imple-

menting minimum service standard;

e. Support and strengthen existing partnership network

to improve coordination and synergy among stake-

holders.

We encourage governmental institutions at all levels, com-

munity, private sector, NGOs, media, universities, and donors to

work together in increasing the performance of sanitation sec-tor development for the sake of Indonesian society.

Those who signed were:

State Minister of National Development Planning/ Head of

National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Minister of

Internal Affair, Minister of Public Works, Minister of Health, Minister

of Industry, State Minister of Environment.

MAIN FE ATURE

NATIONAL SANITATION

CONFERENCE JOINT AGREEMENT

Jakarta, November, 19th, 2008



7/56

Since launched in 2006, the government has been inten-

sively and continuously campaigning on the national

movement of hand washing with soap (HWS). The cam-

paign is aimed to have more effective implementation with

broader coverage by obtaining support from all stakeholders

including the private sector.

The campaign is conducted in improving societal health de-

gree through clean and he-

althy living behaviour to-

wards Healthy Indonesia

2010, as one of the Indonesi-

an Human Development

program.

The World Health Orga-

nization (WHO) notes that

diarrhoea and upper respi-

ratory infection are the cau-

ses of most infant and un-

der-five mortality in the

world. Meanwhile, hand

washing with soap is impor-

tant to prevent the spread-

ing of epidemic, such as di-

arrhoea, avian flu, and

typhus.

Furthermore, hand wa-

shing with soap can also help to wash off bacteria, which cause

infection, cheaply and easily, that makes it considered to be the

most effective way to prevent different kind of diseases. In

Indonesia, hand washing with soap helps to reduce infant and

under-five mortality rate, which is currently registered at35/1000 successful birth of 0-12 months and 46/1000 success-

ful birth of under-fives.

On the occasion of National Sanitation Conference 2007, the

government, via Health Department, once again appealed and

encouraged the campaigning on national movement of hand

washing with soap. The encouragement was brought forth in the

form of the improvement of societal healthy behaviour through

public-private partnership for hand washing with soap.

The chief spokesman of KPS-CTPS who is also the director

general of PP & PL, Health Department, dr. I Nyoman Kandun,

MPH described that the improvement societal healthy beha-

viour such as hand washing with soap needs continuous assis-

tance particularly on the community empowerment strategy

towards healthy living. "National movement of hand washing

with soap is the responsibility of all stakeholders particularly

among the component of community" said he.

Health department considers the need to initiate KPS-CTPS

as an effective model of inte-

grated efforts in encouraging

and widen the capability of

the program. Moreover, this

initiative also helps to main-

tain sustainable concerns

towards health issue at the

community and national

level, and to activate private

sector participation, as well as

to combine expertise and

resources from different

stakeholders.

Based on Curtis and

Cairneross's findings in 2003,

hand washing with soap

behaviour may prevent dia-

rrhoea up to 42-47%. The

research concludes that hand

washing with soap is more effective in preventing diarrhoea

compared to only providing infrastructure, such as toilet.

I Nyoman Kandun further explained, in order to improve

hand washing with soap behaviour as an effective way to

decrease the diarrhoea occurrence among children under-fiveyear in Indonesia, a well coordinated communication within the

public-private partnership needs to be done. "It is one thing that

we want to achieve" he confirmed.

Kandun also explained on the ongoing gap and weaknesses

within the implementation, such as the adoption of project

approach instead of sustainable program, the focus of infra-

structure investment over changing behaviour, and insufficiency

of resources allocation of the program. "In addition, the partici-

pation of private sector has not meet both sides expectation"

said he. BW

MAIN FE ATURE


HAND WASHING WITHSOAP

HAND WASHING BEHAVIOUR IN INDONESIA 2006

Afterdefecation

After helpinga child todefecate

Beforemeal

Beforefeedinga child

Beforepreparing

a meal

5Percik

December 2007


8/56

On the second and third day, National Sanitation

Conference (NSC) 2007 held various discussion.

Three themes were brought forth simultaneously in

celebrating the first sanitation feast in Indonesia. The audiences

were free to participate in one of those discussions.

The audiences were expected to have the opportunity to dis-

cuss openly, so that the conference will not stop only at the dis-

cussion of issues but to be interpreted into regional strategic

plans in order to have concrete actions.

One of the themes was "Social Campaign for Sanitation

Development", which presented four key persons whom one of

them was Mayor of Blitar city, Djarot Syaiful Hidayat.

According to Djarot, the development of sanitation in

Indonesia is only perceived as the backyard of our national

development policy. Sanitation is considered to be less impor-

tant because it has no value-added for the local government he

said.

Djarot continues that many stakeholders consider sanitation

development is not strategic and popular. It is different com-

pare to establishing soccer clubs and building skyscrapers and

smooth roads he said.

The event, then, continued with visit to two locations. Firstly,

a visit to Kelurahan Petojo, Central Jakarta, for the communitys

success efforts in building MCK ++, managing solid waste, and

hand washing with soap. Secondly, visit to Lippo Karawaci real

estate for wastewater and drainage system management.

The discussion on Financing Strategy in Sanitation

Development brought vice major of Banjarmasin city, Alwi

Sahlan, as the speaker. According to him, the strategy to achieve

political commitment on sanitation development is by increas-ing the political lobbies towards the legislative and encouraging

public campaign on clean and healthy living behaviour, as well

as community participation in sanitation development.

The political commitment of Banjarmasin city in sanitation

development is shown through the local regulation on solid

waste, rivers and disturbance. In 2007, our city has allocated

Rp. 52 billion for sanitation sector, while in 2008 up to Rp. 60

billion Alwi said.

Meanwhile, other speaker from faculty of economic,

Indonesia University, Bambang S. Brodjonegoro, explained the

importance of sanitation. According to him, sanitation in devel-

oped countries have become public service standard.Local go-

vernment is responsible to provide sanitation services to its po-

pulation by allocating significant sanitation budget said he.

NSC 2007 Excpetations

After a serial of activities for three days, NSC 2007 had come

to an end. Various possibilities regarding sanitation develop-

ment could be done by the participants in their own place.

We Hope that after the NSC 2007, mobilization of resources

towards sanitation development can really take place saidDeputy of Infrastructure, Bappenas, Dedi Supriadi Priatna, dur-

ing the official closing of NSC 2007 in Mawar Ballroom, Balai

Kartini, Jakarta.

