Anticipation of Bandung Waste. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2006

7/31/2019 Anticipation of Bandung Waste. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2006

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Editorial 1

Readers' Voice 2

Headlines

Anticipation of Bandung waste 3

Onsite Waste Reduction 7

Options of Bandung Waste Management Concept 8

Mayor of Bandung City: Nothing More to do with Traditional Way 9

Lesson Learned from Bandung Waste Emergency Situation 12

Interview

Director of Water Resources and Irrigation, Bappenas

Java needs New Storages 15

Innovation

Multitasks Water Filter 19

Regulation

Government Regulation No. 16 of 2005 On Drinking Water

Supply System Development 21

Telescope

District Water Corporation, Blend of Commitment and Management 22

District Head of Sragen, H. Untung Wiyono:District Water Corporation Should Be Professional 24

IATPI Clinic 25

Story

Latrine Heroines 27

Abstract 29

Insight

The Meaning of AMPL Institution For Sustainable Facility 30

Waterworks Technological Civilization By Time 33

Development and Empowerment 37

Around AMPL 41 Around WASPOLA 47

Book Info 48

CD Info 49

Sites Info 50

Agenda 51

Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

This Percik English edition is originally translated from Percik Indonesian edition

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:rking Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

ral Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:irector of Human Settlement and Housing,onal Development Planning Agency Republic

of Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

rector of Natural Resources and Appropriateechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Supriyanto, Johan Susmono,

Indar Parawansa, Poedjastanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,

eidda Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah,Mujiyanto, Andre Kuncoroyekti, Reski D.

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Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at Water pply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www apml or id


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Senselessly, we have been three years with you, precisely

since August 2003 ago. Atthe time, Percik was only 24 black & white pages, few column, simple layout, andlimited distribution. Percik was at the time printed 500exemplars. You in the locallevel possibly do not know what Perc ik 1st editionlooks like.

Now, Percik has pub-lished 14 editions. Numbersof rearrangements are car-ried out including columnaddition, page coloring, andlayout improvement. Per-cik has been distributed inall districts/cities nation- wide including NGOs, univer-sities and embassies and somecommunity. It seems thatPercik gets its own position among waterand sanitation (AMPL) stakeholders.

Percik goals to be AMPL stakeholders'information and communication mediahave come true.

Nevertheless, we haven't satisfied yet and we will always make improve-ment. In the next edition we willrelease Percik Junior ( Percik forchildren), which will contain informa-tion on water and sanitation especial-ly for children so that they concernand care about water and sanitation

as well. Curious about Percik Juni-or? Just wait the the next edition.

In this anniversary edition, wepresent topic about Bandung wasteissues. In our opinion, this is an inter-esting topic. Until today, waste issuesin the city have not finished. Theavailable solution is only temporary

as there is a conflict of interests.Moreover, everyone knows that large

fund is prepared for solution of theissues. Usually 'people will come to apleasant place'.

Lesson we learnt from this Ban-dung waste case is we don't give any serious concern about cleanliness,especially relating with waste. We justfocus on other aspects. In fact, clean-liness brings significant impact tohealth and beauty. Ignorance of sani-tary landfill, for example, has proven

to claim individual loss. Indisposed waste has proven to disturb peopleand affect city beauty. Waste manage-ment is not easy; it needs cooperationand coordination among regions.Bandung waste tragedy shows thatcity government cannot address theissues itself and even provincial and

national government sho-uld take action. So, this isthe lesson for other cities inIndonesia to prevent recur-rence. Unfortunately, when we're making this paper,again waste tragedy took place in Bantar Gebang,Bekasi.

In innovation column, we present a surprising water filter technology fo-und discovered by a grand-father in Bandung. This water filter can handle andpurify many types of water.It is possible that this tech-nology can be developed assolution to water problemsin Indonesia. In telescopecolumn, we present a new breakthrough in water sup-ply management. The bre-akthrough is made by Local

Government of Sragen District, whichalways makes breakthroughs in go-

vernmental administration.In story column, we present privy

heroines from some regions. They have successfully established and imple-mented free open defecation programand as model by community empowerment and stakeholders for thesuccessful development even thoughthey are not paid for that.

Another interesting topic is that weare allowed to interview Director of

Water Resources and IrrigationBappenas concerning drought that is ta-king place in some regions in Indonesia.In fact, water management is the causeof the problems in addition to naturaland environmental conditions. Finally, we wish you success in taking benefitfrom Percik of this edition.

EDITORIAL

Percik August 2006 1


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Hadits CLTS

CLTS training was held on 16-20May 2006 involving three districts inLombok Island (Lotim, Loteng andLobar Districts). Each districtinvolves three villages for field tryout.

Especially for Lombok TimurDistrict, CLTS training was held on16-18 May 2006 in Hotel Meliwis, Jl.Labuhan Haji - Lombok Timur.During RTL in the classroom (last day of 18 May 2006) participants fromthree tryout villages were present,namely from Sikur, Kerongkong andTeros villages.

Participants were shaken up withone of participants from Sikur village,namely Ustadz Mohamad Saleh(Head of Segire/ Binong Hamlet) which presented hadits narrated by Muslim and Abu Daud in relation toCLTS, namely God will curse thehuman being who defecate on theroad or others' shelter.

Meaning of the abovementionedhadits is:

"Watch out of two things that will bring God's curse", ProphetMohammad's friends asked:"What are the two things that will bring curse, Oh God's Prophet?The prophet said: "They are whodefecates on the road or others'shelter"

(HR. Muslim and Abu Daud)"Anyone who defecates should bein the closed rather than openplace(HR. Abu Daud)

"Do not harm yourself and other"(HR Ibnu Majah and Ad-Da-ruqutni)

There is an interesting thing fromone of the women participants fromTeros village, namely Mrs. Murni(Posyandu cadre and community health coordinator/TKM Health pro-motion of Taros village). She told thatshe was triggered to make the closet by herself without having to wait herhusband's help as she holds principlesthat motivation should begin from herown self and to be model for another.

Sugito,

Lombok Timur

Noise and Stink

I, representing people of Dago Tol Vila, Serua Village, Ciputat Sub-dis-trict of Tangerang District, Banten,

inform you that a rubber factory andhog farm are built in our residence,precisely in front of our houses block which only bordered by river flow sep-arating Ciputat and Serpong.Presence of the places causes prob-lems, namely:

Noise generated from rubber and

water machines from morningtill late at night (currently almost24 hours operation)Stink coming from one or both of the places

For the reason, we hope that Pokja AMPL can inspect operation feasibili-ty of the rubber factory and hog farm,either from aspect of tolerated noiseand odor or environmental impactanalysis. We are concern that this willaffect people's health especially ourfamily in the short or long term.

People have previously claimedthis problem to the local authority (RT/RW) but there is no follow upuntil today. We do hope that Pokja AMPL will give attention and find outsolution.

A. Cholid, SIP

(021) 74701362

Thank you for your attention. Wewill forward your letter to the relevant authority in your residence, namely Bapedalda of Tangerang District. Wehope this problem will be addressed immediately. (Editorial)

READERS' VOICE

Percik August 20062

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CARICATURE BY RUDI KOSASIH

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If Leuwigajah tragedy never existed on 21 Fe- bruary 2005, we might not give focus on wasteissue. The incident has awaken us to focus on

waste issue more seriously. In fact, we don't have su-fficient facilities, either physical or nonphysical (re-gulations), to solve the problem in local or nationallevel.

The most horrible tragedy in Indonesia took placeand claimed 146 individual losses. Besides, the tra-gedy left new problem, especially for Bandung city and surrounding area. Closing of Leuwigajah landfillcaused the city cannot dispose of their waste any-more.

Waste in Bandung city is left in amid the city. Pa-

ris van Java has changed into waste city. Stink and fli-es spread everywhere. Waste stacks disrupt the traf-fic. Unsurprisingly, Ministry of Environment gaveBandung a predicate as the dirtiest city in Indonesiaduring commemoration of World Environment Day,the embarrassing predicate.

Emergency Response PlanBased on prediction, each people of Bandung and

surrounding area produces 7,500 m3 waste. Since

closing of Leuwigajah landfill, wastes are disposed of temporarily in TPA Jelekong, Cicabe and Pasir Im-pun as emergency landfills. This must be inevitable

because in such a condition, Bandung city should behost of 50th Anniversary of Asia-Africa Conference.

Resumption of these existing landfills is not easy.People around the landfill areas reject reopening of these landfills; additionally their capacity is limited.

TPA Jelekong on 10 ha area which was reopenedon March 2005 was closed on 31 December 2005. Assubstitute, waste was disposed of to TPA Cicabe on 9January 2006. Some other was disposed of to TPA Pasir Impun, which has been closed since 1990, in or-der to commemorate 50th Anniversary of Asia-Africa

Conference. Finally both landfills cannot accommo-date Bandung waste and since 15 April 2006 there isno more landfill.

