Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine

From the Editor 1

Your Voice 2

Main Feature

Gender Issue in Water Supply and Sanitation Provision 3

Gender Implementation in WSS Development Projects in Indonesia 7

Interview

Deputy of Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of

Women Empowerment 9

Regulation

Special Fund Allocation for Water Supply and Sanitation System 11

Insight

What Makes CLTS Work? 13

Regardless of Funding Source, What Counts is the Plan 18

Waste is a Friend Instead of an Enemy 20

Balanced Scorecard Method 22

Inspiration

Tatung-Azizah's Willingness to Manage the Community's Water Supply System 25

Our Guest

Ananda: Deeply Concerns with Water Scarcity 26

Innovation

Bioporous Infiltration Pit 28

Opinion

Post Project Facilitation, Anyone Interested? 30

Around Plan Indonesia

Togo-togo Needs New Pioneer 31

Around ISSDP

Sanitation Workshop in Blitar Produces a Declaration 32

Around WASPOLA 34

Around WSS 39

Program 42

Water for Environmental Health and Human Being 45

Abstracts 47

IATPI Clinic 48

Book Info 49

Website Info 50

CD Info 51

WSS Bibliography 52

Percik Magazine in April 2007 is published on partnership activity between WSS Working Group and Plan Indonesia Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website: http://www.ampl.or.id

Information Media for Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation

Published by:Working Group for Water Supply and Sanitation

Advisor:Director General for Urban and

Rural Development, Department of Public Works

Board of Trustee:Director of Human Settlement and Housing,

National Development Planning Agency Republicof Indonesia

Director of Water and Sanitation,Ministry of Health

Director of Water Supply Development,Department of Public Works

Director of Natural Resources and AppropriateTechnology, Director General on Village and

Community Empowerment,Department of Home Affairs

Director for Facilitation of Special PlanningEnvironment Management,Department of Home Affairs

Chief Editor:Oswar Mungkasa

Board of Editor:Indar Parawansa, Bambang Purwanto

Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana,Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono

Design/Illustrator:Rudi Kosasih

Production:Machrudin

Distribution:Agus Syuhada

Address:Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat

Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id

e-mail: [email protected]@ampl.or.id

[email protected]

Unsolicited article or opinion itemsare welcome. Please send to our address

or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief andaccompanied by identity.

This magazine can be accessed at WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation Website

at www.apml.or.id

Without our being aware weare now paving our way inthe fifth month of 2007.

We haven't seen each since the begin-ning of the year. Now we are backaddressing you, Percik's readers, asalways with a spirit of "water andenvironment care and affection".

Many things we have to straightenout. Column adjustment, data collec-tion, up to internal coordination. Inthis 17th edition, we again convey toyou water supply and environmentalsanitation related information.Within the last four months, manyevents and activities have taken place,all related to water supply and sanita-tion. The events and activities arewrapped up to be presented to you,our dear readers.

Last March the 22nd was the com-memoration of the World Water Day.It's already 10 years since the UNGeneral Assembly recommendedWorld Water Day commemorationevery March the 22nd beginning from1993. It is not without reason that allnations of the world remember thatday. Isn't it that water remains a com-plicated problem encumbering manynations of the world, especially thepoor? And it is undeniable that wateris human being's basic need.

Therefore, in this edition, we dis-cuss topics related to World WaterDay. On the history and several acti-vities undertaken by the Indonesiancommunities for its commemoration.Including the government, privatesector, university students, and thecommon people. The enthusiasm re-flects everyone's wish to be liberatedfrom water scarcity.

The theme of this year's WorldWater Day is "Coping with WaterScarcity". Quite suitable, becausefrom year after year water scarcity isbecoming more and more significant.

In many areas of Indonesia, in the

villages as well in the cities, access towater is still the main issue, especiallyfor the poor. And the ones sufferingthe most are the women.

It is already time for women totake an active role in determining thepolicy related to water supply andsanitiation provision. Not only that,everyone must realize the importanceof women involvement.

Speaking of women, just as areminder, on April the 21st once therewas born a woman pioneer and edu-cator, Raden Ajeng Kartini. It seemsthat in this time, women pioneers andeducators are in great demand to sal-vage the families from water scarcity.

Our main feature this time is con-centrated on gender. Historial back-ground, definition and gender main-streaming, will hopefully shed a lightto all of us. To place gender issue onthe table, we try to unearth how far

the projects such as ProAir, Sanimas,WSLIC-2, and Prokes have proportio-nately provided the opportunity towomen to play a role. To make the pictu-re complete we made an exclusive inter-view with Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH,Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming, StateMinistry for Women Empowerment.

One column that is planned becontinue is "Our Guest". This willbring forth celebrity or public figurewho is well connected and competentin water supply and sanitation. Wemust learn from his/her experience.

There are still many more dis-cussions and information in thisWSS-WG published magazine. Yetdifferent from the earlier edition,Percik Junior is now published sepa-rately for distribution direcly toschools. Your comments are mostwelcome. Finally, we wish you enjoyreading.

DARI REDAKSI

Percik April 2007 1

Banner posted by KRUHA (People's Coalitian for Rights to Water)for the World Water Day commemoration

(the banner reads: Clean water is still a luxury for 100 million Indonesians)

SOURCE:KRUHA/DOC

Disaster Emergency Opinion

In considering the disaster that hit

Jakarta last February 2007 we wish to

propose the following preventive mea-

sures:

Background

a. The expansion of settlement areas

is difficult to prevent especially for

an attractive city such as Jakarta

and its urban/suburban areas like

Depok and Bogor.

b. Relocation of citizens living on

riverbanks is equally difficult for

various different reasons and con-

siderations.

c. Regulation on infiltration pit has

been declared effective, but in rea-

lity the citizens do build ones but at

an insufficient quality, lack of pro-

per maintainance, and is oriented

to conservation of shallow ground-

water. Therefore the threat of floo-

ding is continuing because the infi-

ltration pits do not function pro-

perly.

d. The economic burden of the com-

munity, especially of the flood vul-

nerable depression areas, is too

heavy.

2. Proposal

a. Considering that the availability of

sufficient budget both national and

Jakarta provincial region, it should

be recommendable that the infiltra-

tion pit issue is taken over by the

government/regional government.

b. The infiltration pits should be built

at a community level, at a suffi-

ciently large capacity, maintainable,

sustaining, and are oriented to con-

servation of the lower level of

groundwater.

c. As a pilot project Jakarta should

develop a deep infiltration pit,

somewhere around 80-100 m deep

just like a deep well for groundwa-

ter extraction. Should it become

clogged it could be flushed and

reactivated.

d. In reference to groundwater extrac-

tion for drinkling purpose, of which

an extraction deep well can supply

20-40 l/sec of water, the same infil-

tration pit can absorb an equal

amount of water, 20-40 l/sec.

e. To maintain and prevent untimely

clogging, the draining water is let to

pass a control structure to catch

sand and gravel and prevent it from

entering the pit.

f. This technology may be tried at big

hotels or large commercial bu-

ildings.

g. To make more applicative it should

be previously academically tested.

h. If the technology is well proven in

Jakarta it could be disseminated to

other provinces/kabupatens all

over the country.

Thank you for your attention.

Bambang WidiyokoStaf Dinas Kimpraswilhub

Kabupaten Sleman

Request for PercikMy name is Joko Sutrisno, teacher,

SMA 1 of Karangmojo, Yogyakarta 55891.One day I came across a Pecik maga-

zine and I get so interested with the va-rious environmental issues discussed init. I would be thanful if you could regu-larly send me one copy of the magazine.First it will open new horizon regardingthe environment, secondly and so on toget involved in developing ways andmeans of environmental protection ofmy immediate neighbourhood andmore extensively with the regional gov-ernment of Kabupaten Gunungkidul.Thank you in advance.

Joko Sutrisno, S.Pd., M.T.

SMA 1 Karangmojo, Gunungkidul,

Yogyakarta 55891

YOUR VOICE

Percik April 2007 2

CREATED BY: RUDI KOZ

C A R I C AT U R E

It'sNATURE'S

fault….

Everyone, regardless of sex, eve-ryday needs water for variousdifferent activities. To met the

demand for domestic water, especiallyof the villages, women play a dominantrole, from taking water, cooking, chil-dren cleansing, washing, and wateringgarden. But men hold the rein in decisi-on making related to water supply andsanitation provision.