Actually, in the end of the event, a panel discussion with

Prof. Emil Salim and Erna Witoelar as the speakers was meant

to be held. However, both speakers were not available due to

their tight schedule. Seemingly, the success of sanitation deve-

lopment is not only the hope of society, but also the decision

makers. May all these become a realization that the development

target, in general, can be achieved. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FE ATURE


SANITATION DEVELOPMENTIS YET TO BE POPULAR

Minister of national Development Planning/Head of Development Planning

Agency, Paskah Suzetta hit the gong as a sign of the opening of 2007

National Sanitation Conference. Source: Bowo Leksono



9/56

Global condition of sanitation

More than 1.2 billion people in the world have enjoyed safe

access to sanitation in the last 14 years,which means that the

global sanitation service coverage had increased from 49% to

59% during 1990-2004. However, the world is still far from

MDGs sanitation target, to reduce by halve the population with-

out safe access to basic sanitation by 2015. If the trend is not

changing, by 2015 the population without access to basic sanita-

tion will reach 2.6 billion peo-

ple, or equals to 10 times of

current Indonesian populati-

on, where 980 of them are

under-five.

According to World Health

Organization (WHO), around

1,8 million people die each

year, or around 42.000 people

die of diarrhoea, which caused

mainly by poor sanitation and

low quality of health. From

that numbers, the majority of

mortality occurs in Asia, and

90% of the victim are children

under-five, or around 1.5 mil-

lion of under-five. In average,

an under-five dies every 20 seconds.

Meanwhile, the number of school absent also rises. It is esti-

mated that proper sanitation facilities will reduce the mortalityrate of under-five more than one-third. If hygiene promotion is

conducted, such as hand washing with soap, the mortality rate

could be reduced further up to two-third. Proper sanitation also

can accelerate the economic growth and the social development

of the country with high rate of absent working days and school

days caused by diarrhoea. Many schoolgirls prefer to stay home

when having their periods because of the unavailability of clean

and comfortable toilets.

Motivated by this poor sanitation condition, all stakeholders

felt the need to put together efforts to address the problems.

More commitments are needed from all stakeholders, namely

the donors, governments, and NGOs. The United Nations

Organization (UNO) then took the initiative to facilitate the

commitment and to increase large scale awareness.

The History of International Year of Sanitation

The General Assembly of UNO launched the International

Year of Sanitation (IYS) on the 20th of December 2006 based on

the recommendation of UN

Secretary General Advisory

Board of Water and Sa-

nitation (UNSGAB) to

accelerate the improve-

ment of sanitation by gi-

ving special attention.

Sanitation has become a

less interesting subject to

be discussed because it

relates to faeces and waste

water. UNSGAB recom-

mendation was based on

the Hashimoto Action Plan

(HAP), which launched by

UNSGAB in the World

Water Forum IV in March

2006. UNSGAB it self is an independent body, which provide

advices to the Secretary General of UNO on policy, program and

global management action related to water and sanitation. Theaction plan was meant to motivate dialogues at all levels, so that

it could produce commitment towards more resources allocation

for sanitation for the poor from the government and political

leaders.

As the follow up of the recommendation of HAP, IYS plan-

ning meeting was held for the first time on the 7th of May 2007

at the UNICEF office, New York. NGOs, donors & academicians,

development banks & 29 government representatives attended

the meeting to discuss the agenda. One of the output of the

meeting was the targets of IYS.

MAIN FE ATURE

WELCOMING INTERNATIONAL

YEAR OF SANITATION 2008T he first time hearing about international year of sanitation 2008,

many of the reaction is what about sanitation? Is it that important that 2008 need

to be labelled as international year of sanitation? The story behind it will be

explained in this article.

7Percik

December 2007


10/56

IYS Targets

The central objective of the Inter-

national Year of Sanitation is to put the

global community on track to achieve the

sanitation MDG. Sanitation is the foun-

dation of health, dignity, and develop-ment. Increased sanitation access espe-

cially for poor people, is fundamental for

reaching all the Millennium Development

Goals. The International Year of Sanitati-

on aims to:

1. Increase awareness and com-

mitment from actors at all levels,

both inside and outside the sector,

on the importance of reaching the

sanitation MDG, including health,

gender equity, education, sustain-

able development, economic and

environmental issues, via compel-

ling and frank communication, ro-

bust monitoring data, and sound

evidence.

2. Mobilize Governments (from na-

tional to local) existing alliances, fi-

nancial institutions, sanitation and

service providers, major groups, the

private sector and UN Agencies via

rapid collaborative agreements on

how and who will undertake needed

steps now.

3. Secure real commitments to

review, develop and implement

effective action to scale up sanitation

programmes and strengthen sanita-

tion policies via the assignment of

clear responsibilities for getting this

done at the national and internatio-

nal levels.

4. Encourage demand driven,

sustainable & traditional solu-

tions, and informed choices by

recognizing the importance of work-

ing from the bottom up with practi-tioners and communities.

5. Secure increased financing to

jump start and sustain progress via

commitments from national budgets

and development partner alloca-

tions.

6. Develop and strengthen insti-

tutional and human capacityvia

recognition at all levels that progress

in sanitation toward the MDGs

MAIN FE ATURE

HAP, which launched by UNSGAB, originally named Compendium of

Actions, but then replaced after the UNSGAB chairman Hashimoto passed

away in 2006. His name is used instead for a tribute to his commitment.

HAP becomes an important result World Water Forum IV and mentioned in

Ministry Decree and Reports.

HAP mentions "your action, your plan" to quickens water and sanitation

means. "Your action" is done by the main actors, while "our action" shows

UNSGAB's commitment to help main actors to overcome challenges and

obstacles in achieving agreed results. UNSGAB has chosen six main themeswhich is funding, water operator partnership, sanitation, monitoring, har-

monized water source management, and water and disaster

Sanitation

In HAP, as a part of the six main themes, sanitation is given special

explanation. Without radical changes, we will not achieve MDG target in

sanitation. Bigger attention and political will is needed. In global level,

the key is advocacy. Regional and sub regional level organizations must

handle fund raising support campaign, marketing, and technology. Water

for Life Decade (2005-2015) is better used to build political commitment

in achieving sanitation targets. To achieve these targets, the following actsneeded to be done:

a. Determining 2008 as the International Year of Sanitation

b. The UN should give yearly sanitations rewards for they who are

involved and significantly contributes in local sanitation services.

c. UN Global Sanitation Conference should be held in the end of Water

for Life Decade to know global achievements.