Indeed, Government of Bandung City has also at-tempted to reduce onsite waste dump such as issu-ance of Circular Letter of Bandung Mayor No. 658.1/-SE 055-BPOD dated 28 April 2005 regarding proac-tive measures of Bandung waste managementthrough 3R program and circular letter of BandungMayor No. 658.1/SE.135-PD.KBR dated 27 Decem-

H E A D L I N E S


Because of waste, Bandung becomes the dirtiest city inIndonesia. Some actions have been taken for solution.Is it sustainable? What measures are taken for solution

in the future?


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and management) on waste, from dis-posable or destroyed thing to sustain-able resources, (ii) maintaining service sustainability as managementsystem will minimize likeliness of co-ngestion or saturation of operationallink, i.e. disposal system. Congestionor saturation of disposal link will stopother service links such as waste col-lection and transportation and this will cause waste dump in the dumparea and other places.

While going to realize the goal, city government in cooperation with Ban-dung Institute of Technology (ITB) will develop small scale waste mana-gement plant. Everyday this plant willprocess 24 ton waste and produce 500kWh energy.

This energy is considered toosmall and inefficient. This plant willin turn produce 25-30 megawatt ener-gy and obtain 1,500 ton waste intakeper day. This plant will also producesteam and ash for concrete brick. Andthe electric power will be sold to thepeople.

This plan seems to be realized. Ci-ty government has associated with PT.Bandung Raya Indah Lestari (BRIL)and Daarut Tauhid, ITB and PLN.City government will serve as wasteproducer, PT. BRIL and Daruut Tau-hid as waste management and PLN aselectric power buyer and seller, whileITB provides the waste technology. If there is no obstacle, the plant will beestablished next year.

In management aspect, city government prepares concept. Firstly,calculation of business operability inaccordance with market mechanism(business feasibility), with plant ma-nagement referred to private compa-ny. Secondly, if the plant cannot ope-

rate as per market mechanism(proceeds of sale is insuffi-

cient for plant operation), plant ma-nagement will be handled jointly by private company and city government with subsidy mechanism.

According to Bandung Mayor, thisplan will not affect the Greater Ban-dung Waste Management Corpora-tion (GBWMC). He considered thatBandung waste is abundant. "We willkeep implementing the program,"said Dada.

Ad Hoc Committee's Policy Waste management in Bandung

city cannot be imposed only on city government. Many stakeholders involve in this issue, including regionalgovernment around the capital of West Java Province. So the manage-ment should be inevitably integrated with all stakeholders either for short-term (until end 2007), mid-term (2-3

years) and long-term period (10 years). Accordingly, central govern-ment established ad hoc committeeon 23 June 2006. The committee con-sists of local team (Bandung city government, district government, Cima-hi, and ITB) and central team(Bappenas, Ministry of Public Work,Ministry of Environment and BPPT).

The committee is responsible forformulating strategic measuresin the effort of waste reductionin Bandung Metropolitan as wellas establishing cooperation andcoordination.

Through a series of meetings, thead hoc committee establishes the fol-lowing strategic principles:

Waste reduction through 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in

order to minimize collection,transportation and disposalPolluter pays principle, namely any polluter is liable pay wastemanagementLandfill is still necessary for city waste managementRegional cooperation to findlandfill location and joint wastemanagementFurther development plan,

namely waste use for other inter-ests and effective reduction, suchas implementation of Wasteto Energy.

For short-term plan, onsite was-te management will be conductedthrough household-scale sor-ting, 3R, and composting. There-fore, socialization, training and

H E A D L I N E S


NO. COMPONENT WEIGHT AND VOLUME

Weight (ton) % Weight Vol (m3) %Vol

1. Organic Waste 1.11 59,5 3.592,5 47,9

2. Paper 223 11,9 2.235 29,8

3. Textile 10 0,5 112,5 1,5

4. Plastic 236 12,6 697,5 9,3

5. Fragile 26 1,4 60 0,8

6. Metal 28 1,5 292,5 3,9

7. Others 236 12,8 525 7,0

Total 1.875 100,0 7.500 100.0

WASTE PHYSICAL CONDITION IN BANDUNG CITY PER DAY

Source: Pemkot Bandung

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establishment of KSM (Kelompok Swadaya Masyarakat/Self-supportCommunity Group), household com-posting and law enforcement will becarried out. In temporary disposal site(TPS), increase in waste coverage will be implemented by enhancing trans-portation fleet, TPS inventory and re- vitalization, GIS (Geographic Infor-mation System) based route regulati-on and schedule, regional compostingprogram, and study and constructionof TPS. While in final disposal site,TPA Sarimukti will be revitalized(landfill 21.2 ha) through DetailedEngineering Design (DED) and deve-lopment of composting plant together with operation and maintenance inaddition to positioning of Integrated Waste Management Plant, land acqui-sition, environmental impact analysis,DED, TPA Citiis/Legok Nangka; iden-tification of action plan as perGBWMC result and settlement of legal status of TPA Leuwigajah.

Mid-term plan, onsite level, in-cludes replication of sorting program,3R, household composting and pu-nishment. In temporary disposal site(TPS), increase in transport coverage,replication of regional compostingprogram and study and constructionof landfill. In final disposal site level,feasibility study, environmental im-pact analysis and DED of TPA Ci-tiis/Legok Nangka; socialization of Reusable Sanitary Landfill (RSL) andSanitary Landfill (SL) technology inTPA Leuwigajah; feasibility study of Regional Sanitary Landfill; interregio-nal cooperation; cooperation withprivate company; DED of integrated waste management, pilot project was-te to (i) energy, (ii) organic fertilizerand Pilot Project Landfill Gas to Ener-gy (LFGTE).

Meanwhile, long-term plan includesonsite waste management, similar toprevious plan. In temporary disposal site(TPS) level, efficiency and capacity buil-

ding of waste management, full costrecovery achievement and pilot projectof regional composting. In final disposalsite (TPA) level, implementation of RSLand SL technology for TPA Leuwigajah,construction of Integrated Waste Mana-gement (capacity 100m3/day on an area1,500 ha with investment Rp. 2.3 bil-lion); Waste to Energy - Pilot Project Waste to Energy (100 ton/day), supervi-sion of Pilot Project Waste to Energy andevaluation.

Waste management by ad hoc co-mmittee seems result of compilation andcompromised ide-as of stakeholders.(see: Options of Waste ManagementConcept in Bandung City). Theore-tically, the policy is promising. But,is it applicable? The question isnecessary since implementationinvolving many relevant parties isusually inapplicable as expected. Ho-pingly it is just an apprehension. Now we just wait which action will anticipateBandung waste. Mujiyanto.

H E A D L I N E S

Percik August 20066

Greater Bandung Waste Management Corporation (GBWMC) is acorporation established for waste management in Bandung City(and surrounding area). This establishment is based on MoU ofBandung Waste Management dated 7 March 2005, Decision ofGovernor of West Java Province regarding Establishment ofFormulation Team of Bandung Waste Management and Joint Decisionregarding Establishment of Collective Waste Management in BandungCity dated 27 December 2005. Local government involving in thisGBWMC includes Bandung City, Cimahi City, Bandung District, GarutDistrict, and Sumedang District. Two other districts, Purwakarta andCianjur, have not given any confirmation.

The GBWMC implementation strategy adopts 3 principles namely:1. Technical

Onsite waste prevention: residential area, farm, stores, inclu-

ding offices and schools (regulations and enforcement)Sanitary landfill is still necessary2. Institution and human resources

a. Waste is public managementb. Capacity building of public services or outsourcing

3. Culture and spirita. Physical waste is resulted from nonphysical wasteb. Approach: culture/model and spirit (campaign/socialization)There will be two sanitary landfills in Bandung City, namely one

for east region and other for west region. Based on survey, there aretwo selected locations, namely Citiis (100 ha) and Legok Selong(70ha), while phases of waste management are described as follows:

Implementation of GBWMC (Sanitary landfill and onsite waste re-duction) requires capital cost Rp. 385 billion. There are four financingscenarios, (i) central-province-district/city sharing, (ii) province-dis-trict/city sharing, (iii) province-district/city-investor sharing, (iv)World Bank loan by involving private company as operator.

GBWMC plans to establish collective waste management not laterthan 27 December 2006. Governor of West Java Province is expectedto having issued decision on the designation of sanitary landfill loca-tion. MJ

G B W M C P R O G R A M A T G L A N C E

WASTE MAN-AGEMENT

PHASE

Phase - 1 Phase - 2 Phase - 3

100 ha> 25 years

- gas, compostRp. XXX

TPA

RecoveryStorage

TPAStorage

Waste to Ener

100 ha20-25 years

TPASanitaryLandfill

----Rp. 0

Area 1 TPALife Period

WasteManagement

ModelProductsRevenue

100 ha>>> 25 years

- electric, chem

Rp. YYY

WASTE MANAGEMENT PHASE

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Composting by Bitari Foundation in Ex TPA Pasir ImpunArea = 2,000 m2Waste volume = 20m3/dayCompost production = 660kg/day

Plastic recycle by CV. Fajat in ex TPA Pasir Impun andJl. Holis

Area = 2,000 m2Volume of plastic waste = 0,5 - 1 ton/dayProduction = chips and containers

Besides, other activities are implemented throughWJEMP-CEF program, from which the work havingbeen carried out is composting in 5 RW of Gegerkalong village, Sukasari Sub-district

Area = 300 m2Waste volume = 2-3 ton/dayCompost production = 1 - 1,5 ton/dayInorganic residues are sorted and sold

Self-support activitiesPT PINDAD

Area = 600 m2Waste volume = 9 - 10 m3/dayCompost production = 500 - 1000 Kg/DayType of waste: 90% leaves, 10% office refuse(paper + food remnant). Inorganic residuesare incinerated.