This condition later created ineffi-ciency and ineffectiveness in water sup-ply and sanitation. Most of the con-structed facilities turned out to beunsuitable to the demand especially ofwomen who nota bene are the dominantusers, both in terms of number of popu-lation and also in the role in water use.

In the latest few decades there arisedan awareness of the need to consider thewomen's demand in relation to watersupply and sanitation provision. Thisissue is later known as gender issue.

Gender MisunderstoodUnderstanding gender as female sex is

quite common around us. It is not too sur-prising if in a meeting someone would ask:"Why all of them are men. Where is thegender?" It is even infrequent we wouldfind in a gender related study that all theexperts are women. The reason is simple:"In order to prevent the study from genderbiassed." Thus here gender is understoodas simply the female sex.

What is Gender?If we trace back, the term gender

came into use in the academic circleonly towards the end of the 20th centu-ry. For the first time the word genderwas traceable in 1976 in a workshop onWomen Subordination at the University

of Sussex. The experts in the workshoppointed out that women, just like men,are biological difference, while womensubordination was created socially andnot biologically determined. They fur-ther ascertained that for the purpose ofconceptual distinction of these facts it is

Percik April 2007 3

Gender Issuein Water Supply and Sanitation

Provision

MAIN FEATURE

Up to the beginning of 1970s thedevelopment policy was focusedon the demand of poor women in

the context of their role as housewifeand mother. Now it is known as welfareapproach, the main concern being placedin mother and child welfare and health,and nutrition. It was assumed that thebenefit from the macro economic ori-ented strategy will sprinkle to the poorpopulation and thus the poor women willreceive some benefit from their hus-band's welfare improvement. Women arepassive welfare beneficiary. Water sup-ply and sanitation service is defined inthe context of health and hygiene, whichis viewed as women's responsibility.

In the decade of 1970-80 Women inDevelopment (WID) approach was direct-ed to integrate women in developmentprocess through placing them in the tar-get position, even in a women specificformatted activity. In this approachwomen remain the passive beneficiary.Although many WID projects did improvehealth, short term income and humanresources, but women are not treated

equally, many of the activities are notsustained. The main weakness of WIDprojects is its failures to consider thediversity of women's roles or miscalcula-tion of the elasticity of women's timeavailability.

Since the end of 1980s the Genderand Development (GAD) approach wasintroduced for the intention of abolishingsocial, economic disparity and politicalbalance between men and women asrequirement for community orienteddevelopment. Most of water and sanita-tion sector development at this time usesthis approach. However, there are manyways from which this approach is viewedand there is no single blue print to makeequality in water supply provision possi-ble.

Both WID and GAD approaches arestill being applied presently.

During the last few years the genderand empowerment approach is beingtried to change the present gender link-age through emphasis on women empo-werment.

The Evolution of Gender Issue

necessary to identify "sex" as biologicaldifference between men and women,and "gender" is difference between mas-culinity and femininity which is con-ceived for the most part through educa-tion and socialization. Biological factoris permanent and unchangeable, butsocial factor is changeable.

Thus gender later refers to differ-ence between men's and women's inrole, right, and responsibility and the re-lationship between them. Gender doesnot only refer to men and women, butalso how the quality, habit, and identityare determined through socializationprocess. Gender is generally linked toinequity of power and access to choicesand resources. The difference in the ro-le of women and men is influenced byhistorical, religious, economic and cul-tural facts. The totality of the roles andresponsibilities may change over time.

The most recent use of gender it hasbeen used extensively just like class,ethnic, race to describe analysis of socialcategory in social interfactor relation-

ship.To make it simple, gender should

not be about women but it is rather theequity of roles between men and womenin all aspects of life. In one opportunity,the main is the role of women but thisdoes not deny the possibility that some

other time men's role is the centralissue.

What is Gender Analysis?Gender analysis refers to the sys-

tematic way of looking at the differentdevelopment impacts between men andwomen. Gender analysis requires dataseparation based on sex. Gender analy-sis must be conducted at every level ofdevelopment, in order to obtain a pic-ture how certain activity, decision, andplan influences men and women in anydifferent way.

Why Gender is Important in WaterSupply and Sanitation Provision

There are several important factsthat may serve as the reasons for theimportance of bringing up genderissues, such as (i) women are the maincollector, carrier, user and manager ofwater for domestic need and as promo-tor in water supply and sanitation relat-ed activities, (ii) bigger benefit than justa project capacity for provision of waterand improved sanitation through

o Economic benefit: better access towater will provide the women withmore time to income generating

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 4

FOTO:DOK/CWSH

Gender and Education --- More gilrs go to school when water supply isincreased and when there is a separate toilet facility for boys and girls.

Gender dan kesehatan --- health improvement directly in favour of women(including in childbirth), and eventually improves family hygiene condition

Gender and household chorus --- increased water supply decreases burdensin household activity and provides women more time for their children and foreconomic generating activities

Gender and income --- increased water supply and less illness will give moretime for women to find a job

Gender and culture --- increased water supply and sanitation facility improveswomen's dignity, status and opportunity

Gender Linkage

activities, responding to the needsof the members of the family, or toprovide welfare and leisure timefor their own pleasure. Economy,on the whole will provide severalbenefits.

o Benefit to children: Free from theresponsibility to take and managewater which would otherwise pro-vide the children especially thegirls to go to school. Therefore, theimpact may extend through gener-ations.

o Empowerment of womanfolks:Involvement in water and sanita-tion provision projects willempower women, especially if thesaid project activities are connect-ed to income generating and pro-ductive resources such as credit.

One of the empirical evidencesabout the importance of women partici-pation in water supply provision whichis often used as reference is the result ofanalysis of World Bank sponsored ruralwater supply projects. Based on theanalysis it was revealed that women par-ticipation improved project effective-ness in the design, implementation,O&M and efficacy of the system.

Gender Track in Water Supply andSanitation Provision

In the World Summit on SustainableDevelopment in September 2002 theworld leaders agreed to integrate genderapproach into the international watermanagement policy and practice. Thisagreement was translated into PoliticalDeclaration (Principle 18) that reads"We hereby agree to assure that womenempowerment and emancipation andgender equality shall be integrated intoall the activities agreed in Agenda 21,and Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)."

This agreement is the follow up of

the statement made at the MinisterialLevel Conference 2001 held in Bonn,Germany that "water managementshould be based on participatoryapproach. Both men and women areinvolved and at equal in sustainablewater use management and in takingbenefit. The role of women shall beimproved and participation extended.In the 2nd World Water Forum in TheHague 2000 both efficiency and equity

objectives are promoted through genderapproach.

Gender MainstreamingGender mainstreaming is a process

of measuring women and men implica-tion in every planned activity includinglegislation, policy and programming atall levels. This is the strategy to createthe same concern between men andwomen in formulation, implementation,monitoring and evaluation of policy and

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 5

African and Asian women walk 6 km on average to get water.

While on average Indian women spend 2,2 hours every day.

When sanitation facility is sufficently acceptable for school-

girls, their attendance increases. In Pakistan, more than 50

persent of schoolgirls drop out because there is not toilet facil-

ity in schools. In Bangladesh, water supply and sanitation

increases girls' attendance by 15 percent.

In Tajikistan, schoolgirls choose not to go to school during

menstruation days, for reason of toilet facility not available.

Do you know?

SOURCE:PRO AIR

program in all aspects. In short, gendermainstreaming is intended as a meansto guarantee that equity of men andwomen is properly manifested in plan-ning, operation and maintenance, inproject and program management.

In water supply and sanitation pro-vision the community based approachthe program frequently fails to achieveefficiency and sustainability because thecommunity is viewed as a group of citi-zens with the same demand without dis-tinction of women and men.

In reality, a community is not only agroup of citizens with uniformneeds and characteristics. Acommunity consists of variousdifferent groups who competeone another. When resourcesare in limited amount there thecompetition occurs and as usualthe poor will be neglected, espe-cially women. The applicationof gender analysis will help deci-sion makers allocate resourcesbetter without causing any harmto the marginal group.