UNSGAB will encourage donors, related institutions, and governments

to make sanitation a main priority.

HASHIMOTO ACTION PLAN (HAP)



11/56

involves interlinked programs in hygiene, household and

school facilities (such as toilets and washing facilities), and

the collection, treatment and safe reuse or disposal of

wastewater and human excreta. Community mobilization,

the recognition of women's key role and stake, along with

an appropriate mix of "software" and "hardware" interven-tions are essential.

7. Enhance the sustainabilityand therefore the effective-

ness of available sanitation solutions, to enhance health

impacts, social and cultural acceptance, technological and

institutional appropriateness, and the protection of the

environment and natural resources.

8. Promote and capture learning to enhance the evidence

base and knowledge on sanitation which will greatly con-

tribute to the advocacy and increase investments in the sec-

tor.

Focal Point of IYS Implementation

UNO declaration on IYS clearly states that the focal point of

IYS implementation is the Department of Economic and Social

Affairs of UNO secretariat General office (UNDESA). Its task,

beside acting as focal point, also covers proposal development at

all levels, including possible financial resources. In delivering its

tasks, UNDESA works closely with other stakeholders including

UNICEF, WHO, UN-Habitat, The Water Supply & Sanitation

Collaborative Council (WSSCC), the UN Development Program,

UNSGAB, NGOs, private sector, and universities.

IYS launching was held by UNDESA in collaboration with

UN Water Task Force on Sanitation. Complete information re-

garding IYS can be obtained from www.sanitationyear2008.org

or http: //esa.un.org/iys.

The Need of Sanitation Investment

Globally, around 10 billion USD or around 9.5 trillion

Rupiah per year is needed to achieve MDGs sanitation target by

2015. The same amount of investment is needed to provide sa-nitation for all of the world population in 1 or 2 decades after

2105.

The need of sanitation investment is equal to only 1% of glo-

bal military expenses in 2005, or equal to one-third of the total

expenses for bottled water of the world population, or equal to

the total expense of European population for ice cream each

year. Actually, the amount of investment needed for sanitation is

not a big number, but it has big impact for the welfare of the

world population. OM

MAIN FE ATURE

Source: Bowo Leksono

1. Increase awareness and commitment2. Mobilization of local government

3. Ensure Commitment

4. Encourage demand driven, sustainability,

and traditional solutions

5. Ensure increased budget allocation

6. Develop and strengthen the institution and

human capacity

7. Strengthen sustainability

8. Promote and document lesson learned

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF

SANITATIONS 2008 TARGETS:

9Percik

December 2007


12/56

Challenges for Sanitation Develop-

ment

In Indonesia, as well as other coun-

tries, sanitation is included within

the infrastructure domain. Unfortu-

nately, it makes sanitation the step son.

As the step son, sanitation suffers from

insufficient attention. Meanwhile, poor

sanitation management could cause eco-

nomic loss up to 40% and financial loss

up to 2% from the Gross Domestic Pro-

duct (Head of Bappenas, National Sanita-

tion Conference speech), where the total

amount could reach 45 trillion per year.

Ironically, the pendulum of of develop-

ment has not shifted to sanitation.

Looking at the last 30 years, govern-

ments investment for sanitation per year

only reaches up to Rp. 200,- per person

per year. Its just not working. Meanwhile

around 30% of Indonesian population

still do not have access to basic sanitati-

on, which means worse condition com-

pare to other neighbouring countries.

Sanitation Development Impact

As has been noted by WHO, 1 dollar

investment for the improvement of sani-

tation will create economic profit up to 7

dollar (Guy Hutton, WSP-EAP 2007).

Other WSP study noted that investment

as musch as Rp. 47.000,- per person per

year could increase productivity up to

79% and saving on sanitation cost up to19% (Statictic of Sanitation in Indonesia,

WSP 2006).

So, if the awareness of sanitation is

build up, it is possible to have the Indone-

sia Human Development Index (HDI)

improved. No longer in the 41st of 102 de-

veloping countries in 2004, or the 110th

of 117 developing countries (2005), or

108th (2006 & 2007).

IYS Momentum for Indonesia

As the most important initial step in

welcoming United Nations Organizati-

ons (UNO) program, on 19-21 November

2007, a National Sanitation Conference

was held by Bappenas in collaboration

with other stakeholders (government,

NGOs, universities, donors, and pro-

jects). On the occasion, a joint agreementregarding commintment to cooperate to

improve the quality of sanitation was

signed by Head of Bappenas, Minister of

Public Works, Minister of Health, Minis-

ter of Industry, State Minister of Popula-

tion and Environment, and Minister of

Home Affairs.

The main focus of the joint agreement

is to manage waste water, water supply

and to encourage hygiene & health beha-

MAIN FE ATURE


INTERNATIONAL YEAR SANITATION

2008 MOMENTUM FOR SANITATION

DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA

Source: Bowo Leksono

As has been noted by

WHO, 1 dollar investment

for the improvement of

sanitation will createeconomic profit up

to 7 dollar

(Guy Hutton,

WSP-EAP 2007).


13/56

viour to all the society. Furthermore, asi-

de from the 6 ministers, 9 governors, 11

mayors, and 5 bupati also signed the joint

agreement. The next step is how to imple-

ment the joint agreement in a clear meas-

ured action plan.The IYS momentum needs to be opti-

mized. Water supply and Environmental

Sanitation (WSES) stakeholders have to

take roles to influence as well as incre-

asing the support for the decision makers

at all levels for sanitation development.

The role of private sector also needs to be

considered. Through Corporate Social

Responsibility (CSR), private sector has

become one of the key players.

Equally important is the budget opti-

mization. The increase of grants to sup-

port the sanitation development shouldbe utilized towards the improvement of

community-based services, particularly

for the poor, not the other way around, to

seek profit.

The sound of global partnership must

be heard until the sub district, where the

sanitation services improvement of

MDGs target could be achieved. Now it all

depends on how all stakeholders joint

hands to make it happen, so that maxi-

mum benefit from the sanitation

improvement can be obtained and the

loss caused by poor sanitation can bereduced. If needed, the celebration of

World Water Day (WWD) in this coming

March 2008 could be enriched with sani-

tation themes and even to be the launch-

ing momentum of sanitation day by the

President of Republic Indonesia.