RW 11 CibangkongArea = 400 m2(including land for revegetation pilot project)

Waste volume 400 m2Compost production = 1 - 1,5 ton/DayInorganic residues are sorted and sold.

Jhon Pie tersLocation: RW 06 and Jl. Cipamokolan No. 77 Cipamo-kolan Village, Rancasari

Area = 2.500 m2Plastic waste volume = 6 ton/dayMetals waste volume = 8 ton/dayProduct: plastic pellet

Composting with Green Phoskko RW 04 Cipadung vil-lage, Cibiru Sub-district

Area = 100 m2Waste volume 2 m3/day

Compost production = 0.35 m3/dayInorganic residues are sorted and soldLeachate is used for making liquid fertilizer

Composting with Green Phoskko RW 14 Palasari vil-lage, Cibiru Sub-district

Area = 100 m2Waste volume = 1,2 m3/dayCompost production = 0,2 m3/dayInorganic residues are sorted and soldInorganic residues are incinerated,ash is used for bricking. z

H E A D L I N E S


Onsite Waste Reduction

In addition to seeking alternative landfill, BandungCleaning Agency has established cooperation withstakeholders for waste reduction onsite or in tempo-

rary disposal site (TPS). The standing partnership will be

composting in Ex TPA Pasir Impun and recycling of PETand PE (plastic bottles and glasses of mineralized water)and plastic recycle to dustbin.

The activities include:


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H E A D L I N E S

Percik August 20068

In fact, Bandung waste has beenanticipated even just temporari-ly. This tragedy calls stakehol-

ders for brainstorming in solving theproblems. There are at least threeinstitutions contributing their con-cepts in addition to Bandung city government itself. The concepts are sug-gested by Technological Studies andImplementation Board (BPPT), Ban-dung Institute of Technology (ITB)and Ministry of Environment. The fol-lowing are concepts of each institu-tion:

BANDUNG CITY GOVERNMENTShort-term before application of waste management technology

Community participation through3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)Composting, small scale incine-rationLocal dump

Advanced waste managementDevelopment of waste manage-ment plant to produce energy,organic fertilizer or other products;plant capacity 1,500ton/- day; 24 hoursoperation; energy output 30 M wattManagement is de-signated to privatecompany if businesscalculation is suita- ble with market me-chanism. If not, theplant will be jointly operated by city government and private company

ITBIntegrated waste management, na-mely:

Household composterComposting in RT/RW levelabout 10 RT : 3 waste cart with volume 4.5-5m3/day Integrated waste management,capacity 100m3/day; requiring1,500 m2 area; main hangar,composting hangar, greenhouse,conveyor belt, organic waste qu-antifying machine, compostingaeration system, gasification and biogas reactor, compost filter, in-cinerator, brick casting machine, weighing scale, etc. Operatingcost at minimum capacity (20m3) is Rp. 27,000/m3 and atmaximum capacity (100 m3) isRp. 5,400/m3.

MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTImplementation of 3R concept by maximizing 6 potential dump areaduring 2006. This method is expect-ed to reduce 725 m3 waste or about

22.66% (total transported waste3,200 m3/day). Implementation of 3R concept for long term period may achieve 30-60% of total dump.Capital cost required during 2006 will be Rp. 2 billion.

BPPTScenario 1

Rehabilitation TPA Leuwi-gajah (if applicable) intoreusable sanitary landfilland 3R-based integrated waste management. Mana-gement cost per ton waste isRp. 79,074

Scenario 2Implementation of reusable sani-tary landfill (if TPA Leuwigajah isinapplicable and new adequatelandfill area is found) and 3R- based integrated waste manage-ment. Two RSL locations arerequired with capacity 13,000m3/dasy and 7,000 m3/day.Management cost will be Rp.87,079 per ton waste

Scenario 3Implementation of waste to ener-gy through incinerator, smallscale RSL and 3R-based in-tegrated management (if TPA Leuwigajah is inapplicable andnew but small landfill area is fo-und). Incinerator will have ca-pacity 1,000 ton waste per day equipped with heat to energy system. It requires 5 ha andtwo RLS areas with capacity 8,000m3/day, respectively.Cost management per ton waste will be Rp. 124,870. MJ

OPTIONS OF BANDUNG WASTEMANAGEMENT CONCEPT

FOTO:MUJIYANTO

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C an you explain waste mana-gement in Bandung beforeemergency response?

So far, waste management is carri-ed out traditionally, namely sanitary landfill to maximally control landfill.In sanitary landfill, waste is disposedand leveled at a certain location, whilein control landfill, waste is disposedof, leveled and overburdened with so-il. Either sanitary or control landfill will bring serious problems if they'releft unmanaged.

Sanitary landfill needs wide area.If the land is small, the waste dump will in turn cause accident. For exam-ple, TPA Leuwigajah tragedy. If weoverburden it with soil, the result re-mains the same because of leachateand potential collapse. We cannoteven dump it vertically. With the Leu- wigajah incident, we have to do betterand do not repeat the same mistake, which will just cause incident and lossto people and city government.

What will local governmentdo after Leuwigajah collapse?

Upon Governor's verbal approval,around March 2005, we invited 15 investors who have concern of wastemanagement that produces compost,fertilizer, energy, briquette, brick, ce-ment, etc. They come from domesticand foreign investors. To select them, we established a formulation teamconsisting of city government, envi-ronmental specialists and Unpad re-presentative. The team worked hardand selected five and finally three in-

vestors. The three investors madeconsortium called PT. Bandung RayaIndah Lestari (BRIL). On September2005, we executed MoU with thecompany, in which they should seek

an area and acquire it for factory. Pre- viously, on July-August 2005, we visi-ted Shanghai China for comparativestudy to see waste management plantin the city. So we will adopt their tech-nology although Head of BandungDistrict and I have ever been trainedabout waste management so that I cancomplement the comparative study inJapan and China. On September2005, BRIL sought the area and it

seemed uneasy. Some governmentagreed but the people disagreed. So itis not easy. The last, we still disposedof waste in Jelekong, Bandung Dis-trict, and then closed. We also havelandfill area 7 ha in Pasir Impun but it was closed, also we have in Cicabe butit was closed on 14 April. So, on 15 April no more landfill at all. Until

waste dump raised on 26 May 2006, which lasted 41 days. There was 7,500 m 3

waste everyday and, if multiplied by 41 day, produced 400 thousand m 3

waste. Therefore I asserted thatBandung is under waste emergency. And this is not national issue but alsointernational. I kept attempting solu-tion. On 26 May, Governor and Com-mander of Kodam III Siliwangi took action to provide us with 21 ha area inSarimukti owned by Perhutani. In themeantime, we used Kodam land areaof 2.5 ha in Cikubang but it was appli-cable only for 10 days. Now we useland in Sarimukti. In Sarimukti,Governor executed MoU with Per-hutani on 7 August as legality for theland use. That waste produced by Bandung district, Cimahi, Bandungcity will be processed as compost based on ideas of the team established by Minister of National Planning andDevelopment/Head of Bappenas,State Minister of Environment, Mi-nister of Research and Technology.The government granted Rp. 14 billi-on to build compost plant in Sari-mukti. After visit to Singapore one week ago, I found that there is adowntown waste management toenergy, water treatment. We havefour locations and for power energy,Bandung city is potential because ituses only 5 ha area for plant, 15 ha forgreenbelt and 5 ha for reserve, and 10ha for revegetation. Based on experi-ences from visiting some countries,the waste management remains noresidue at all because waste is

H E A D L I N E S


Mayor of Bandung City, H. Dada RosadaNothing More to Do with Traditional Way

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO


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processed continuously. Bandung ci-ty will refer to thee approaches. I ho-pe, if realized, this will be the first inIndonesia.

Does city government only cooperate with private compa-ny?

On 31 July ago, cooperation of Bandung city government was exten-ded with ITB, PLN san Darut Tauhid.

The decision: City Government is waste producer; PT. BRIL and DarutTauhid are management, PLN is ener-gy buyer and seller, and ITB providesdesign and technology. Previously ITB and PLN have made small-scale joint-operation of 24 ton waste/day producing 500 Kwh electric power.This was considered too small so thatPLN suggested cooperation with city government as the latter has abun-

dant waste supply. We plan to change1500 ton waste per day into 25megawatt electric power.

What kind of regional coope-ration you establish with localgovernment?

Cooperation with government of Bandung district and Cimahi city

results in collective landfill in Sari-mukti, Bandung District. Bandungdistrict and Cimahi have less waste.Bandung city produces 7,500 m 3 perday while Cimahi produces only 450 m 3

per three months. We are who wantthe waste changed into electric power.By chance, PLN has not been able toserve all people.