When it is agreed thatwomen involvement is a criticalfactor in achieving efficiencyand sustainability of water sup-ply and sanitation, gendermainstreaming is the way out.Gender mainstreaming in watersupply and sanitation does, ofcourse, need strategic steps,among others (i) preparation ofdata for gender analysis throughseparation of data between menand women; (ii) promoting theinvolvement of women in deci-sion making, for instance in programscheduling in order to make womeninvolved; (iii) promoting strategiccooperation between community basedorganisation and NGO with the commu-nity and the regional government inWSS provision and small business

development; (iv) improvement thecapacity of professionals in gendermainstreaming; (v) involvement of pri-vate sector in WSS provision must con-sider gender aspect.

How Gender Issue Translated intoPolicy

In many countries the national poli-cy for water supply and sanitation provi-sion has for the most part made specificmention about the importance of therole of women and more detailed in thedivision of responsibilities between men

and women, inspite of the fact that acomplete gender focus is quite rare. InUganda, Gender Strategy in WaterSupply Sector was introduced in 2003with emphasis on women involvementat all levels of water supply manage-ment. A relatively more detailed exam-

ple is in Lesotho and South Africa inwhich there is a specific mention ofwomen proportion in staffing structure.In Rep. Dominika, the Water SupplyAuthority requires that at least 40 per-cent of water supply committee mem-bers are women.

In Indonesia, gender isssue has beenadopted as one of principles of theNational Policy for Community BasedWater Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation (CB-WSS) Development. Interms of language it is called the role ofwomen in decision making. The basic

principles are then translated intopractical implementation by eachof the WSS Developemnt projectsin Indonesia (WSLIC-2, CWSH,Sanimas, ProAir and so on). Theimplementation format of thisprinciple differs from one projectto another (see further GenderImplementation in WSS Projectsin Indonesia in this issue). Someclearly state the proportion of wo-men involvement in a number ofactivities, while others make it arequirement the provision of equ-al opportunity for women. Thereis yet no clear definition of howgender concept shall be applied inWSS provision in Indonesia.

The remaining homeworkWhen gender concept is cor-

rectly understood and when gen-der concept has been translatedinto government policy, whengender concept has been broughtto implementation in WSS deve-lopment activity, and as many

other whens, the question that wafts outis whether the gender concept related toWSS development in Indonesia is in theright track? The homework reads: howare we going to measure it? This will beour common task, for men as well as forwomen. (OM)

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 6

SOURCE:PRO AIR

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 7

Gender Implementationin WSS Project in Indonesia

Basically, implied or in reality,WSS projects in Indonesia haveimplemented the gender sensi-

tive principle. ProAir, or Water Program, the

German grant funded water supplydevelopment program strongly empha-sizes gender oriented principles for itsimplementation. ProAir Executive

Secretary, Ir. Deni Mulyana, M. Kesstresses that women play a central rolein water provision, management andprotection. "Therefore, women must beinvolved in decision making related tothe use of water," he said firmly.

ProAir Project refers to the natio-nal Policy for CB-WSS Developmentthat women are involved in decision

making.One of WSLIC-2 (Water and

Sanitation for Low Income Com-munities-2) focuses itself in gender andpoverty. This project is essentially aneffort to awaken and unearth the role ofwomen and poor community of theirequal rights and responsibilities inexpressing their opinion and in deci-sion making.

Similarly with CWSH (CommunityWater Services and Health Project) thisproject is characterized by genderdevelopment approach. CWSH placeswomen in key position as facilitatorthat is expected to get involved in eachlevel of the development process.

While Sanimas Project does notspecifically implement gender sensitivi-ty approach. But in actual implementa-tion women are frequently involved ingiving soul to Sanimas through facilita-tion and decision making.

Dra. Pimanih, M.Kes, a Planningand Financial Management officer ofCWSH describes the important role ofwomen with the fact that they arealways connected with water right fromwaking up in the morning until nighttime they prepare everything for thefamily from cooking, bathing and wash-ing. "In their daily household activitywomen are never far from water, it istheir natural character," she says.

While according to CPMU WSLIC-2project Imam Syahbandi, women play amajor role in sustaining the activitythat's why they are important in deter-mining the technology choice in order

Speaking of gender is like a road

without an end. In one place a progress has been

made but on the other there is still limitation

of the role of women

SOURCE:PRO AIR

to be suitable for both men and women."Women are also important in deter-mining the rules and sanction related touse, maintenance and the size of contri-bution to cover O&M costs," he says.

Equity of RoleIn reality, is it fair the division of

responsibilities between men andwomen in water supply and sanitation?It is not only in villages that women areconsidered lady of the house. Even inthe urban the difference in social statusis still prevailing.

From ProAir study in 2004 onknowledge, attitude and practice inwater treatment/use especially forwomen, it was concluded that womenare more involved in taking water par-ticularly from the lower income bracket.As for the women from the higherincome level the water taking duty isgiven to their daughter.

Of those who take water 27 percentare girls, 41 percent adult women, theremainder are men. While in terms ofstatus, regardles of rich, medium or lowthe duty for water taking is with thewomen.

According to Pimanih or more inti-mately called Upi there is still genderinequity such as in meeting for decisionmaking. It is men who are frequentlyinvited because they are consideredmore knowlegible and more capable ofdoing the job.

Emah, an employee of Dept PublicWorks who deals with the day to dayactivity related to Sanimas considersthat it is not necessary to argue whoseresponsibility it is to get water becausewater is everyone's basic need.However, according to Deni, the roleprovided for the women is not fullyexploited because some women mayhesitate if it might have exceededwomen's role or fear that they mightmake mistake because all this time therole is always played by men. And all

these worries that make inequality pre-vail.

Accoring to Emah, women mustactively involve in each stage of thedevelopment as far as they are capableand opportunity permits them."Without choosing the role because inreality women can and capable of con-ducting and playing the role in any posi-tion," says the woman who is anemployee of Subdirectorate of Was-tewater Directorate of EnvironmentalSanitation, DG Cipta Karya.

For water supply provision, saidEmah further, women should be giventhe first priority in providing their opi-nion and demand, because women arebasically the housewives who are thedeterminant factor for the future of afamily. "If our future generation is to bea generation with quality, the first thingto do is to each of the women to becomewise and skillful mother," she said.

Women Involvement Effort andConcept

The method of women involvementin Sanimas is through involving them ineach step of community empowerment.This can be seen from the number ofwomen involved in each Sanimas deve-lopment.

In WSLIC-2 women involvementprocess is done through determining the

quota for women representation in eachstep and community institution person-nel (at least 30 persent are women),staff recruitment, and through con-ducting special gender training and gen-der advocacy for the socialization ofgender approach implementation.

In CWSH women involvement couldbe seen from their paricipation in meet-ings, workshops, and group discussions.Women are requested to express theiropinion in each step of the process, fromplanning, implementation, use, andO&M.

From the beginning there has been asupport and involvement of women inthe ProAir project implementation sothat it is easier to follow the existing rulein each step of its activity. "It all goesback to the women. Whether they arewilling to get involved or not, or capableof taking benefit from this opportunity,"says Deni.

At present, women empowermentand increasing their role is still limitedto the loosely defined involvement orparticipation in each step. It is still ne-cessary to have a more intensive role.Imam described that the currentWSLIC-2 efforts in empowerment ofwomen and improvement of their roleare conceived as "participation ofwomen" following the principle of"equity" because there is yet no specificeffort directed to empowering women.Still an involvement in each step that ismoving towards decision making.

"In the future, the design of gendersensitive projects must be based on apolicy that definitely mention not onlythe quota and staffing but also a specificproject for women empowerment indevelopment role," he says.

Whatever it seems if the communityempowerment is to be truly implement-ed, women will become activelyinvolved and their voice will be heard.All that needs a common awareness andadulthood. Bowo Leksono

MAIN FEATURE

Percik April 2007 8

In CWSH womeninvolvement could be seenfrom their paricipation inmeetings, workshops, andgroup discussions. Women

are requested to express theiropinion in each step of the

process, from planning,implementation, use,

and O&M

How do you see water and sani-tation development from gen-

der perspective?We see from the viewpouint that

water and sanitation influences theinternationally accepted human deve-lopment standard and index, namelyHuman Development Index (HDI) andif it is further classified it will come toGender Development Index (GDI) tolater into gender development index invarious specific aspects such as econo-mic and decision making. Looking atHuman Development Index (HDI) of2006 the main topic is water and sanita-

tion. Water scarcity and sanitation sig-nificantly impedes human resourcesdevelopment.

Who suffers the most if waterdemand is not sufficiently met?