Hopefully.

MAIN FE ATURE

11Percik

December 2007

World MDG 2006 reports show thatsanitation building is making aprogress (on track), especially in devel-

oping countries. But with the current

condition, that still half of developing

countries citizens still haven't have

access to proper sanitation, it is feared

that the target will not be achieved in

time. (The MDGs Report 2006. Page 18-

19, www.un.org/milleniumgoals).

Fortunately the MDGs Report 2007recorded more promising facts, that

the global results are very positive. In

his speech, Secretary General Ban Ki-

Moon stated that "MDGs target are still

achievable as long as we can still coop-

erates, through good governance,

increase in public investment,

strengthened production capacity, and

job demand creation." Slightly auto-

cratic Ki-Moon, which originally from

South Korea, sees the important corre-

lation between achieving MDGs and job

demand creation, an aspect that until

now lays on rhetorical lines. "The

world wants no new promises" says Ki-

Moon. A report released by UN

(www.un.org/milleniumgoals) stated

that 7th goal achievement will need

extraordinary efforts.

MDGs Asia Pacific 2006 report,

released by ADB, UNDP, and UNESCAP

(www.mdgasiapacific.org) places

Indonesia in the red position (means

falling behind, see page 7), as well as

Bangladesh, Laos, Mongolia, PNG,

Myanmar, and Pakistan. Especially for

7th goal, Indonesia is marked with yel-

low boxes for sanitation (urban and vil-

lage) and village water supply, while

urban water supply is marked with anupside down red triangle which mean

off track slow. We were estimated to

achieve our target in 2015, while a

normal triangle means off track-

regressing. In 2007, Indonesia has

improved its position above the

achievement rate for Asia Pacific. But

we are still in the same condition for

the 7th goal.

Slightly different, the MDGs 2007

reports, published in November 2007

by UNDP and Bappenass, sees the

Indonesian MDG achievement positive-

ly (MDGs Indonesia 2007 Report, page

89-93). Shown there that sanitation for

household in urban and villages arealready achieved, but with improper

quality. The target is 65%, with the

base data 1990, but now, we are

exceeding the target with 68% achieve-

ment. (see graphic).

SANITATION AND MDGS

Graphic Legends:------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village and urban) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (village) (%)------- Proportions of household to proper sanitation facility access (urban) (%)


14/56

The recent flood in Jakarta has

given the picture of the environ-

mental quality change. The

sharp increase rate of rain fall (up to 215-

340 mm), accompanied with unpre-

paredness of proper infrastructure anddecreasing environmental support capa-

city have made the nature phenomenon

seem to be uncontrollable. Even on that

time, 75% of the capital of Indonesia,

Jakarta, was flooded, in several locations

even flooded by 30 cm to 300 cm height.

One of the consistent topic in Jakarta

flood issue is the mounting of solid waste,

which clogs the rivers in Jakarta. As if the

rivers are meant to be the "long garbage".

Accordingly, the planning of solid waste

management system, which is supposedly

a part of city planning, needs to be re-

vised.

The fact that the volume of solid waste

can be controlled, and it is not an abso-

lute value that Jakarta population pro-

duce 2-3 litre of solid waste per person

per day has become an interesting lesson

for urban planner, that the aspect of en-

vironmental support capacity is being

used as the foundation in preparing the

urban infrastructure.

Improving Environmental Support

Capacity

Environmental support capacity is the

capacity of nature or environment to han-

dle and to normalize the impact of given

environmental burden, whether because

of nature activities or human activities.

The environmental support capacity sho-

uld be the benchmark of the city capacity

in absorbing the positive and negative im-

pacts due to ongoing activities.

When the environmental support ca-

pacity can no longer withhold the burden,

the potential damage caused by natural

disaster will increase. This must be over-

come by improving the environmental

support capacity itself, producing fewer

burdens for the environment, or doing

both at the same time. This concept has to

be the foundation of urban development,

which can minimize the loss caused by

nature activities or human. By using this

approach, it is expected that the urban

development can be more structured, dy-

namic, and even controllable when certa-

in changes, both positive and negative,

regarding environmental support capaci-

ty occurs.

Environmental support capacity with-

in the urban development must be trans-

lated to how far the city should be deve-

loped based on the environmental sup-

port capacity it owns. If it is limited, no

INSIGHT


SOLID WASTE & FLOOD:Correlation of Environmentally Supported Urban

Management Development

Northern Jakarta (from above view) is potentially deluged. Source: Bowo leksono.

By: Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc


15/56

more burdens allowed to be added to the environment. Regar-

ding solid waste management, the maximum limit of solid was-

te to be handled in each city based on the current condition

(technology, human resources, and existing organization) is A

m3 per day.

If the volume of solid waste exceeds the maximum limit, it

would be difficult to handle it properly. All of this is because the

environmental support capacity and the current condition can

no longer withhold the burden of solid waste. This, in turn, has

resulted in the form of the piling up of solid waste at the settle-

ment, purposively left-over garbage, and the environmental po-

llution caused by overload capacity of solid waste processing

installation. The piling up of solid waste in river is also caused by

exceeded capacity of environmental support and unavailability

of supportive condition, which can solve the problem. This is the

real picture, the main casue of flood in Jakarta is the bulk of

solid waste that clogs the river flow.

This problem can be overcome by improving the environ-

mental support capacity. In addition, supportive conditions,

such as technology, human resources, management and organi-

zations are needed. Those combinations can be improved to sus-

tain the environmental burden produced by the society.

To achieve it, enormous hard work is needed, where not only

technology could improve environmental support capacity, such

as the utilization of safe and environmentally friendly techno-logy of solid waste processing. Rather, financial resources, ma-

nagement and organization also need to be adjusted to the

recent development. By applying all these efforts, the city's envi-

ronmental support capacity can be improved, which will have

impact on the improvement of city's tolerance rate against the

population growth. The impact, then, is that the local govern-

ment can tolerate the population growth mainly caused by

urbanization.

Environmental Burden Reduction

Beside, improving the environmental support capacity, other

means can be done by decreasing the environmental burden. It

can be decreased by slowing down the population of the city

(which makes the producer of environmental burden become

less) or by decreasing environmental burden of each person

(which makes the rate of environmental degradation slowing

down as the population activities is decreasing). Based on the

approach, the government can determine the volume of solid

waste produce by the population.