Where will the plant be estab-

lished?It will be established in Bandung

Timur. It is under process now. Insya Allah we don't have any problem because the land is owned by one per-son and he has agreed with. We hopethe plant establishment will not be thesame as in Bojong. We have madesocialization to our community andthey agree with our plan.

How do you think of budget?It will be given gradually.

How much will it be alloca-ted?

We haven't fixed it yet. All to donow is legality. We haven't preparedthe business plan as we are encoun-tering many problems, for example

difficulty in finding out the plant area.

From the waste tragedy, doesBandung still maintain the exis-ting master plan or prepare thenew one?

We prepare the new master plan.The existing one is sanitary landfill,isn't it? It is inapplicable anymore.Now we're preparing a new masterplan, which consists the location

points, while in RT/RW and RDTRK, we plot Bandung Timur as non-pollu-tant industry and warehousing area.

What you just explained re-fers to how management of final

waste is. How's community em-powerment in waste reduction?

We encourage the community tosort their household waste as applicable in the developed countries. At

least, they sort between organic andinorganic waste. We then pick up and bring their waste to the depot. Andthere, the waste is sorted again. In themanagement plant, we will preparecasual until skilled workers.

How is your cooperation withprivate company?

H E A D L I N E S

Percik August 200610

ILLUSTRATION BY: RUDI KOZ

the important thingis ACTION, man....

L o c a l

G o v t.


13/56

We refer the work to them. They invest and operate the plant; we giveour waste and pay them so they takeprofit from our payment. Besides,they sell waste energy to PLN.

What is impact of waste mana-gement plant to performance of Bandung Cleaning Service Agency?

Well , we'l l make it gradually;probably we involve them in theoperation. The plant will be returnedto city government if BOT or BTO iscompleted, won't it?

How long the work agree-ment with private company?

Well, minimally 20 years

Does local government pre-pare special regulations to le-galize this agreement?

Yes, it does. The local regulationhas been issued. It regulates WasteManagement, transport from housesto temporary disposal site (TPS) isconducted by RT/RW community and

transport from the TPS to final dis-posal site (TPA) without any treat-ment. Community should pay retribu-tion for waste transport we conductfrom TPS to TPA.

Is there any special regula-tion on this agreement?

It is just MoU.

It means that legality must beprepared for this?

Yes, it must. Moreover, this agree-ment involves ITB, PLN and DarutTauhid.

How much budget will berequired for this waste manage-ment?

We obtain Rp. 20 billion fromlocal government. But charge im-posed on Cleaning Service Agency forretribution is only 53% of budgetdemand of more than Rp 20 billion.

Do you have any suggestions forother cities to prevent the similar

incident as Bandung has?Firstly, there must be behavioral

change. We should not dispose of waste carelessly. We should sort wastes, and local government shouldnot adopt traditional waste manage-ment, such as sanitary landfill.

What should other local government do if they were toencounter waste emergency?

They should refer to high techno-logy waste management, either collec-tive (joining with other local govern-ments) or individual management.

Do you mean, in emergency? Yes, we with all levels of communi-

ty implement 3R, reduce, reuse andrecycle. But it is highly emergency andit didn't work maximally. During 41days we're facing about 400 thousandm3 waste. By implementing 3R, wecould only reduce 10 thousand m 3

Besides, the process will not immedi-ately bring revolution. This model isonly for long-term plan. Not all peoplecan implement waste management intheir houses. So change in waste ma-nagement from traditional way tohigh technology is a must.

When will the plant be ope-rated?

Construction is under way this year. It needs 1 year. And for the peri-od of time, we dispose of waste inSarimukti and so far so good.

Is your plan not causing con-flict with GBWMC program?

It doesn't matter with GBWMC. We keep following the GBWMC pro-gram. Moreover, Bandung waste isabundant. So there is nothing to worry about with Sarimukti. MJ.

H E A D L I N E S


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Corner of Bandung city that is already clean.


14/56

W aste in Indonesia has beenso apprehensive, signalized by numbers of waste pollu-

tion and get the peak when TPA Leu- wigajah collapsed on February 2005ago which claimed 146 victims andfollowed by hot debate and blamingeach other. Nevertheless, as common-ly happening in out country, Leuwi-gajah tragedy is not followed by ade-quate improvement, either technicalor political. The incident seems to belowest anticlimax in Indonesia wastemanagement.

Although government of Indone-sia makes official announcement of waste "emergency" in Bandung, thefact shows that since May 2006, afterLeuwigajah collapse, a total of

300,000 m 3 waste was retaineddowntown as no other landfill willaccommodate the waste of 4,000m 3

per day, or precisely, people's strongresistance against alternative landfills

(TPA Jelekong, TPA Babakan, etc.). With such a condition, it is sure thatBandung, which is known as cool and beautiful city has now changed intothe city of stink and disgusted wastesand even potential diseases spreadingeverywhere.

Whether there is or not wasteemergency statement officially fromgovernment, we should admit that thecondition has been supercritical and

needs immediate actions. Eventually,not less than four ministers (Ministerof Public Work, Minister of Envi-ronment, Bappenas and BPPT) andeven ITB were rushed with wasteemergency response plan even thoughPresidential Instruction was referredonly to Minister of Environment.

In this emergency response plan,Indonesian Army also took action toevacuate waste out of the city (certain-ly with assistance of local governmentpersonnel and cleaning service agen-cy) by deploying personnel, heavy equipments and providing dump lo-cation in Cikubang, Darangdan Sub-district of Purwakarta District (4 haarea). This was probably referred toemergency situation as similar to warcondition where TNI was in the frontline as well as establishment of Taskforce and Ad Hoc Committee.

Besides, the waste was also dumpedin plantation area owned by Perhutani inSarimukti village (21 ha), Cipatat-Rajamandala Sub-district, BandungDistrict. Actually there are optional loca-tions for emergency landfill but uponpeople's resistance against the waste,governor chose 3 locations:

Cikubang (4 ha), 28km fromBandung city, an area owned by Army in Purwakarta DistrictSarimukti (21 ha), 42 km fromBandung city, an area owned by Perhutani in Bandung DistrictGunung Hejo (8 ha), 33km fromBadung city, an area owned by PTP VIII in Purwakarta District

H E A D L I N E S


Lesson Learned from Bandung

Waste Emergency SituationBy: Endang Setyaningrum*

SOURCE:ENDANG SETYANINGRUM

Waste piles up at temporary disposal site (TPS)

-

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15/56

Disposal in Cikubang area wasconducted by army using adequate'emergency disposal' namely cut andfill method. I think that army person-nel understand not only military but

also familiar with the "cat method".Unfortunately, waste dumped in Ci-kubang was only about 50,000 m3(land area used was only 1.5 ha of 4 haarea) for 30 days.

Meanwhile, disposal in Sarimuktiis more emergency because it reliedonly on open dumping with com-paction (without backfilling as imple-mented in Cikubang) with disposalcapacity 800m3/day (today it accom-

modates 70,000 m3). Actually landuse permit in Sarimukti area is forcomposting but due to emergency sit-uation, composting has not been com-menced yet until today.

In the meantime, land use inGunung Hejo (8 ha, and 5.5 hausable) situating in the edge of Cipularang toll road, has not been im-plemented. Although quick detailedengineering design has been imple-

mented for better waste disposal dueto presence of spring around the area,Local House of Purwakarta rejectedthe land use although water supply requirements for people around thearea (Cibentar and Pasirmalaka vil-lage) have been fulfilled by Ministry of Public Work. Even access permit viatoll road was being under process by Minister of Public Work.

Cost of Emergency ResponsePlan

Emergency response plan, whichinitially expected to finish for 1 monthpursuant to Presidential Instruction,takes 3 months. During the period,there have numbers of cost payable by several parties for the following items:

Transport cost (Rp. 750,000/trip)of 180 dump trucks (2 trips/day)

for 3 months equals Rp. 8.1 billionDisposal cost in Cikubang (heavy equipments, personnel and safe-ty infrastructures)Disposal cost in Sarimukti (heavy equipments, personnel andrepair of access road to location)DED Cost of SarimuktiPreparation cost of Gunung Hejolocation (DED, water supply)Seven units of heavy equipmentscosting Rp. 11 billionCost of water supply in the Gu-nung Hejo location

Such costs do not include thosedifficult to estimate such as land costeither in Cikubang or Sarimukti, coor-

dination cost, waste delivery cost, which was repeatedly rejected by peo-ple, cost of ill people due to waste pol-lution in the city, cost for reducedlocal tourists which cancelled their visit to Bandung, etc.

What expensive a waste emer-gency situation in Bandung is. WereTPA Leuwigajah not to collapse; wereTPA Leuwigajah able to be operated with appropriate sanitary landfill; were fund allocation adequate (cur-rently only Rp. 15,000.-/m 3 is avail-able far below reasonable cost of waste management). And finally we just make suppositions.

When will waste emergency situation last?

After 3 months passes and based oncalculation of waste volume having beenevacuated from Bandung and Cimahi toemergency landfill, there are in fact tensof thousands m 3 waste retained in thecity even it is not as dirty as it was.Bandung gradually returns back to beclean and even crowded by tourists fromJakarta, especially during holiday and weekend.