Of the families or population suffer-ing the most because lack of accesswater supply and sanitation are the poorones. Who are actually the poorestamong the population? They are thewomen. Poverty in Indonesia bears theface of a woman. Somewhere around 84percent of the poor population iswoman. In a report it is recorded that

one out of five people suffers from lackof access to water. While for sanitationone out of two is experiencing difficultyin access to hygienic sanitation. Waterscarcity and poor sanitation is a prob-lem that requires national as well asregional level policies if HDI standard isto be achieved.

How significant is the role ofwomen in this case?

If we take a look at the role of bothmen and women in terms of access towater and sanitation women are theones who care the most. The men wouldcare about the details, they will accept itas ready for use. Water must be readyfor any form of use. Drinking water,water for bath, washing and so on.Those who care the most are womenbecause they are aware that is willimprove familiy health especially to pro-tect the children and the whole familyfrom contamination.

Whereas it is too expensive for thepoor families to access water, it takes alot of time and efforts through climbingup and down hill. And the source is toolittle. They spend a lot of their energyfor water.

One could imagine that women losetheir productive hours only to get water.The poorer they are the mode difficult itis to get water. Therefore, we have topay more attention to the demand forwater and sanitation as the manifesta-tion of respect to women.

INTERVIEW

Percik April 2007 9

Dr. Surjadi Soeparman, MPH

(Deputy for Gender Mainstreaming State Ministry of Women Empowerment)

WOMEN CARE THE MOSTWomen are frequently considered as

the lady of the house destined to takecare of the household. While men arefree to express themselves and deter-mine their steps. Frequently women'sdemand which is actually the demand ofthe family fails to be realized. Such as inthe case of water and sanitation.

The State Ministry of WomenEmpowerment attempts to improvewomen's backwardness in variousaspects, such as education, health, eco-nomics, politics, and decision makingprocess, including the demand for water and sanitation. What does the stepstaken by the Ministry look like? The following is an interview made by Percik withDeputy for Gender Mainstreaming Ministry of Women Empowerment Dr. SurjadiSoeparman, MPH.

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

This is unfair, thenYes, it is. As an example, once I

had the opportunity to attend a villagelevel Development Planning Meeting(acronym Musrenbang), the lowestdevelopment planning system avail-able. There are the so-called men rep-resentatives and women representa-tives but there were too few femalesattending the meeting. How couldwomen express theiraspiration and expec-tion?

At that time thechairman wished to ha-ve a decision made.Men opted to haveimprovement to villageroad, while the womenwanted a water supplynear the village in orderto cut the time for ta-king water.

As it went, womenwere outvoted. Finallywe considered that ifwomen aspiration, ex-pectation, and demandis to play its role in a developmentprocess, there must be an empower-ment to make them capable of exper-essing their views in a forum.

Decision makers' care?We have seen decision makers at

every level, from local, national andglobal levels and we can conclude thatthey don't care enough. Water is stillregarded as a commodity without eco-nomic value. Whereas water scarcity isa serious threat to human resourcesthat may lead to mortality. We aren'taware that the number of infant mor-tality is by far exceeds the number ofdeath from war.

How far is the Women Empo-werment Ministry play its role?

One of our programs is womenempowerment in decision making atthe grassroot level. Oftentimes womenaspiration and expectation is far moreoriented to family wellbeing, such asthe availability of water supply, latrineand good hygiene system compared tothat of men. This is where the impor-

tant women role lie to enable themexpress their aspiration in village levelcommunity meeting.

In what way?Our weakness is that we are not in

the capacity to implement activitydown to the grassroot level. Our work-ing unit is located at the bureau level atthe province and and women empow-erment section at kabupaten level. Themethod is through working out coope-ration with women organization, NGO,and several donors that have activitiesas far down as the grassroot level.While at the policy level we are work-ing in coordination with technicaldepartments or working units at the

operational level.

What are the influencing fac-tors for the inequality?

Gender inequality is influenced,first by socio cultural factor. Up tonow women are believed as the lady ofthe house or the second person whoare often marginalized from taking anyrole. Secondly, education. This is one

of the reasons whywomen are always leftbehind. The the thirdfactor is poverty thatmakes women moreand more marginalized.

In reality, if womenwere involved in deci-sion making throughopportunity to expresstheir opinion and nego-tiate at the village levelmeeting, women wouldbe capable of winningan important develop-ment project such aswater supply and sani-tation. Women's opin-

ion must be heard because they carethe most. That's why we have toinvolve women in water supply andsanitation development through adecision made at the village leveldevelopment planning.

What then is to be done?We have to look how far is equality

between of men and women in reality.Whether program sensitivity has pro-vided equal access? Has it providedequal opportunity for participation?Equitable decision making? And equi-table benefit?

If the equality has been there, then wecan say that the program and its budget isgender responsive. Bowo Leksono

INTERVIEW

Percik April 2007 10

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

In line with the implementation of

decentralization and regional

autonomy, the government sets

aside in the national budget an alloca-

tion for the regions to finance the

needs of the regions, one that is called

Balance Fund. This is intended to

establish an equitable relationship in

terms of financing, public service and

benefit from natural and other

resources between the central and

regional governments and among the

regional governments.

The balance fund consists of

Sharing Fund, General Allocation

Fund and Specific Allocation Fund

(DAK). In principle the three funds

are intended to finance the activities

that take place in or in conformance

with the regional demands, the differ-

ence lies in the scope of activities sup-

ported but each of the funds.

DAK is fund allocation to specific

region to help in the financing of

regional development activities which

are nationally prioritized.

While specific activities include the

development and/or procurement

and/or rehabilitation of basic facility

and community infrastructure with

long lasting economic value, including

procurement of support physical faci-

lity. The basic services include educa-

tion, health, infrastructure (road, irri-

gation, and water supply), marine and

fishery, agriculture, regional govern-

ment infrastructures, and environ-

ment.

DAK Allocation for Water Supply

and Sanitation

As one of the basic needs the devel-

opment of water supply and sanitation

facility deserves funding subsidy from

DAK. This is stipulated in Finace

Ministerial Regulation No.

128/PKM.07/2006 on Allocation and

General Guidelines for the

Management of Spacial Allocation

Funds FY 2007. Pursuant to the regu-

lation in FY 2007 water supply and

sanitation is alloted Rp 1,206 trillion

or 6,21 percent Rp 17,094 trillion being

the total of DAK Non RB (Re-

forestation Budget). Reforestation

Buddget is the fund collected from for-

est concessioners for reforestation and

forest rehabilitation.

The portion for water and sanita-

tion may look relatively small in com-

parison to the overall DAK Non RB

allotted by the government. This is

because water supply and sanitation is

not yet considered as specific item in

the budgeting system therefore it must

share with road and irrigation as part

of infrastructure development.

However, this proportion has

increased compared to it was two years

earlier when in 2005 water supply and

sanitation portion of the DAK Non RB

was 5,07 percent and in 2006 it slight-

ly increased to 5,25 percent. Before

2005 water and sanitation sector did

not get anything from DAK.

In two years since 2005 one could

REGULATION


Special Allocation Fund for Water Supplyand Sanitation Development Pursuant

to Finance Ministerial RegulationNo. 128/PMK.07/2006

DAK is fund allocation tospecific region to help inthe financing of specificregional developmentactivities which are

nationally prioritized

notice the growing tendency of budget

increment. FY 2006 the allocation

increases by 0,18 percent from the pre-

vious year while FY 2007 it increases by

0,96 percent from FY 2006. This hope-

fully may in part erase the pessimism of

government half-heartedness in budget

provision for water and sanitation

development.

DAK allocation for water supply and

sanitation is intended to increase ser-

vice coverage and installation efficacy.

In more detail the fund is to be used for

repair works, construction of new facili-

ty for urban as well as rural communi-

ties with scarce water source and dry

areas.

Beneficiary Region

To request for DAK fund allocation

the region must meet several criteria.

The criteria are classified as general,

specific and technical. As for general

criteria it is mentioned that DAK fund is

alloted to priority regions consisting of

ones with low fiscal capacity or below

national average. The capacity is based

on the balance between regional re-

venue (regional income, general aloca-

tion fund, and sharing fund) with the

total expenses for regional civil srvants

of Regional Budget 2005.