The society has to be governed properly to be able to mini-

mize the volume of produced solid waste, or the government has

to support with all infrastructure needed to prevent the over

produced solid waste (such as the recycle program policy). Even

with this approach, it is possible for the government to compare

the rate of produced solid waste. Regarding this issue, the term

"pull and generate", which describe one activity caused by otheractivity is the best example to describe the above statement.

Even though the number of population has been increasing,

the volume of produced solid waste can be decreased. This ap-

proach can cause new formulation towards the limitation of po-

tential solid waste generation infrastructure development. For

example, formulation to generate solid waste generation per m3

in commercial area. By having this number, the government can

limit the allowed mall within the city because it can generate so-

lid waste up to B litre/person/day.

Another example is the limitation of industrial area development

based on the coefficient that shows that each m2 of industrial area

can generate solid waste up to C litre/person/day. These numbers

will confirm the decision of the local government, for example, in

determining the amount of green space to be developed within the

city, the number of parking infrastructure to be provided, the maxi-

mum number of gas station to be built within the city, etc.

The approach will help the local government to identify how

far the city still can be developed and when it has to be slowed

INSIGHT

13Percik

December 2007

Source: Bowo Leksono.


16/56

down or even stopped temporarily. All of

these will help to maintain the generation

of waste on the street & rivers, which are

the main cause of flood up to the rejection

of local community on the existence of

solid waste processing installation.

Furthermore, the local government

can also identify the need of investment.

How many investment has to be delivered

each year for the infrastructure of water

supply, waste water, solid waste, road,

commercial, industrial, and etc. The

investment of local government will be

more focus, efficient and the city manage-

ment can be directed and controlled as

expected by the local government.

The Combination of Environmental

Support Capacity & Environmental

Burden

The increase of environmental sup-

port capacity and the decrease of environ-

mental burden are likely to generate a

controlled and sustained urban manage-

ment. The implementation of this willalso increase the comfortability and secu-

rity of the society living within the city.

Furthermore, the city can provide more

space for more population.

Of course this is too idealistic to be

happened. City can be more tolerant in

receiving new urbanization without fear

of problems with feasible water supply,

unprocessed wastewater or pollution,

which affect the health of respiratory sys-

tem. City can be grown to become a

decent city.

When this limit is exceeded, the gov-

ernment has to slow down the ongoing

development to decrease the environ-

mental burden or to provide new techno-

logical input, which support the citys

environmental support or to do both.

After the city reaches a new equilibrium,

the activity can continue to carry on. One

of many efforts to slow down the rate of

urbanization is by encouraging the role of

central government to provide economic

pull factor in other cities that they cangenerate urbanization to other cities,

which, in turn, provide distribution of

population in other cities.

Within this approach, it can be seen

that the growth of city can be controlled

better. The local government will know

for sure when the development has to be

implemented with high acceleration,

slowed down or stopped temporarily. The

general picture of investment cost, which

needed by the government, can be pre-

dicted accurately with the efficiency and

efficacy of budget allocation as the conse-

quence. The issue of flood, limited access

of water supply, communitys rejection on

final waste disposal facility. Will no

longer happen, because all infrastructure

have been planned according to the

capacity & operated according to its

capacity.

The flood that threatens Jakarta is

expected to be handled properly in years

to come. Many times the nature factor is

difficult to be handled, such as rain inten-sity. However, supportive infrastructure

factors, such as feasible drainage system,

proper solid waste facility, that makes

Jakartas rivers free from the solid waste

are important to minimize the potential

flood in the coming years.

Beside that, the aspect of social, econ-

omy, security, politic, and cultural of the

city can be designed accurately, so that

the government can control their own

city. Probably Jakarta will be the first city

in the world to implement this approach.

God Speed!

The writer is staff of sub directorate of

policy & strategy, directorate of program,

Department of Public Works. Currently regis-

tered as doctorate candidate in the

Environmental Science & Engineering,

National University of Singapore (NUS),

Singapore. [email protected]

INSIGHT




17/56

The emergence of various diseases such as muntaber,

diarrhoea, malaria, TBC and even lepra cannot be sepa-

rated from the condition of environment it self. Espe-

cially in Indonesia that has two seasons, dry and wet season, the

risk is getting higher unless sanitation issue are handled serious-

ly. In wet season, the unavailability of proper drainage has cau-

sed many small ponds where mosquitoes breed. Mosquitoes

existence have made malaria disease to emerge resulting in

deaths. More over, the problem of water supply which never

ends. The flood, which has haunted Jakarta every year has deep

impact to the city's population. The flood has not only brought

mosquitoes embryos which are ready to hatch, but also create

worse problem, starting from refuge and facility which do not

ensure the health.

The same happens in rainy season. For a city as big as Jakar-

ta, without preparation it will suffer from difficulty of water, and

the increase of solid waste clogging the river.

Small ponds in the river and drainage are potential place for

the mosquitoes to breed. Sometimes in a very large number. The

problem is mosquito will live anywhere and its brings bacteria

and virus, which cause contamination.

The environmental degradation caused by poor sanitation is

worsened by the shortage of healthy septic tank.

Based on data of year 2000, there were 31% household with-

out septic tank facility, 26% without access to sanitation facility,

19% using public facility. Meanwhile only 23% own private sep-

tic tank, and 1% with qualify average system. This is not to mention

the shortage of basic sanitation needs in from water supply, waste

water handling drainage and solid waste processing in Indonesia, as

stated by Director of settlement and housing, Basah Hernowo, (Kom-

pas, Aug, 2007 ), there is no waste water facility, septic tank are being

pumped out to be dumped else where. In addition, most of the septic

tank are not qualified. The environmental condition of Jakarta as well

as other cities in Indonesia faces similar problem. Poor urban mana-

gement, particularly sanitation, is influenced by the unavailability of

clear and sustainable concept from the government and the low awa-

reness of clean and healthy living behaviour among the community.

Real Impact

In Indonesia, environmental basis diseases are still the main

cause of deaths. This is reflected through a research in 1995 as

done by Slamet Riyadi M.S. who revealed the rank and contribu-

tion of the diseases on the cause of deaths. Acute respiratory

infection disease is on the second place and contribute 15,7% of

total deaths. Diarrhoea, on the 3rd place, contribute 9,6% of

total deaths. TBC, on 4th places, contribute 7,4% of total deaths.