H E A D L I N E S


Currentlyonly Rp. 15,000.-/m3is available far below

reasonable cost of wastemanagement.

And finally we justmake suppositions.

Waste trucks stand in line to enter TPA Cikubang


-

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--

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16/56

Does it mean that emergency response plan ends? How iscontinuity of landfill improvementin Sarimukti which is conductedonly through open dumping methodand possible contaminating by leachate? How is continuity of inte-grated composting in Sarimukti (asper Perhutani permit)? There is stilla number of problems requiring fol-low up to prevent "waste emergency volume 2".

Scenarios After Emergency Response

For scenario post emergency plan, infrastructure improvement inCikubang and Sarimukti is recom-mended to overcome contaminationlikely visible in Sarimukti, especially leachate contamination and prepa-ration of integrated waste manage-ment (composting and recycling).

Further step is returning back toGBWMC scenarios consisting of:

Socialization to community andstakeholders to prevent socialconflict as it wasLand acquisition (Citiis andKebon Nangka-Nagrek) withappropriate compensationPreparation of adequate landfillarea and waste managementfacility especially relating topreparation of buffer zone,environmental conservationfacility, etc.Landfill operation in professio-nal ways and causing adverseimpact or social conflict as wellas TPA Leuwigajah manage-ment after collapse and TPA Jelekong.

Lessons Learned Although storm (of waste) has

been alleviated from Bandung, weshould think and learn lessons fromBandung incident as starting pointtoward spirit of better waste ma-nagement.

People awareness of waste reduc-tion by means of composting andrecycling should be supported, forexample, by giving them incentives.

Executives and legislatives sho-uld not be reluctant in allocating budget for better waste manage-ment, especially for improving land-fill quality after emergency response(TPA Sarimukti) and actualizinglarge-scale integrated compostingplant.

Finally, waste master plan sho-uld be prepared as long-term refer-ence for stakeholders, including spa-tial allocation for landfill area com-plete with buffer zone and applica-tion of "landfill borderline". Landfillallocation is also for long-term investment because we will obtain"new land" after landfill, possibly asgreen open land.

* Staff at the Directorate of Settlement Sanitary Development,

Directorate General of HumanSettlement, Ministry of Public Work.

H E A D L I N E S


Executives andlegislatives should not

be reluctant inallocating budgetfor better waste

management

Entered condition to TPA Cikubang


-

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17/56

D rought is hitting Indonesia. What causes it?There are three main causes; first-

ly global climate change because rainand dry take place outside the fixedmonths. Secondly, environmental fac-tors. Thirdly, water infrastructure.Environmental factors are clear; thereare significant factors outside watersystem such as forestry, dry farm, etc.so that capacity of natural or artificial water flow will deplete. We can seedams with very high deposits.

How about infrastructures?For infrastructures, we have in-

vestment of almost Rp. 10 billion in water resources including irrigation,river control and swamp developmentin the beginning of New Order era.The largest investment is allocated forirrigation as the time being we wereencouraged to food self-support andthis made irrigation was developed

progressively. Until today we havetechnical irrigation of 4.6 million hain full control. There are also semitechnical and simple irrigation of almost 7.2 million ha. There is alsothe so-called rained irrigation, whichis usually applied in the rural area without technical irrigation.

How far does it affect dro-ught?

If we talk about drought, it lookslike two-sided coin. One side is dro-ught and another side is flooded. Thisindicates change in ability of a river toretain sufficient water as the catch-ment area has been destroyed, etc. What we're focusing in our research is whether the dry area is flooded duringrain. In fact, big rivers commonly actso. But for development areas such asirrigation areas, the fact is not neces-sary like that. This refers to control. Artificial irrigation areas will release

water to the river when rain andretain it when dry. Irrigation patternin Indonesia is commonly gravitation-al irrigation. So, it only dams up andraise water level. There is no watercontrol except dam. That is what bigdams do for. It is full control. Butmost our irrigations are semi control,meaning irrigation by raising waterlevel.

What kind of environmentalintervention will be?

Talking about environment, we donothing but recommendation such asno cutting forests. Low-income far-mers in the upper catchments areausually plant crops such as cassavaand corn, which are unsuitable withthe river flow as the crops are not ca-pable of retaining water. Many devel-opers forget that the new settlementsthey build are parking area of the water. For example, Jakarta was usedto have a lot of swamps, which retain water before flowing to the sea. Now,the area is developed and raised, etc.so that water has no place to stay andthis often causes flood.

Is there relationship betweendrought and river characters?

Rivers in Java are commonly steep but short so that they have rapidflushing. In the meantime, we have nostorages to save water for dry season.Today we have 120 dams. But if weobserve, especially in Java Island, wecan only save 10% water, while other

INTERVIEW


Director of Water Resources and Irrigation, Bappenas,Ir. M. Dony Azdan, MA, MS, Ph

Java NeedsNew Storages

Drought is occurring several regions inIndonesia recently which brings significant

losses. Amazingly, the regions are flooded dur-ing rain. This is an interesting phenomenon tobe discussed. Why does it happen and is thismerely natural phenomenon or human inter-

vention? Accordingly, Percik is allowed tointerview Director of Water Resources andIrrigation Bappenas, M. Dony Azdan in his

office as quoted below.

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE


18/56

90% is never used until the waterreaches the sea. Thus, it has steep andshort flow, rapid flushing and too badthat we have no storages. Until 1990s, we have developed numbers of dams.Since early 1980s to end 1990s, many conflicts arose from friends of envi-ronmental ministry to build dams with reasons that it will change envi-ronment, etc. that it is so difficult to build dams. They compare with US orEurope. The US has 25 thousanddams while we have only hundreds.Indeed, there are two influential fac-tors, land acquisition and environ-

mental change, but I personally consi-der the storages to be necessary. If weneed to build dams, it means we sho-uld do it because it is really necessary.

Does it mean, we could pre-dict the drought based on natu-ral condition?

From all regions in Indonesia,there are two regions with potential water deficit, namely Java and Nusa

Tenggara, while others are based onglobal water balance, not deficit.Unfortunately, we see it locally. Inessence, if we see by island, the JavaIsland has potential water deficit. According to our global calculation, based on study of water resourcesmanagement in Java Island, Java is water deficit 5 billion m3 per year.This means saving level should beraised. We need large storages. The

current strategy is, because of many conflicts from environmental factorarise in building the dams, we should build large number of small andmedium scale dams such as embung-embung. Each district, for example,should have one dam.

Could you explain what con-

dition Java Island has based onthe study?

We have regencies with potential water deficits based on hydrology anddemand for agricultural and industri-al sectors. A total of 77% districts inJava are water deficits. Such deficitsare divided into three categories,namely light category between 0-3months per year; moderate category between 3-6 months per year andsevere category more than 6 monthsper year. If this condition is left with-out infrastructure intervention, thenin 2015, 78% regions will undergo

deficit, with light to moderate or tosevere category will increase. Location will not significantly change butdeficit is severer. In 2025, deficit may reach 80.5%. And if we list the avail-able information, there are 26regions, which will subject to dry, forexample Bandung. This region isquite severe. Garut has light deficit.Indramayu is severe. Kebumen isquite severe. Wonosobo is unusual. It

should not be deficit, but the factshows that it is deficit. So there is aproblem of water management. Se-marang is light deficit. Purbalinggashould not be deficit as it obtains wa-ter from Comal and Serayu rivers, butthe fact shows that it is dry. This isdue to water management, and this is what we're studying now.

Which management should

be implemented to prevent thedrought?

Let's take an example of Jatiluhur with full control. It has west channelfor Jakarta supply, east channel forIndramayu and surrounding areas,and north channel for coastal areas. Actually in the end or mid of rainy se-ason, we can see whether this year is

wet or dry. If this year is dry, all out-lets are closed to allow water raise tooptimum level rather than releasing itat anytime. If this year is wet, someoutlets are opened. Let's say this year we have storage, then we will haveplanting pattern, especially in the ter-minate area. So, in Karawang andPurwakarta districts will have definite water supply according to plantingacreage. For regions with small waterdebit, we make classification. Untilcertain extent, if water is depleted,there should be predetermined plan-ting pattern. In Indramayu for exam-

ple, because water debit is small, riceplanting is delayed. Then plantingclassification is provided, for examplefrom rice-rice-intercrops to rice-inter-crops-intercrops. This planting mana-gement was previously controlled by ulu-ulu with strict authority. But inthe present, farmers are difficult to becontrolled. Although they know it isdry season, they plant rice. And when water supply is insufficient, they get

angry. Indeed, farmers may not take water along the bed channel becauseit is allocated for the terminate areas.Everyone will get quota. Sometimes,they pump water into their rice fieldand then terminated area will dry earlier.

What do you think of enforce-ment?

It is difficult to implement nowa-

days. Previously farmers followed ulu-ulu instruction, now they don't. This water management has slightly cha-nged with regional autonomy. Who will hold responsibility? Although re-gulations have been applicable, res-ponsibility for irrigation over 3 thou-sand ha lies on central government, 1-3 thousand ha lies on provincial res-

INTERVIEW



19/56

ponsibility and below one thousandha lies on district responsibility; thequestion: is institution ready? Over 3thousand ha for example, who holdsresponsibility in the central level?