As for the specific criteria, the bene-

ficiary region of the following charac-

tristics (a) Papua province as a Special

Autonomy Region; (b) coastal and insu-

lar regions, regions located at a border

with other countries, remote/secluded

areas, and food resilience and tourist

destination areas; (c) flood/landslide

vulnerable areas, transmigration acco-

modating areas, areas with small islets

close to the border, areas with a general

allocation in 2007 does not increase,

food shortage and or drought vulnerable

areas, post conflict areas, and refugee

accomodating areas.

The technical criteria differ from one

sector with another. For water supply

and sanitation the criteria are deter-

mined by the Minister of Public Works.

The criteria include consideration of the

following aspects (a) number of desa or

kelurahan (desa/kelurahan as counting

unit); (b) number of desa/kelurahan

vulnerable to water shortage (desa/ke-

lurahan); (c) total population; (d) waste

water service coverage (percentage of

population); (e) solid waste service co-

verage (percentage of population); (f)

total inundation areas in Kabu-

paten/kota (ha); (g) total slum areas in

kabupaten/kota (ha); and (h) construc-

tion price index.

The Obligation of the Beneficiary

Region

Once a region is selected as DAK

beneficiary it has to make available a

counterpart budget at least 10 percent of

the total it is going to receive from the

central government and is also set aside

for physical construction. Physical

construction consist of activities other

than project administration, preparato-

ry activities, research, training, travel

expenses, and other project related ge-

neral activities. The obligation to set

aside a counterpart budget is intended

to measure the region's seriousness

about the DAK funded activity. Some

region, however, is exempted from the

obligation if its revenue equals or less

than the total expenses for personnel.

In the implementation of the DAK

the Ministry of National Planning

(Bappenas) and the involved Technical

Ministry, in the name of central go-

vernment reserve the right to monitor

and conduct evaluation of the DAK

funded activity implementation and

operational procedures. As for the

DAK fund management the govern-

ment assigns the Ministry of Finance

to undertake the necessary monitoring

and evaluation. In addition to the said

assignments the region is also obliged

to submit quarterly report containing

the detail implementation and DAK

fund disbursement to Ministries of

Finance, Technical and Home Affairs.

Any delay of failure to submit report

by a region may adversely affect the

said region and may cause delayed

DAK fund appropriation schedule.

Through the said regulations it is

hoped that DAK allocation may pro-

vide an optimum support to the

nationally priorized regional develop-

ment. Afif Nu'man

REGULATION


The technicalcriteria differ from

one sector withanother. For water

supply and sanitationthe criteria are

determined by theMinister of Public

Works

INSIGHT


Iam of the conviction that KamalKarr, a Bangladeshi, is the creator oflatrine development model that is

fully implemented by the community(Community Total Led Sanitation). Heis a pragmatist. He does not like to betied in any one pole of social scienceparadigm but he prefers mixing theminto a tool for social engineering to theutmost possibility for improvement thecommunity wellbeing. He pays no heedthat among the scientists there aresharp differences, each pole waving itsown banner and exclusively groupthemselves and seldom exchange ideasin a single forum.

Whether one admits it or not theeffort to manipulate the principles ofsocial science to engineer an influenceand ways of changing habit, has beenquite successful. Its applicability insome areas in Indonesia has indicatedan excellent performance. How not? Ina relatively short time the habit of thecommunity who used to defecate in theopen has completely changed.Household latrine with a model devel-oped by the community itself is devel-oped within a few months, and coverageof users grows very fast up to 100 per-cent. Something that never happenedbefore. Something phenomenal is quiteinteresting, of course. How are we goingto explain it?

Performance in several areasIn Indonesia CLTS has been applied

in many areas, such as several villages ofKabupaten Sambas (W. Kalimantan),

Muaro Jambi (Jambi), Bogor, W.Lombok, and so on. Almost all theregions applied the principles at an out-standing result, not only in terms ofimmediate absortion and growth in cov-erage area but also the community selfreliance and willingness to togetherchange their habit and upholding socialcontrol in various different ways.

The application of CLTS principles isquite consistent. Several of the mainprinciples are summarized as the fol-lowing:

1. Without any form of subsidy andexternal inputs, such as stimulantfund, material or toilet model.

2. The application of triggering andshocking the awareness level and

feeling of the target communitythat they have been doing is awrong practice and faulty notion.

3. Growth of individual commitmentto immediately change the habit.

4. Facilitation is conducted in directlanguage, tends to be harsh, with-out pity.

5. The basic assumption is that thecommunity is willing and capableof liberating themselves from theproblem of defecation in the open.

In consistence to the above princi-ples it seems that the mainstay of basicsanitation development is the CLTS.Several selected villages in Indonesiaare disqualified from the trial because ofthe pity from the village administrationthat tried to provide cash inputs to thecommunity out of a pure intention to

WHAT MAKES CLTS WORK?(A Review from the Social Science Perspectives)

By: Alma Arief *)

SOURCE: DOK/POKJA AMPL

INSIGHT


make the objective be achieved fasteri.e the community build toilet at 100percent coverage. Such an externalinput is something to be avoidedbecause it does not comply with selfreliant CLTS model community andconversely it will create dependency.

Pioneer in IndonesiaImmediately, after the trial has

indicated its success, various commu-nities who have been concerned aboutimprovement of the habit of defeca-tion in the open and improvement ofhealth and environment, wereshocked and astonished, just like see-ing an achievement that have neverbeen achieved before. Is that reallyso?

When speaking in statistical num-bers, sanitation development achieve-ment in Indonesia up to this time ismore of a sad story. The percentageof the population without latrine ishigh and in other words the percent-age of those defecating in the open ishigh.

Where do they defecate all thistime? In rivers, gardens, backyard,bushes, etc. In short, anywhere in theopen. Because of this sad condition,the term water closet (WC) for themturns into sad satire. Some name itwith "flying WC" to mention a habit ofdefecating in a sack and hurl it to agarbage heap, some call "rotatingWC" refering to defecating behind athicket or a tree, and will movearound to avoid the sight of passer-by, other term is "moving WC" said todefecating while carrying a stick todrive away dogs or pigs that comenearby to grab the faeces, again thereis the "plung lap WC" refers to defe-cating in the river, said of the fact thefaeces dissapear into the mouths of

fish as it drops into water, and so on.Some name pig or dog neck toiletinstead of goose neck because it is pigor dog that takes the role of a latrine.There is also "helicopter or hangingtoilet" for a wooden box for latrinehanging above the river water.

There are millions who behavethay way. Sanitation developmentthrough stimulant promoted by thegovernment is growing too slowly ifnot stationary. This is because lowcommunity willingnes to adapt, tochange the age long habit. Researchdata indicate that the time lapsebetween one knowing about latrineuntil he really builds one in his homevaries between 5 - 33 years, a verylong time span. From numericalaspect that is a distressing develop-ment performance. Unfortunately,the development implementors seemreluctant to learn from experience,and always insist on the model theydesign. Whereas in fact, there aresanitation development with spectac-ular results, that should inspire forrepetition in other places. Whoknows, that kamal Kharr was alsoinspired from Indonesian cases, tookits substance, and synthesized it intoCLTS model.

Is that true that in Indonesia therehas never been a model capable ofmaking such an achievement, and is ittrue that beneficiary community isslow in responding the idea forimprovement of their own wellbeing?

In the village of Piyangang, Villageof Syawal (C.Java), village ofNeglasari, Gunung Sari, SumurGintung, Kabupaten Subang(W.Java) and Kab. E. Flores the basicsanitation development has evenmade a marvellous result.

In the village of Piyangang, Kabu-

paten Semarang, the achievement oftoilet construction was 100 percentwithin only several years. There areseveral methods developed by thePuskesmas facilitator, among others:

Manipulating the parents' love tochildren, distributing simulantassistance through schoolchild-ren. Inserted here the hygienebehaviour message and the dis-tribution of the stimulant iseffected through the kindness ofschoolteacher who knows exact-ly who among the children havenot household toilet.At school each class has its owntoilet, a wash basin in everyclassroom, and a small garden inthe school yard. Every yearthere is a clean and beauty com-petition of the hygiene facilities.In this Piyangang village thehygiene behariour message isalso disseminated through reli-gious teacher who then explainsit to the jema'ah, and throughthe PKK gatherings amongwomen of the village.