In total, environmental basis disease contribute 33% or one

third of total deaths of all ages category.

In under-five category, the cause of deaths pattern is even

higher. The first rank is occupied by ISPA, which contribute to33% of deaths. The second rank occupied by diarrhoea, which

contribute to 15,3% of deaths. Meanwhile, parasite infection

occupies the third rank, by contribute 6,3% death. In total, envi-

ronmental based diseases contribute up to 52,4% or more than

half of under five mortality.

The environmental based diseases still become the main pa-

ttern of illness of Indonesia population. The result of research in

1995 shows that the ISPA, skin, diarrhoea and TBC contribute

cumulatively up to 44% on the infant and under five category,

environmental based diseases contribute to more than 80%

INSIGHT

15Percik

December 2007

Sanitation, Health and

HandlingBy Imam Muhtarom

Dirty rivers are often found in big cities.



18/56

from diseases suffer by infant and under

five in Indonesia.

Prevention

Healthy environmental maintenance

can be initiated with conventional con-cept, starting from prevention, including

primary preventative efforts, which

emphasizes on early prevention of dis-

ease, aimed mainly to delay the multiply-

ing and contamination and human con-

tact with agent vector or risk factories

related to disease (such as pathogens bac-

teria, vector and pollutant). For example,

the provision of sanitary toilets is very

effective to break the contamination cycle

and the multiplicity of diarrhoea bacteria

against the water or food source. Hand

washing using clean water and soap also

quite effective to break the bacterial

infection cycle. The same thing applies

for the water chlorination; it reduces the

regeneration of pathogen bacteria. These

three efforts can be the simple method to

reduce the risk of the emergence of "peo-

ple" disease.

Several studies by Esrey and friends

(1985-1991), reports that water supply

intervention can reduce the incident of

diarrhoea disease around 17-27%.

Meanwhile, several studies by Esrey and

Daniel (1990) on the impact of toilet pro-

vision towards the reduction of diarrhoea

prevalence produces consistent result 22-

24%. The same result is also shown from

the study by Esrey and friends (1985-

1991) on the intervention of hand wash-

ing habit. It can reduce the the diarrhoea

prevalence up to 33%. If these three

efforts are being implemented simultane-

ously, it is possible to prevent the diar-

rhoea disease cause by microbe.

The government as the policy makershould take basic, responsive, progressive

and comprehensive intervention steps,

which consist of promotive, preventive,

curative, and rehabilitative efforts

regarding the environmental health.

However, the concept should not exclude

community as its basis. For that, commu-

nity participation needs to be encouraged

based on these principles:

1. Develop sense of belonging as the

foundation of community participa-

tion;

2. Delegation of management and

responsibility of program to the

community

3. Based on community needs

Environmental health, which is one of

the primary prevention efforts should be

prioritized on cheap environmental

health activities, which give large scale

impact; and become the internationalcommitment for the achievement of uni-

versal access. Based on the above studies

and discussions, several environmental

health activities can be incorporated

within the environmental health program

activities, such as:

1. Breaking the contamination cycle of

environmental-based diseases:

a. The availability of cheap and easy to

understand information on environ-

mental health for households/fa-

mily/patient in every sanitation clin-

ic/Puskesmas;

b. Outreach proactive activities

House visits in term of sanitation

inspection to the victim family.

Sample obtainment of polluted

water for laboratorial test. Provision

of chorine for the polluted water.

2. Community empowerment, so that

they can be involved in the environ-mental health activities

a. Mini workshop at puskesmas or sub

district office on environmental

health/sanitation weekend;

b. Workshop at the village level on the

formulation of the community

action plan.

*Geology expert, lives in Jakarta

INSIGHT


Diarrheal victim which mastly are children under five during diarrheal epidemic

in Tangerang district. Source: Bowo Leksono.


19/56

In facing the challenges of the 21st

century, education must be able to

change its paradigm from the frag-

mented approach to ecological approach,

which puts education within an interre-

lated ecological context. The occurrenceof recent natural disasters, which caused

by irresponsible hands, thoughts and

minds, have made us realize that educa-

tion should be able to facilitate the bal-

ance between human lives in the world.

It is an obligation to motivate aware-

ness of students on the 21st century's way

of life, which consist of heterogenic com-

munity lifestyles and enormous problems

related to polluted environmental, con-

flict, wars and poverty. In approaching

holistically the various aspect of social,

environmental and economy the concept,

of education for sustainable development

is introduced. This concept transforms

the potential of students to be able to solve

the problems of life related to environmen-

tal, partnership, respect and global un-derstanding issues, which rests on three pil-

lars, society, environment, and economy.

In line with it, the issue of millennium

development goals emerges. It aims to

tackle the problems faced by the develop-

ing countries, which are related to inade-

quate education, and poverty, illiteracy,

and environmental degradation. Edu-

cation turns out to be the "hope", which

gives a major contribution towards the

ecological awareness, as the solution of

the current humanity problems.

Kecil Menanam Dewasa memanen

(KMDM) and the Role Education

According to hyland (1994), the cur-

riculum needed for the 21st century is the

curriculum, which incorporates existingvalue and adopted by its society, such as

transparency, futurist, democratic, and

provides life opportunity in every aspects.

Of course these conditions are already

incorporated into the official document of

curriculum, which was socialized in

2006. Education unit level curriculum, as

it called, have given the authority to the

school head master to manage the pro-

cess of learning according to their local

context, which aims at educating the stu-dent to become a complete human.

The national education goals is to cre-

ate spiritually, academically, physically,

emotionally, socially and creative stu-

dents. "National education aims to devel-

op and shape the character and dignified

civilization towards intelligence nation;

responsible of the development of the

student's potential towards a faithfull,

kind, healthy, knowledgeable, smart, cre-

ative, independent person and becoming

responsible and democratic citizen" (Bill

of Education System No. 20/2003, chap-

ter II article 3).

PYHM is an education program

regarding virtues, which must be applied

through our education system. The role of

education, ideally, should be able to

address the various problems, which

INSIGHT

17Percik

December 2007

"PLAN WHEN YOUNG, HARVEST WHEN MATURE"

AND THE ROLE OF TEACHER IN MOTIVATING

STUDENTS SINCE EARLY STAGEBy Dewi Utama Faizah* *

Raberas National Elementary School, Sumbawa Besar located in a coarse area. Through the school

citizens green fingers, this school has turned intogreen school. Source: Bowo Leksono.