Inevitably there should be secondingassignment to local level. In that case,region holds more responsibility. Li-kewise, provincial level has not prepa-red person in charge, and finally sec-onding assignment is required. Theseunits are changing. Previously, al-though from central level, the person-nel can be used by district/ provinciallevel. Therefore, it is still under im-provement if seen from management

point.

How much storage do weneed?

Java Island needs 5 billion m3. Asillustration, Indramayu is a dry re-gion. It is supplied from Jatiluhur. Sothere is a design for Cimanuk, namely Jatigede dam. If Jatigede dam has been built, the storage will be used forIndramayu and Sumedang regions

and this will minimize consumptionof Jatilihur water supply. And we allo-cate Jatiluhur supply more to west ornorth. For example, if Jatigede water volume is almost 500 million m3, it will need 10 dams as large as Jatigederegion. But we can also build smalldams. It is ideal if we have embung-embung in district or sub-district level. Even there is a brilliant idea: damis provided per hectare. The problem

is: owners in Java have small areas,averagely 0.25 hectare and so are fer-tile lands, almost 100% have no prob-lems with water. But in the arid land, water is difficult to find. For example,someone have to find water until 23km long; if storage is provided in thearea, water resources may or may not be available.

How is our water infrastruc-ture nowadays?

From infrastructure aspect, we have problems with operation and main-tenance. It is fact that if we build con-struction in one place, we often forgetmaintenance in the previous place.Operation and maintenance have been problems since 1980s. Forexample, the existing irrigation net- work has limited maintenance periodso that it must be repaired in 5 years.If we have good planning, rehabilita-tion should be carried out in 15 years.This is the problem in water infra-structure and our priority forward. We understand that our governmentitself cannot conduct the operationand maintenance; there should beownership system. In our approach,the most benefited person is farmer because he knows which is to be ma-intained first. It is different from service staffs where they only see physi-cal appearance of the infrastructurealthough they don't know its function.Therefore since 1990s we have intro-duced our approaches that for opera-tion and maintenance, we involve far-mers. We even wanted to deliver it tothe farmers but serious complaintsoccurred. However, it is applicableonly to tertiary channel, the primary

and secondary one remains on government control and that is prone toconflict because the users are not only farmers. We hope that farmers will beresponsible for this tertiary channel by establishing farmers group tomaintain the infrastructure. In case of financing, government will give aid.

How is composition of wateruse?

Irrigation is actually 89-94 per-cent; DMI municipal and industry is between 4-11 percent; developingregion is 8-9 percent. For exampleBekasi and Karawang. So, large pro-portion is still available for irrigation.

It means that agriculturalsector will bear loss of dry?

Dry brings significant impact toagricultural sector but it is not alwaysthe case. There are regions, which aredry previously, for example Pacitan orIndramayu. The question: if we talk about municipal or industry, especial-ly municipal, water quality becomesproblem. Our major problem changesfrom agricultural to urban area, from which water cannot be automatically transformed. For dry urban or ruralareas, people depend highly on aqui-fer. Aquifer and surface water is high-

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

Water storage in Situ Cibereum, Bandung, is decreasing.


20/56

ly different where layers between 30-60m subsurface may have contact with surface. But if it is more than60m deep, aquifer will have no con-tact with surface water and it is possibly difficult for recovery. In the re-mote area, it is difficult to find surface water as well as make well. Aquifer basin has catchment area in the up-stream; maintenance of the upstreamarea will bring two advantages; clean water and good capacity and goodpercolation so that we can maintainthe aquifer level for the depth 30-60m. For 125m deep, for example, water sources will be difficult to reachas it may lies behind other catchmentareas.

How is cooperation estab-lished with relevant institutionto maintain our natural resour-ces?

In 2001, TKSDA (Tim KoordinasiSumberdaya Air/Water ResourcesCoordinating Team) was established based on Presidential Decree No. 123, which chaired by Coordinating Minis-ter for Economy, Finance and Indus-try and deputy chairman being Head

of Bappenas; daily director beingMinister of Public Work and 11 minis-ters as members. This team is aimedin discussing intersectoral waterissue. There are Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Minister of Health, Minister of Environment, Mi-nister of Communication, etc. So thatall problems can be solved according-ly. This team made draft regulations;one of them is Law No. 7 on NaturalResources. In this Law No. 7, we haveintroduced authority of central to dis-trict government as well integration between exploitation and manage-ment of the natural resources as wellas appointed person for natural re-source management. This will beelaborated into PP (government regu-lation) on rivers, PP on irrigation, etc.as well as ministerial and presidentialdecrees. This integration requiresinvolvement of relevant sectors. Besi-des, there is also GNKPA (GerakanNasional Kemitraan Penyelamatan Air/National Partnership for WaterSalvation); we hope this will come in-to implementation. The program fo-cuses on river rehabilitation. This involves not only government but also

stakeholders. Besides, we are intro-ducing integrated water resource ma-nagement and we focus on the imple-mentation. We should be aware thateverything will strongly relate to water.

Do we have grand design on water?

Yes, participation. The most im-portant thing is that this is not only government responsibility. It is thepeople who can manage water appro-priately. The important thing is how to make them aware of water. If ne-cessary, we introduce it to educationlevel. Water salvation is not only physical activity; it must be impartedsince childhood. We will make designand plan along catchment areas. Eachriver should have one design andplan. We are used to have master planfor Bengawan Solo containing proce-dures how to build dam, embank-ment, dredging and other physical works. The design is aimed at arrang-ing sustainable water source manage-ment. In the plan we do not focus only on physical works and this is beingimplemented in Citarum River. Weare making design on sector with relevant work and district with relevantresponsibility.

What will you recommend tothe people?

I hope they will follow workshopsand trainings, especially farm extension.If the region capacity is possible, weshould build water storages, althoughsmall. I hope that people will be aware of water saving from now on. This is thecase of culture. They regard river a dis-posal place. This is still prominent inJava. People should also control wateruse and water disposal to the river. If necessary, we sue the perpetrator. MJ

INTERVIEW


SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE


21/56

Y ou possibly understand activesand filter, which is composedof gravel, charcoal, sand, dust,

and palm fibers. It is used to purify dirty/turbid water. However, the re-sult is not satisfactorily. As consequ-ence, people will buy factory-made water filter, either local or importedone with high cost and sometimes lessdurable.

In fact, right composition will re-sult in best water filter. Any water can be filtered ready to drink. You won't believe it, will you? But this has beenproven by H. Ali Dinar, people of Ci-pamokolan, Bandung. This equip-ment is called "Water Filter Ala H. AliDinar".

According to H. Ali, this equip-ment consists of three major compo-sitions namely dust, sand and palm fibers. However, he has his one recipein blending this composition to filterany types of water. Today, the equip-ment, which has been applied since2003 is being patented.

Besides major composition, it hasadditional natural blend, which iseasily found in the market, such as redcement, lime and wood adhesive."The use of these materials depends

on water type to be filtered", said H. Ali, the 58 years old grandfather.

This equipment is not sold imme-diately in the market; it must be orde-red in advance. Why? Because each water in an area has its own characte-ristics. The filter is also different foreach water resource. Then H. Ali willmake experimental filtering of the

sample. He will compose the rightcomposition then. Of the test result isgood, he will produce the filter, eitherin individual or mass. Previously healso tested water quality in the labora-tory to ensure it is ready to drink. "Forquality assurance", said the grandfa-ther who is not graduated from ele-mentary school.

This water filter is cylindrical, 6"diameter, 30cm height and 2cm thick-ness. For capacity 500 liter, this filteris only 1 kg weight. Filter size can beadjusted according to water volume."It can work on water with any volu-me", he said.

Test of this equipment was firstly done in 2004 upon grant of Head of Rancasari Sub-district. Quality con-trol was conducted by Health Service

of Bandung City. At the time being,the water was taken from Sub-districtoffice nearby from H. Ali's house. Testresult is presented in the followingtable.

This multitasking water filter has been distributed throughout regions,from Jakarta, Karawang, until Riau.The users know this filter from rumor. And the production achieves morethan one thousand units.

Today, H. Ali is designing waterfilters for three districts along Siak Ri- ver of Riau Province, which is beingordered by large oil company."They're waiting for the product", hesaid.

H. Ali collects sample from ninestations in the region. "This water is black like lube oil. It's easy for me,

INNOVATION


Multitasking Water Filter

Ala H. Ali Dinar

No.

1.2.3.4.5.6.

1.2.

3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.

Unit

-mg/LScale NTU-CelciusScale TCU

mg/Lmg/L

mg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/Lmg/L

Maximum ToleranceLevel

-1.0005-Temperature 3 C15

0,201,0

1,50,025-1,05002500,05101,06,5-9,00,002-0,14000,05-2,00,01-5,0

Test Result

Odorless

0.00Tasteless

1,5

0,000,03

0,300,001070,000,050,0027,80,04600,350,0

Parameter

A. PHYSICAL PROPERTIESOdorTotal Absolved SolidTurbidityTasteTemperatureColorB. CHEMICAL PROPERTIESAlFe

FlCdHardnessClMnNitrate, as NNitrite, as NpHCyanideSulphateCopperLead

TEST RESULT OF INITIAL WATER FILTER OF H. ALI DINAR


22/56

even easier than water available in Ci-pamokolan", he said. He designed the water filter in the house, assisted by two men. Result of filtering is delive-red to laboratory in Jakarta. He also

confirms that he is able to design salt- water filter.