In the village of Syawal, Banjar-negara, C. Java the method is muchsimpler. In a village whose communi-ty used to defecate in a drainagecanal, in the dry season when thewater is low the stench is spreadingall over the place, but within a fewyears the village is free from defecat-ing in the open. Here the method isplaced more on the role of religiousteacher, school teacher (organized byMuhammadiyah) and communityfacilitator. The embarassing villageindentity due to the enormous stenchwas used as the identity to be elimi-nated through religious gathering,classroom teaching, and explanationby community facilitator. Because of

INSIGHT


his achievement, the communityfacilitator was frequently asked tojoin a parade in a national event andto explain his successes so that oth-ers could take lesson from him.

In the village of Lewoloba, E.Flores the spectacular toilet develop-ment achievement was madethrough compulsion method andimposing of economically heavysanction, and social embarrassment.When this village was led by a retiredarmy serviceman, one of the priorityis toilet construction. During hisoffice the community was compelledto build toilet so that within a shorttime all the households built a toilet.The compulsion was followed byimposing of economic and socialsantion for those who failed to obey.In the 17th of August commemora-tion the families who had no toiletwere announced to the public, andwere fined with one hen or dog.There was no community facilitatorinvolved, what was there was a firmupholding of rule with sanctionbehind it.

In the village of Neglasari,Gunung Sari, Margahayu, SumurGintung, Subang the the method ishighly normative following theintensive participatory faciliattionmodel. Several facilitators fromYayasan Pradipta Paramitha theyinvited the community to a FGD neara toilet. The facilitation was con-ducted intensively so that the com-munity really understand the disad-vantages/risks of defecating in theopen, and what benefit they will gainby building and using toilet. In rela-tively short time, due to the intensivefacilitation, all families in the com-munity built a toilet.

The lessons learned from thecases are:

It is necessary to generateawareness through formal aswell as non-formal education.Transformation of knowledgethrough religious teacher, com-munity facilitator, Puskesmasfacilitator, school teacher, etc.Imposing extrinsic sanction incash and in kind.Imposing inrinsic sanctionthrough embarrassment, back-wardness, etc.Provision of reward (extrinsic)for prestigiousindividual/group (group orclass competition).Internal reward through socialacceptance, self respect, etc.Provision of pressure throughinfluential group power (theirown children who are primaryschool pupils).Provision of pressure throughpowerful institution (villageheadman, retired member ofarmed forces).

Triggering FactorOne thing peculiar in CLTS

model is the dramatising of the com-munity awareness developmentprocess, that in a short time capableof making the community under-stand the disadvantage of the habitof defecating in the open and theadvantage of doing it in a hygienictoilet. In organization developmenttheory in the section discussingplanned change, the term triggeringis more closely comparable with theterm unfreezing from Lewin'splanned change model than the twoother models, i.e action research and

contemporary action research mod-els that are widely known in organi-zation development theory. In theunfreezing phase, a pshychologicaltransformation process is takingplace, in which a dismantling ofwanted and unwanted behavioursoccurs. In terms of time, this processmay sometimes produce tensionbetween the group who wishes achange with one who doesn't.

In CLTS model the awarenessdevelopment process is dramatisedin such a way that shocks the com-munity and opens their vision.Through role playing on social map-ping for identification of the distri-bution of settlement and who is defe-cating in the open, role playing foroffering who is willing to drink faecalcontaminated water through offeringa glass of water mixed with a drop ofhuman faeces, and by calculating thequantity of excrement contaminat-ing the environment every day, andtaking a transect walk to placeswhere they usually do their defeca-tion, have been able to really shockthe community's awareness and feel-ing (affective as well as cognitiveaspects). This is where the aware-ness process that is called the trig-gering. The community becomesaware that all this time they havelived a non hygienic life, after theyare given explanation how pollutantthat quantitavely is enormous isscattered around and through vari-ous processes the pollutant contami-nates food and drink and finallyfinds it way into the stomach.

At the time when the communityis in great shock from the shortawareness development process andis in a highly guilty feeling, together

INSIGHT


they are asked to give their commit-ment to change behaviour throughbuilding a toilet. The participants ofthe discussion are asked to clap theirhands each time an individual men-tion his name and give his commit-ment, and they are named the pioneerhero of behavioural change.

At the final session of the trigger-ing the community has had a plan tobuild a toilet. Guided by the facilita-tor, each of the paricipants will informthe name and when he will finish thetoilet construction. The group of com-munity members who has given itscommitment will serve as pioneer inbehavioural change, and will continu-ously become the change controlgroup, just like a snowball that isgrowing larger and larger, finally theparticipants will reach 100 percent ofthe community.

One of the determining phases ofCLTS model is the upholding of socialcontrol. This varies widely. Someactivate children as spy force whowould directly inform other membersof the community of someone defecat-ing in the open. Some compose songsto embarrass those who defecate inthe open, and so on. This is the mosteffective form of punishment and willmake the violator wary, more effectivethan imposing a fine.

Social Science PerspectiveAs mentioned above, Kamal Karr

does not care about the polarization ofsocial science paradigms, he tends todissolve them into social engineeringfor the good of the community. As amatter fact there is in social science apolarization wherein each school car-ries its own banner. On one sidestanding firmly scientists conceived as

naturalist school who analyse socialphenomenon scientifically assumingthat the community is similar withnature or other object of sciencewhose behavioural order and princi-ples can be determined, and thereforecan be measured by way of statisticalmethod. To this school of thoughtbelong several sub-groups such asfunctional structure, conflict struc-turalist that is further divided intoMarxist and Non-Marxist structural-ist, and behaviorist sub-groups.

While on the other side standingequally firmly the humanist group,who sees man as a unique phenome-non that cannot be generalised or bededuced its rules. The humanistgroup strongly denies the naturalists'views who reduce human values intoidentical with natural objects, includ-ing animal.

CLTS model uses various princi-ples in each social science paradigm tocreate behavioural change (manipu-late social science principles) regard-less to polarization of school ofthoughts, which, in realty is quiteintense. Several of the principles thatare manipulated to engineer CLTS:

Where are the theoretical compo-nents of each of the school of thoughtsbeing manipulated for the engineer-ing? Here is the explanation:

1. Social control: It comes in var-ious different models, some uses chil-dren to spy on who is defecating in theopen, some use songs to generateembarrassment for the unwantedpractice, etc.

2. Socialization: intensive discus-sion, dramatizing and role playing totransfer experience and knowledge onhygienic life. If successful this processwill give birth to a new norm and

value that serve as glue and collectiveagreement.

3. Upholding of rules through astrong/firm sanction. This process isthe continuation of social control witha more concrete and mutually agreedsanction.

4. Basically the inroduction ofhygiene behaviour inherently containsconflicting aspect, i.e fighting forhygienic space to live in. On one handstand a group who use to defecate inthe open, while on the other a renova-tion group who wish to live hygienical-ly, create a clean and healthy environ-ment.

5. Social integrity is establishedby coercive power: Upholding of theestablished and agreed norms and val-ues is guarded together throughimposing a sanction which is essen-tially a compulsion. Everyone mustobey, or suffer a consequence forbeing considered uncivilized, beingostracized, alluded to in any meeting,announced during 17th of Augustcommemoration, and so on.Essentially this is violence, insistence,though not in terms of physicalencounter.

6. If there is benefit (reward) fora certain activity, then the activity willbe sustained. The triggering partici-pants will give their commitment tochange behaviour, because the facili-tator is capable of explaining in everyway that they will be benefited if theylive hygienically. On the other hand, ifhe fails, the community will neverobey him.

7. Man tends to avoid a behaviourthat does not give him any benefit orreward, in other word man tends toavoid punishment. In managementthe principles as mentioned in 6. and

INSIGHT


7. are called the carrot and stick princi-ples. Here man is assumed as an animallooking for reward (carrot) and avoidingpunishment (stick). As with CLTS thecommunity will obey a common agree-ment governed under new norms andvalues, otherwise he will undergo a pun-ishment, becomes a laughingstock,object of public taunt, public announce-ment, etc. Although the punishment isnever corporal such as lashing. While ifone is obedient the reward is socialacceptance, improvement in health, etc.

8. The value of one thing or symp-tom is obtained from social interactionprocess. Up to now the communitydefecates in the open because up to now(since childhood) the knowledge taughtby the elders and other people aroundthem that river, garden, bushes, etc.means a place for defecation, garbagedisposal, etc.