20/56

exists among the society. Environmental

& conservation problems have become an

extraordinary problem in relation to the

need to apply the educational virtues.

We must seek solution from the com-

bination between system approach andindividual approach, which focuses on

how KMDM as a system focusing on envi-

ronmental and conservation education

can be integrated into all learning aspects

in school. Let's not treat KMDM as an

attachment program, which is often dis-

appear along the social phenomenon

rush.

Role of Teachers

Learning from Japan, where its edu-

cation system succeeds in motivating allstudents from kindergarten and elemen-

tary level to behave friendly to the envi-

ronment; its success is closely related to

the local genius (wisdom), which they

adopt in their everyday life tradition since

the kindergarten level. Students have sunk

their feet into the paddy field near their

school. Their hands race to plant seeds

from their mother's kitchen. There are pad-

dy, various peanuts seeds, cassava, which

of they plant since early age. Their small

feets also run on the riverside to sow fishes.

"Mori wa umi no koibito" (the forest

is the sea's lover). That is the title of a

non-fiction novel, which is compulsory

for the elementary student. They are

being encouraged to think "meta cogni-

tively" to be able to capture the essence of

their own efforts they have done since

they were in kindergarten.

It means that how far a curriculum

able to contribute positive impact within

each student and beyond curriculum is

the goal of the education itself.

Bronfenbrenner says that the growth

of children is influenced by micro system

context (family, school, & friends),

mesosystem context (the relation of

school and family, school and friends,

friends and individual), ecosystem con-

text (parents' social background and gov-

ernment policy), and macro system(influence of cultural, norm, religion and

social environment, where the child is

grown). It means that the KMDM activi-

ties should be done holistically.

KMDM Must be integrated into the

Learning Process

The integration term is used to

emphasize three important aspects in

learning process, which are to think, to

feel and to act; these is known as the threepillars pf taxonomy bloom (cognitive,

affective, and psychomotor). To think

means what we are learning; to feel

means what we learn; and to act means

experience of acting and not only through

discussion about what has been learned.

To integrate the values of PYHM with-

in learning activity is a process where the

students with the nature, where the stu-

dents are forced to do real practices with

their environment. The concept of envi-ronmentally based education had been

applied long before the independency of

Indonesia. The local context, which was

adopted by multi ethnic in Indonesia, had

given significant contribution in the edu-

cation development in the past.

The philosophy of "nature are meant

to be the teacher", which was adopted by

the community of Minangkabau, or the

irrigation system, Subak, in bali, or Bduy

tribe, who have survived their unique tra-dition in conserving the nature, have

made us realize, that the local genius is

something worthy to be our lessons

learned.

KMDM is not a subject, rather, it is a

part of every subject. KMDM is a part that

fill the academic life and social life of

every student/child. KMDM can be

brought forward in concrete action, such

INSIGHT


Sumbawa Garden a la Raberas National Elementary School. Evergrew bt trees, dills and fish pond.

Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.


21/56

as green school, which involves responsibil-

ity, respect, and cooperation. (iii) KMDM is

an education to act. KMDM can take place

in discussion forums and simulations.

However, we must remember our nation-

al education objective: "to develop thepotential of our students in becoming

faithful, thoughtful, healthy, knowledge-

able, creative, independent being and to

be democratic & responsible citizen".

Positive school environment will

develop KMDM program. Again, the

needed teachers are teachers who are

aware of their roles as the good example

and leader to their students. It means that

the needed teachers are teachers who

concern about the environment; Willingto encourage their students to do garden-

ing while studying math, language and

science; Ask their students to go to the

school garden to maintain and observe it

as a part of source of learning inspiration.

This is the model of teacher who can cre-

ate positive atmosphere and condition in

teaching.

KMDM must be supported by school

policies and concrete practices. School

administration posses significant influ-

ence in determining the school environ-ment. If teachers as expected model can

encourage and create character of their

students, then the school policies will

strengthen the school community as

social miniature of socializing, if the

school succeed in developing school com-

munity with strong character, then it

would be the benchmarks, which can be

the indicator to evaluate the regional

progress.

Empowering teachers to Promote

KMDM

Teachers as the decision maker can

establish partnership with parents and

community in the neighbourhood. This is

a part of the autonomous and wise

teacher's function. Therefore, knowledge

and understanding of KMDM program

will be developed within the student

internally since early stage.

Meanwhile, the role of community is

an important partner in developingKMDMin the future. Indonesia as a multi

ethnic nation needs a comprehensive

approach to be able to contribute to the

success of the KMDMprogram. To plant

the environmental values as the norm of

Indonesian culture is the basis of our

efforts.

Developing collective moral in educa-

tion world so that the children care about

the world they are living in is a struggle to

maintain the existence of nation civiliza-tion. The success of school in creating

students is the social capital of nation in

developing its civilization.

The integrated KMDMis not a tricky

education, which can be tested on a piece

of paper. It needs a continuous process. It

needs a space to be implemented, a socie-

ty. For that, the role of community must

be involved in assisting the school to

develop its students' character. This is

what will develop the human resources

quality as the product of school and soci-

ety.

"Hi wa manako, koku wa kokero,

kaze wa iki, umi yama kakete, wajani

narikeri". The sun is our vision, the blue

sky is our heart, the wind is our breath of

life, the sea and the mountain are our

body. It is a magnificent inspiration about

the universe with highly spiritually values

in the essence of their education as

Japanese.

* staff of directirate of kindergarten and ele-

mentary school, department of national education,

Member of Pokja AMPL

INSIGHT

19Percik

December 2007

Green school inspires all the school citizens. Source: Dewi Utama Faizah.


22/56

One of the comprehensive book to

explain the Islamic perspective

on the management of water

supply and environmental sanitation is

Water Management is Islam, edited by

Naser Faruqui, Asit Diswas and Murad

Bino published by the International

Development Research (IDRC) and the

United Nations University Press.The book explains the Islamic per-

spective towards several water manage-

ment policies, such as tariff, water con-

servation, wastewater utilization, com-

munity-based water management and so

forth. Even though later on it was realized

that one of the weakness is the fact that

the workshop only attended by intellec-

tual and stakeholders without involving

the Ulama- based on the discussion's

results and interpretation of participants

of water supply management in Islamic

countries, which held in Amman, Yor-

dania, in December 1998.