This water filter costs Rp. 1.2 milli-on for 500 liter capacity and Rp. 1.5million for 1,000 liter capacity, whilefor the use in mosque, he gives it freeof charge. It is one-year money back guarantee and this equipment may last for five years.

Although getting success with thefinding, he is continuously develo-

ping the product. Currently he is try-ing to filter used soft drink such asFanta and coca cola. Result indicatesthat these liquids can be filtered suc-cessfully. "The color is transparentand tasteless, so it is like plain wa-ter," he said while asserting that foraddition of filter, he uses pulverized

building ruins.Besides inventing water filer, H.

Ali also has successfully developedsimple indicator for water quality control. This indicator is invented by

his wife from her observation to thefishpond, which is composed of guavaleaves, salmon leaves and the secretroots. With this blend, we can deter-mine water quality.

INNOVATION


I f scientists invented somethingfrom a long, tiring and cost-consuming research, H. Ali in-vents this water filter from dream-ing. At the beginning, this familywas difficult to find clean water in2002. To overcome the problem,they bought imported water puri-fier. However, this equipment didn'twork well until H. Ali's family bo-ught the same equipment for threetimes with costs Rp. 2 million, Rp.

2.5 million and Rp. 750 thousand.However, those filters cannot purifythe ground water taken from besideof their house.

This fact made his wife, Hj. De-deh, got angry. "She forced me tobuy the water purifier costing Rp. 8million. I didn't want," he remem-bered. And quarrel began. Thespouse has their bed separated.

In such a situation, said H. Ali,

his wife was visited by an elder whoordered her to make water filterfrom ash, sand and palm fibers. Thedream was told to me. "In the follo-wing morning I did what has beentold to my wife," said H. Ali. The ef-fort failed. "Water is clear but con-taining ash."

Without desperation, he was

trying how to prevent ash frombeing flowed into the filteredwater. And he succeeded in thatday. "But I'm not sure whether thiswater is potable. We only use it forbathing while we buy the drink wa-ter," he said.

In 2004, he met with Head of Rancasari Sub-district who askedhim to filter the water in the sub-district office. The very dirty waterwas successfully filtered into clean

and clear water. The Head of Sub-district suggested H. Ali to check hisfiltered water to the laboratory. "Iasked, what for?" he said. Accordingto Head of Sub-district, result is sa-tisfied because it seems clear physi-cally. Head of Sub-district thengranted H. Ali for the finding. Theresult is very satisfactorily. Hence,H. Ali Dinar developed his inventionuntil now. Mujiyanto

I n s p i r e d D r e a m

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO

H. Ali with his water filter in front of his house.


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A s a follow-up of Article 40 of Law No. 7 of 2004 on WaterResources, the government

stipulates Government Regulation onDrinking Water Supply System Deve-lopment. This regulation on Drinking Water Supply System Development isintended to realize quality drinking water management and service ataffordable price; attain equal interest between subscribers and service ma-nagement; and improve efficiency andscope of drinking water service.

This Government Regulation cov-ers Drinking Water Supply SystemManagement, Standard Water Protec-tion; Implementation; Authoritiesand Responsibilities; Drinking WaterSupply System Development Sup-porting Agency; Financing and Rate;Tasks, Responsibilities, Roles, Rights,and Obligations; Development andSupervision; Administrative Sanc-tions; and Transitional Provisions.This Government Regulation consistsof nine chapters and 79 articles.

By virtue of this government regu-lation, Drinking Water Supply SystemDevelopment must be integrated withSanitation Facility and InfrastructureDevelopment relating to drinking wa-ter-namely waste water and matters

pertaining to solid waste-as well as based on principles of conservation,equality, public use, integrity and har-mony, sustainability, justness, inde-pendence, accountability as well astransparency.

Drinking water of Drinking WaterSupply System Development con-sumed by the users/subscribers fulfill

quality requirements pursuant to mi-nisterial regulation in health sector.No unqualified drinking water is dis-tributed to the community.

In addition to drinking water, thestandard water thereof must also ful-fill the given quality standard for drin-king water supply in accordance withprovisions. The government and re-gional administration are responsiblefor securing the availability of thisstandard water. Standard water ex-ploration for the purpose of drinking water exploration must be based on water business concession permit.

In respect of Drinking Water Supply System Development, the Governmentand Regional Administration must beresponsible for securing rights of every people to receive drinking water as a basic requirement to fulfill healthy,clean, and productive life. State-OwnedCorporation or Regional-Owned Corpo-ration specifically formed has to managethe same. Cooperative, private corpora-tion, and/or the community may participate in case the State-OwnedCorporation or Regional-Owned Corpo-ration fails to improve service quality and quantity.

Particular for rate and dues, thisgovernment regulation stipulates that

drinking water rate is drinking waterservice and waste water service fees.Drinking water rate calculation andfixing must be based on affordability and justness; service quality; cost re-covery; water consumption efficiency,transparency and accountability; andstandard water protection principles. While, cost components so calculated

are operation and maintenance cost;depreciation/amortization cost; loaninterest cost; any other costs; and fairprofit. Regional Head must fix this ra-te by virtue of recommendation of bo-ard of directors, after approval by Su-pervisory Board.

In relation to roles of the coopera-tive, private corporation, and commu-nity, this Government Regulation lim-its only to any areas or regions not yetreached by State-Owned Corporati-on/Regional-Owned Corporation service. In addition, they must transfertheir entire assets in case of termina-tion of agreement.

What makes this regulation advanced is the existence of rights of thesubscribers, in addition to obliga-tions. The subscribers are entitled toreceive Drinking water service ful-filling quality, quantity, and continui-ty requirements in accordance withthe given standard, obtain informati-on on structure and amount of rateand bill; file suit for any service har-ming them before the court of justice,obtain proper compensation in conse-quence of service negligence; and re-ceive waste water disposal and sewagemud suction.

This regulation asserts that all

Drinking Water Supply System De- velopment organizers must possessmaster plan. Otherwise, they mustcomplete the same within not laterthan January 1, 2010. While, those al-ready possessing the master plan,they shall adjust to this GovernmentRegulation within not later thanJanuary 1, 2008. MJ

REGULATION


Government regulation No. 16 of 2005 OnDrinking Water Supply System Development


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District Water Corporation(PDAM) is usually identical with losses, debts, low com-

pany's performance, unprofessionalmanagement, and un-quality humanresources. Various reasons base thiscondition.

For several District Water Cor-

porations, such a myth seems to behard to change. Consequently, most of the District Water Corporations areunable to revive from their fall. They still have a lot of debts. Then, will thiscondition still continuously occur? When are the District Water Cor-porations able to be healthy compa-nies and regional pride?

District Water Corporation Sragenis one of the District Water Corpo-

rations exerting to change such amyth. In three years, the company previously suffering a loss has beenable to gain profit simultaneously pay its debts.

This success is not irrespective of astrong commitment of District Headof Sragen H. Untung Wiyono, to makeDistrict Water Corporation Sragen apure business institution. "Business"must be managed professionally," he

asserted. Therefore, he takes meas-ures probably uncommon to any otherDistrict Water Corporation in Indo-nesia namely by taking over debts of the District Water Corporation andsettle the same in 2003 to Ministry of Finance. In addition, he finds profes-sionals to manage the same.

Since 2003, the outsider has beencontrolling District Water Corpo-

ration Sragen. He is Joko Supriyanto,SE, MM, a professional selected in fitand proper test held by District Administration Sragen. The Districthead fully authorizes him to managethe District Water Corporation pro-fessionally.

ImprovementThose already accustomed to a

condition are sometimes hard to takea change. "It is like one asks us to run while we sleep. We must be startled,"said Siswanto, Head of Personnel De-partment of District Water Corpora-tion Sragen. But, whether or not we li-ke it, steps of a new locomotive must be followed by all cars.

The new president director of Dis-trict Water Corporation Sragen highly realizes that gaps between the existing

culture and the expected culture stillexist. It is a serious challenge to enco-unter, including how to equalize per-ception of company's missions and vi-sions to make proper strategies andimplementation emergence.

Steps taken in this preliminary phase are, firstly formulating compa-ny's core values to take such as ho-nesty, discipline, anti corruption, col-

lusion and nepotism, best result-ori-ented, etcetera; secondly redesigningcultural system development, such asrestructuring, rotation, extension of study and incentive facilities, recruit-ment of special staff of contract sys-tem, etcetera. In addition, the compa-ny reformulates its determinations

and missions in concrete forms,namely (i) being a reliable clean waterprovider, (ii) optimising company'sprofit, and (iii) improving humanresources and welfare.