9. The value of one thing or symp-tom will change through interaction

with other things or symptoms. InCLTS it is obvious that the triggeringparticipants learn a new knowledgeabout the meaning or river, garden,bushes, etc. That those places are noplace for defecation. That defecationmust be properly managed so that theenvironment becomes clean andhealthy. That defecation must be donein a toilet, et cetera. The success inintroducing new meaning to a thing orsysmptom highly depends on the skill ofthe triggering facilitator.

10. The reaction to a certain symp-tom or thing depends on the mind sethow the meaning of symptom or thing isdefined. If someone defines that river isplace for disposing of any waste inclu-ding for defecation then he won't feelguilty using river as place for defecation.But if the definition has changed asmentioned in 9. he will certainly feelguilty and will no longer use it as placefor defecation. This change is strength-

ened if it is followed by common agree-ment and application of santion (point4).

Those are several principles in socialscience that are manipulated in de-veloping CLTS engineering. If it is so,then the CLTS principles have since along time before been in application inIndonesia, as discussed above. Thenwhat makes it different that CLTS per-formance has been so marvellous, pro-ducing sky rocketing result at 100 per-cent coverage within less than one year?

The answer is the triggering thattherein contains dramatization of com-munity awareness through implantingof new knowledge, and visual demon-stration, and directly asking for commit-ment for behavioural change and anagenda when it will be put into action.No less important is social controlwhich may come in various differentforms.

*) WASPOLA Consultant

STRUCTURE FUNC-TIONALIST SCHOOL

Social control as a mech-anism to control beha-vioural deviation

Socialization of valuesand norms to stabilize so-cial system

BEHAVIORISTSCHOOL

Through experiment with certainanimal it is concluded that:

1. If beneficial (rewarding) indoing a certain activity, theactivity will be maintained

2. Will avoid any unbeneficial/rewardless activity or in otherwords avoid punitive activity.In management this is calledcarrot and stick principle

HUMANIST/INTERAC-TIONIST SCHOOL

Each thing or symptom has aspecific meaning:

The meaning of a thing orsymptom is obtainedthrough social interaction(the knwledge about nameof a thing or symptom isobtained from intractionwith others)

The meaning of a thing orsymptom changes throughinteraction with others

Response to a certainsymptom or thing dependson the definition of themeaning of the thing

STRUCTURALIST(MARXIST AND NON-

MARXIST) SCHOOL

- Establishment of socialorder by force/ compulsion

- Harsh sanction for violator

- Conflict for control of scarceresources as social reality

- Social integrity is esta-blished through coercivepower

In the National WSS DevelopmentPolicy Implementation at Se-marang last February Kabupaten

Pekalongan made a quite interestingpresentation. In front of 70 partici-pants representing 50 kabupatensfrom 9 provinces the KabupatenPekalongan WSS-WG told the audi-ence how they made a coordinationapproach with the DAK (SpecialAllocation Fund) 2006 funded watersupply project management.

The Pekalongan WSS-WG doesreally care with the development andthis is translated into the best effortthey can take. Through preparation ofthe beneficiary community, it is hopedthat the water supply facility could bemanaged properly by the community.Through this effort community man-agement team was established in 11 vil-lages to manage a facility called"Village Water Utility" or VillagePDAM.

When it was time for workshop par-ticipants to leave for DAK beneficiaryvillages several questions were raisedto the management and the communi-ty. In essence the participants wishedto know how far the community isinvolved in the overall stages of devel-opment from planning, implementa-tion, and management. There is animpression that the community partic-ipation does exist except in quite limit-ed amount, at the time when the proj-ect was about to be implemented. Thecommunity was asked to determine thesite for deep well, but the reason fordeep well was selected none of commu-nity knows anything about. During

implementation it turned out thatthere was a need for additional distri-bution pipes, the community held ameeting and agreed to contribute.

Although it is still far from commu-nity based management principles -inwhich the decision lies with the com-munity- but still the effort of thePekalongan WSS-WG in inviting com-munity involvement should be com-mended. It seems that effort bearssome hope as evidenced from the effec-tively functioning facility. However,facilitation must be given from time totime because the facility employs a rel-atively advanced technology for whichthe required technical skill is notalways available in villages.

What is interesting from thePekalongan experience is the revela-tion of a wrong perception regardingthe management of DAK. It seemsthere is a belief that DAK funded activ-ity falls right away from the central tothe region, and with such rigid regula-tions it seems impossible for the regionto undertake any non physical prepara-tion.

If only the DAK mechanism and re-gulations were well understood by allof the development implementers, theregions could have taken the best ben-efit out of it. The DAK allocationprocess is in essence designed as bot-tom up mechanism. The first stage isthe regional government prepare a pro-posal submitted to technical depart-ment, in case of water supply it is toDept of Public Works. Then the techni-

cal minister submits the proposal toDept of Finance. The minister ofFinance accompanied by Minister ofPublic Works and Home Affairs, andBappenas discuss the proposal toBudget Committee of DPR(Parliament). Finally Minister ofFinance decides DAK allocation foreach of the regions. It is clearly seenthat the role of regional government isprerequisite, the initiative must comefrom the regions. It should be recom-mended that the region proposes activ-ities that it is capable of doing by itself,taking into consideration the commu-nity preparedness, and the capacity ofthe government itself.

In PP (Government Regulation)No. 25 of 2005 on Balanced Budgetthere is a mention that a SpecialAllocation Fund (DAK) is fund origi-nating from national revenue is allocat-ed to specific regions for specificregional activity in accordance withnational priority. The said specificactivity is development and/or pro-curement and/or rehabilitation ofbasic facility and infrastructure of thecommunity and long lasting economicvalue, including procurement of sup-port physical facility. Specifically withwater supply, DAK is intended forrehabilitation works, improvement oflevel of service for optimum use, andconstruction of new facility for are-as/villages vulnerable to water scarcityduring dry season, using appropriatetechnology and is located beyond theexisting PDAM/PAM distribution net-work, at village scale coverage and ismanaged by the local community.

INSIGHT


Lesson from Pekalongan in Optimizing DAK for Water Supply

Regardless of the Funding Source,What Counts Most is the Planning

By: Sofyan Iskandar

There are certain rules that must beobserved in relations to DAK, such as:

The beneficiary region must speci-fically mention the DAK allocationand what is paid for.DAK is used in accordance withthe Technical Guidelines on Use ofDAK fund.DAK is not to be used for adminis-tration purposes, preparation ofphysical construction, research,training and travel expenses.The beneficiary region is obligedto provide counterpart budget fora particular DAK at least 10% ofthe DAK amount.Counterpart budget is used to payfor technical construction costs.

From the rules it is obvious thatDAK provides only room for physicalconstruction, not for preliminary activ-ities, training, and so on. Even thecounterpart budget provided by theregion is also for physical construction.The question now is, whether the pre-liminary activities are not needed orthey are necessary but they may not useDAK fund. Whereas in fact the realintention is the development of a facili-ty that is effectively used and sustain-

ably managed by the user community.This can be seen from the technicalguidelines issued by the Minister ofPublic Works. For DAK 2006 imple-mentation, it is clearly seen that thedefinite plan must be prepared in con-sideration of the program formulationphases, screening and site selection,budget calculation, and method ofimplementation. Pursuant to theabovementioned rules, the preparatoryactivities including community prepa-ration is an inherent part of the region-al government responsibility. This ismade clear in the attachment of theregulation in which the evaluation ofthe implementation progress includesthree categories, namely i) preparation,consisting of availability of counterpartbudget, fixed plan, letter of appoint-ment, socialization of the activitieswithin the community, ii) implementa-tion, consisting of tender process, con-tracting, actual activity, tranfer of proj-ect, and post project activity consistingof community management team,effective use by the community.

It is obvious that DAK funded watersupply program is an activity thatneeds specific attention from the very

beginning, during implementation andpost implementation. It is still a ques-tion how far the regional governmentcould classify which of the activities aredirectly paid by DAK and which ones bythe internal budget as part of regionalresponsibility in WSS development.

Imagine a kabupaten that has itswater supply development plan. It hasdivided the region into zones and prior-ity for development. Some areas areassigned for PDAM service expansion,some are intended for communitybased facility. Based on the priorities,inter-agency working group beginsfacilitation for demand evaluation todetermine the priority area/village.Through a guidance provided, the vil-lage is motivated to develop its watersupply development plan, consistingof: selection of water source, distribu-tion system, im-plementation mecha-nism, contribution, and O&M plan. Allthese activities will, of course, needfinancing, of which the regional budgetwould provide. The question is nowwhich of the acivities is to be funded byDAK and which one is fully paid fromthe regional budget as part of regionalresponsibilty in water supply sectordevelopment.