This article tries to summarize impor-

tant conclusion from the book with sever-

al additional information from othersources. There are still controversies on

several issue within the book; However,

based on the spirit of "diversity is a bless-

ing", we presents this article. May the

moment of Islamic new years 1429

Hijriah and the International Year of

Sanitation make this article become

meaningful.

Water as a Basic Need

It is realized that in Islam, the relation

of human and water is very close. Human

responsible of the welfare of other crea-

tures and it is believed that water is the

most precious resource that is needed by

all living creatures. This is clearly states

in Al-Qur'an and Hadits.

Ma' as the translation of water inArabic language is mentioned for 63

times and revealed for hundreds of time

in the Hadits (a document that summa-

rizes the spoken word and behaviour of

prophet Muhammad SAW). The relation

between life and water is clearly

explained in several verses, such as "We

made from water every living thing"

(Qur'an 21:30), and "And Allah has sent

down the water from the sky and there-

with gave life to the earth after its death"

(Qur'an 16:65).

Water is the main public good and the

basic right according to Islam, and

prophet Muhammad SAW also en-

courages conservation of water. Islam has

determined the priority of water alloca-

tion for (i) the basic need of human; (ii)

the "ternak"; and (iii) irrigation. Islam

emphasizes the importance of full filling

the human basic need of water. Islamic

law clearly applies the consequences of

those who destroy the water condition.

Social Justice

Every Muslim believes that to guaran-

tee social justice or equality within the

society is the main pillar in Islam. One of

the famous Hadits is "None of you will

have faith till he wishes for his (Muslim)

brother what he likes for himself" (Al-

Bukhari). Trully, this is related to, among

INSIGHT


WATER SUPPLY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION

FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE



23/56

other, the availability of water as a basic

need. A Muslim should not save up the

excess of water; rather, a Muslim should

let the community to use it as the fulfil-

ment of basic need. Muhammad SAW

emphasizes, that there are the kind of

people who will be avoided by Allah on

the resurrection day, that is "a man [who]

possessed superfluous water on a way

and he withheld it from the travellers"

(Al-Bukhari).

Water as a basic need has made every

person has the right to obtain it according

to each portion is emphasized in the

Hadits, which makes the water as the

resources that belongs to everyone,

whether rich or poor, "Muslims have

common share in three things: grass(pasture), water and fire (fuel)" (Abu

Dawood). One of the example commonly

discussed is when prophet Muhammad

SAW advices to Usman (later on known

as the third Khafilah) to buy a well and

permits everyone to freely take the water

from it.

The Principle of Clean and Healthy

Living

The principle of clean and healthy li-

ving behaviour also receives attention

from prophet Muhammad SAW. He

reminds us not to let food and water

served without cover. Aisha, prophet's

wife, said "I always prepare for the

prophet at night three covered container

filled with water. One for Wudhu, one for

brushing teeth, and one for drinking".

Further, hand washing before and after a

meal is always done by the prophet.

Management of Water NeedsThe management of water needs is

discussed in two approaches, non-eco-

nomic aand economic approach. Non-

economic approach covers issues of water

conservation and reuse of wastewater. As

for the economic approach, it covers the

issues of rights and water ownership, and

also cost recovery.

Water and Environmental Conser-

vation

In daily life, I is compulsory for the

Muslims to be in clean state, spiritually

and physically. Body cleansing is donethrough bathing and wudhu using water.

This makes the purity and cleanliness of

water as the main concern in Islam.

Muslims are advised to not pollute the

water. Prophet Muhammad SAW states

that "Let no one of you urinate in stag-

nant water" (Ibn Majah).

The responsibility to safeguarding the

purity and the availability of water makes

conservation a clear and determined con-

cept in Islamic education. Not being over

reacting is a concrete wisdom. This must

be applied towards all aspects of life. The

balance between the individual's needs

and the community's should become col-

lective concerns. It is clearly stated in Al-

Qur'an that (i) the availability of water is

not changing, thus, it should be managed

well, "And we send down water from the

sky in fixed measure" (Qur'an 23:18); and

(ii) not to be wasted, "O Children of

Adam! . . . Eat and drink: But waste not

by excess, for God loveth not the wasters"

(Qur'an 7:31), "the squanders were even

brothers of the devils, and the devil was

even ungrateful to his God" (Qur'an17:27).

Prhophet Muhammad SAW himself

always emphasized not to waste water for

nothing. Muslims are warned to use

water respectively, even when it is avail-

able in large quantity. This already set as

an example by prophet Muhammad by

using only 2/3 litre of water for wudhu,

and 2 to 3.5 litre of water for bathing.

In general, it can be concluded that it

is forbidden to urinate or defect straight

into the waters sources, pond/lake, or

water used for bathing. This restriction,

beside considering the purity of water, is

also aimed to the prevention of diseases.

The concept of restriction to urinate,

defect into water sources, pond/lake and

water for bathing purposes can be

extended into to all dirty water that pol-

lute the environment and provide nega-

INSIGHT

21Percik

December 2007



24/56

tive impact on human health, including

animal and plants. God has spoken in the

Qur'an "Do not corrupt the earth after it

has been set in order" (Qur'an 7:56).

Regarding the environmental conser-

vation, there are several famous Hadits,

"When the judgement day has come, and

you hand is still holding Korma seed, plan

it" (HR Ahmad). It shows that the aware-

ness of environment is still going to be

our concern, even though the end of the

world is near.

Reutilization of Wastewater

Islam does not prohibit the use of

wastewater, as long as it has been

processed, so that it is safe to be used. Theimplication is the management of water

needs, which indicate that, the govern-

ment should focus on the management of

water needs, rather than increasing sup-

ply that is already difficult and expensive.

Islam support this , as prophet

Muhammad SAW had stated the impor-

tance of using water wisely.

Rights and Ownership of Water

In Islam, water is considered as a gift

from God. Consequently, no individual

literary owns water. Human is the

guardian of water and other resources,

which in overall owned by the communi-

ty. However, almost all Muslims intellec-

tuals argue that individual or group

reserve the rights to sell and to take back

the cost of management.

International Year of Sanitation. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. December 2007

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