Change of this cultural system isapparently uneasy. It at least takes a year to gain the result. Joint commit-ment of around 115 employees emer-gences. "We have a strong commit-ment. Our death, life, welfare depend

on how we work," explained Supardi,Head of Planning Department of District Water Corporation Sragen.

Work motivation is also jacked up.Company's incentives, such as grad-ual pay and old age security are fulfil-led. Several persons are sent to higherlevel school. "In the past, we have aminimum fund for human resources,"said Supardi while adding that thecompany's attention to human re-

sources is highly prominent.

To A Healthy Company Since 1997, rate of District Water

Corporation Sragen never increases. Therate is around Rp. 425 per cubic meter. Itis not surprising if the company alwayssuffers a financial loss. This conditioncan not be neglected if a company intends to be a healthy company. The

TELESCOPE


District Water Corporation Sragen

Blend of Commitment andManagement

SOURCE:MUJIYANTO


25/56

step to take is by increasing the rate.But, this step is also uneasy as en-

countered by any other District WaterCorporations in Indonesia. It encoun-ters many obstacles and barriers from various parties. Moreover, the propo-sed increase is quite high from Rp.425 to Rp. 1,300. therefore, a break-through to the increase in rate is re-quired. The District Head proposesthat the increase is implementedstarting 2005, 2006, and 2007 andthe management agrees the same.

The management prepares sociali-zation strategies amidst the commu-nity. One of the strategies is by usingradio frequency. The District WaterCorporation holds talk shows every Sunday for a full year. At the same ti-me, the company improves red spots(leakage areas) as well as its services.

On another occasion, District Wa-ter Corporation facilitates all stake-holders to discuss the increase in rate

at District pendopo. The result is achi-evement of goal in respect of the in-crease. "Complaints are only 0.05 per-cent," said Supardi.

The increase in rate directly gives apositive impact on the company's con-dition. In 2005, District Water Cor-poration can obtain a considerable com-pany's profit by Rp. 605,615,652.77.

The fact makes the District WaterCorporation able to pay its debts to

District Administration. In 2007, alldebts of the District Water Corporati-on will be settled. Therefore, the Dis-trict Water Corporation has become areliable source of income by the dis-trict administration. Moreover, it ispredicted that the District Water Cor-poration will gain profit by more than2 billion rupiah next year.

Development Challenges

This year, the District Water Cor-poration Sragen has a determinationto produce water ready to drink. It has

made various preparations to attainthe ideal. It is planned that inSeptember the water ready to drink can be enjoyed by around 1,000 sub-scribers. Next year, the service willreach 4,500 new subscribers.

In addition, the District Water Cor-poration still encounters various obsta-cles. Life time of transmission pipelinesof 300 mm diameters along 4,551 metershas expired (installed age is 26 years). Itis not surprising if the undergroundpipelines are broken or its rubbers are worn-out. At least three points of leakageare found in three locations every month. Disturbance also occurs to col-lecting and distributing pipelines. Repairof all these ACP pipelines take a consid-erable investment.

The current homework of the Dis-trict Water Corporation is providingthe subscribers with service. The sub-scribers to the same increase moreand more but the installed capacity does not yet fulfill the demand. Theefforts to construct production wellssimultaneously dam are hampered by

considerable investment cost. But thedetermination to continuously servethe community never ends. (MJ)

TELESCOPE


NO ESTIMATION 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

1 Operation Income 4.550 4.572 4.776 5.355 7.9072 Operation Direct Expense 2.896 3.311 3.813 3.964 4.774

3 Operation Gross Profit (Loss) 1.654 1.261 963 1.390 3.133

4 Indirect expense 1.807 2.197 1.985 1.547 2.626

5 Operation Profit (Loss) (153) (936) (1.022) (156) 507

6 Other Incomes (Expenses) 87 89 94 98 99

7 Profit (Loss) Before Tax (66) (847) (928) (58) 606

8 Net Profit (Loss) (66) (847) (928) (58) 606

NO DESCRIPTION VOLUME 2001 2002 2003 20041 Installed capacity Liter/second 346,50 335,35 366 373 2 Production capacity Liter/second 267,25 274,14 288 293 3 Water production m3 6.434.266 7.814.004 8.127.869 8.945.614 4 Distributed water m3 6.225.341 7.748.894 8.030.926 8.943.288

5 Sold water m3 5.388.313 6.064.776 6.327.604 6 .850.579 6 Water loss m3 947.028 1 .684.118 1 .800.185 2.095.035 7 Served community Individual 169.124 170.324 173.151 170.073 8 Subscribers Customer 27.481 28.270 28.761 29.725 9 Employees Person 114 114 116 114

Scope of service in Sragen City : 90 percentTotal scope of service : 65 percentTotal deep wells : 21 unitsSprings : 2 unitsService area : 14 sub-districts of the existing 20 sub-districts

Technical Data on District Water Corporation Sragen 2001-2005

Income Statement of District Water Corporation Sragen2001-2005 (in million)


26/56

W hat makes you take a poli-

cy to appoint a personfrom outside of the bureaucracy to manage District Water Corpo-ration Sragen?

Firstly, the core of District WaterCorporation is business. Businessshould be professional. We find a pro-fessional outside if we could not be.Secondly, business should be mana-ged on business basis. The manage-ment should also be business mana-

gement regardless of who manages it.

Doesn't your breakthroughencounter bureaucrat obstaclesfrom those enjoying their posi-tions all this time?

No, it doesn't matter. It's profes-sional.

Any other regional adminis-trations do not dare take the

breakthrough, do you have any

comment? Well, I don't have any comment.

District Water Corporation Sragen usedto suffering a financial loss, but now itgains profit. Water rate is also not high. We precisely give priority to public serv-ice. We only fix Rp. 600 per cubic meter.But, we still can gain profit. It's a matterof management system. How to manage. We should be professional. We also set-tle our 2003's debts. Now, we do not

have any debt, even we can contribute todistrict pure revenues quite significantly.

They say District Administra-tion Sragen took over debts of District Water Corporation inthose days, can you explain it?

I want the company's balance isclean, and in our calculation the com-

pany can pay its debts, therefore

District administration Sragen settledits debts first to third parties. That's what we did.

Doesn't the breakthrough burden district budget?

No, it absolutely doesn't burdendistrict budget. We settle the debtsfirst as we can be imposed with penal-ty if we borrow a loan from the centralgovernment and it means a high cost.

How far do you authorize theprofessional?

We give him a freedom to do any-thing because we already have districtregulations stipulating limitations. Hecan make innovations or anythingelse, we only control him.

How about his subordinates?No problem. In fact, it's good

because he has correct personnel sys-tem, more orderly finance, better pub-lic service, better and serious mainte-nance.

What do you thing about theproblems met by water corpora-tions in Indonesia?

There are five problems. Firstly, very high operational cost. Secondly,thousands of subscribers requiring a

correct administration system.

Thirdly, maintenance, how long livetime of the installed pipeline. Only afew people know it. Fourthly, serviceto the community. Fifthly, economicsystem, financial management. It isthe absolute one. Those running a business should be balanced. It is usu-ally uneasy to control a lot of cus-tomers. Therefore, internal control,auditing control should be created.

So, it is not just a manager'sfigure, isn't it?

No. it isn't.

How is the process of selec-ting new management in District

Water Corporation Sragen? We made a test. They should have

experiences. We tested their visions.No corruption, collusion, and nepo-tism

What is the impact of thischange on the community?

They are more responsive, they can lodge complaints, etcetera.

What is your response tomanagement of any other watercorporations?

Everything relies on the manage-ment's commitment. Every districthead is entitled apply its own systems

and punishment. So, it depends ondecision maker.

Can any other water corpora-tions be better?

Yes, they can. They have clearcustomers. No one is in arrears. So-me bills can be scheduled and esti-mated. MJ

TELESCOPE


District Head of Sragen,H. Untung Wiyono

District Water Corporation Should Be ProfessioSOURCE:MUJIYANTO


27/56

Disaster comes unexpectedly asalready occurred in severalplaces in Indonesia. Infor-

mation on handling post disaster isalso significant as that on how toanticipate disaster moreover that ondrinking water supply being the basicrequirement.

The following article describesdrinking water treatment at user levelthat can be made after disaster or inan emergency situation. This treat-ment covers water taken from allsources, but generally can only elimi-nate physical and biological contami-nation. Usually, chemical contamina-tion can not be eliminated with thisprocess for requiring a more specificadvanced treatment.

FilteringFiltering water by using a clean

cotton cloth will eliminate sedimentand dissolved material. Using a cleancotton cloth is highly important be-cause a dirt cloth will add contamina-tion. If available, a special cloth ableto filter organisms, such as tapeworm,can be used, this cloth is called "cope-pods". It must be used at the same fil-tering level and can be cleaned by washing the same with soap and clean water.

Aeration Aeration is a treatment process by

making the water contact with the airintended to increase oxygen degree in

the water. The increasing oxygendegree will:

Eliminate any gases making the water odorous and tasteMake dissolved minerals, such asiron and manganese oxidized thatcan further be eliminated withsedimentation and filtration pro-cesses.

Contact between water a

Anticipation of Bandung Waste. PERCIK. Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. August 2006

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