From the village proposals then theregional government proposes thefunding to various different sourcesincluding the DAK. As the fund isavailable the physical construction canimmediately start without any mean-ingful preparation.

The limitation of DAK fund forphysical construction does not meanthat the activity can be implementedwithout community preparation. Ra-ther, it is implied therein that the re-gional government assumes the res-ponsibility for comprehensive andpragmatic planning. In this respect theregional government of KabupatenPekalongan deserves a high commendfor all its efforts in preparing her com-munity to support the DAK fundedwater supply in the area.

INSIGHT


SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

Since the beginning of regionalautonomy in 2001, the city ofBatu has officially been an

autonomous region separated fromKabupaten Malang. This moun-taineous city is famous for its fertilesoil, cool and beautiful scenery quitesuitable for tourism and recreationarea. Further, Batu is welknown fordairy farms and home industries suchas tempe and tofu and broiler chickenraising. Consequently it is necessary totake serious attention to the environ-mental issues caused by wastes fromanimal raising and home industry.

The attention is translated into tak-ing benefit from the wastes -solid aswell as liquidas alternative fuel andfarm manure production.

The PotentialThe city has a lot of water springs

(111 in all) as source of water supplyand irrigation for some part of E. Java.With this potential it is suitable for cat-tle farming. There are about 6.000milking cows spread in theKecamatans of Bumiaji, Batu andJunrejo. In addition there are 165home industries producing tempe andtofu and broiler chicken raising. Theseindustries are scattered in the keca-matans of Batu and Junrejo.

The area with fertile soils and coolclimate is ideal for microorganism forbiogas and farm manure production.What is left now is how to introduce

changes to the community that waste isnot an enemy, rather it is a usefulfriend. This inducement should startfrom taking benefit from waste materi-als (from tofu, tempe, chicken and cat-tle) to produce biogas as alternativesource of energy and production offarm manure.

However, the treatment of thesewastes must consider sanitation andfinal disposal of the waste water in

order to prevent environmental pollu-tion and sustain water quality.

Community InvolvementIn every community based program

it must start from socialization in orderto make the community understandthe purpose and the benefit from theprogram. This program is no differ-ence.

The program was put into realitythrough labour intensive activity espe-cially by thos who were to directly ben-efit from the program. In view of longterm use the community must first

INSIGHT


Waste is a Friend Instead of an EnemyA Community Based Biogas Plant at Batu,

East Java

By: Muji Dwi Leksono, S.H., M.M.

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

agree with the site of digester.The installation is managed com-

munally among the owners of cattleand puoltry farmers and small indus-tries. In the event of the transfer ofthe installation by the local govern-ment emphasized the management totake care the installation in order tolast long.

Benefit of TechnologyIn the treatment of liquid waste for

the benefit of the community it is nec-essary for the selection of an appliedtechnology considering low construc-tion cost, simplicity in operation andlow O&M cost.

In connection with applied tech-nology in biogas production it isnecessary to make BOD5 content(Biochemical Oxygen Demand) i.ethe amount of oxygen in ml/litrerequired for completely oxydize theorganic matter of a water sample in5 days, and COD (chemical OxygenDemand), the amount of oxygen forchemical decomposition of organicmatter.

The wastewater treatment facilityproduces methane gas as alternativeenergy and farm manure. Mostimportantly that it reduces environ-mental pollution. A test indicates thatBOD5 and COD levels decrease by 90percent.

The ProductEach program implementation

must be directed towards an expectedtarget for evaluation of similar effortin the future. The product of thisactivity is the resolution of pollutionproblems caused by liquid waste fromtofu, tempe industry, poultry farmand cattle raising. This is evidencedfrom the drop of BOD5 and COD by90 percent in river water.

Therefore the environment will

remain clean, healthy and helps toimprove aesthetique because solid aswell as liquid waste is properly con-tained. Methane (CH4) gas producedis an alternative source of energy forcooking and lighting.

The slurry produced has an eco-nomic value because it can be sold asready for use manure, thus it helps tosupport household income.

Improvement of community par-ticipation and introduction of appro-priate technology in environmentalmanagement will significantly con-tribute to eradication of the negativenotion to waste material. That liquidas well as solid waste is useful in sup-porting and makling the burden of thecommunity lighter from increase offuel price, the biogas and and electric-ity produced from waste treatmenfacility as an alternative source ofenergy.

Environmental issue is our com-mon responsibility to maintain sinceit is the initial capital and importantfactor for community wellbeing. It istherefore necessary to have a strategymake it into reality and capacity andwillingness of both the governmentand the community is establishingand building Environment CareCommunity (Indonesian acronym:My Darling).

INSIGHT


Each programimplemetation

must be directedtowards an expectedtarget for evaluation

of similar effortin the future

SOURCE: EXCLUSIVE

INSIGHT


The increasing frequency ofwaste related environmentalproblems in big cities of

Indonesia (Bandung, Jakarta, andothers) is a reflection the stakehold-ers' including the waste managementinstitutions' failure to pay sufficientattention to the performance of insti-tution operating under each one'scontrol. Various social conflictscaused by inability to transport all thedaily produced waste, leakage ofgarbage truck leaving traces ofleachate along the roads, up to rejec-tion of the local community to WasteTreatment Facility, are examples ofinsufficiency of waste managementoperation. There is a big worry thatcommunity would lose its confidenceto the waste management institutionthat eventually is a total loss to theinstitution. To prevent this to happenthere is a need to make an overallstudy on the performance of the insti-tution for performance improvement.

One of the methodologies is theapplication of Balanced ScoreboardMethod. With this method it is hopedto produce an illustrative simulationand finally provide a recommendationfor performance improvement.

Definition of Balanced Score-card Method

Balanced Scorecard Method wasfirst introduced by Robert S. Kaplanof Harvard Business School andDavid P. Norton, Chairman, US

Consultancy in 1992. This methodanalyses the company performancefrom several aspects: internal aspect,human resources, external relations,financial, external relations, and busi-ness development. This method isone of the various institution per-formance measurement methodsincluding Total Quality Management(TQM) that is also popular and fre-quently used.

Along with the regional autonomyin Indonesia, this method will signifi-cantly help the central government infacilitating the regions. The centralprovides inputs and makes a regularfacilitation assistance for effective-ness and efficiency. As an example, itis quite possible that Province A needa different type of facilitation fromProvince B. This is because the per-formance of the institution onProvince A is good in some aspect butpoor in another. On the other hand inProvince B relatively every aspect ofthe institution is running all right.This of course will decrease theinvestment needed for Province B, thebalance could be reallocated toProvince A.

Internal Performance AspectInternal performance deals sub-

stantially with technical performance.From the technical aspect the calcula-

tion of waste management capacitymust be able to answer the realdemand for whole system. Each sub-system of the management from col-lection, transport, up to treatmentmust be thoroughly considered andcomputed. The technical feasibilityand efficacy must guarantee that 100percent of the waste produced istreated daily. Besides, in spite of thecalculation of tariff represent thecosts for operation and maintenance,the financial capacity of the commu-nity to contribute must also be takeninto cosideration. And, the opportu-nity for investment must be within theachieveable range, although one mustconsider the feasibility and technicalreasonableness.

As an example, failure to collect,transport and process 100 percent ofthe daily produced waste will certain-ly reflect a poor institutional perform-ance. In addition to quantitativecapacity the waste management sys-tem must operate excellently. If thedaily waste produced can be dealtwith 100 percent one must assure thatit is done properly, such as timelygarbage collection by the cartmen, thegarbage truck does not leave traces ofleachate along the roads, and opera-tion of treatment facility in accor-dance with the standard operationalprocedure.

Human Resources AspectHuman resources are an impor-

By: Sandhi Eko Bramono, S.T., MEnvEngSc *)

Balanced Scorecard MethodAs performance indicator

of Waste Management System Institution

INSIGHT


tant facttor to guarantee an excellentperformance. Human resourcesinclude a synergy between quality andquality to achieve an objective. As ageneral policy human resources devel-opment is necessary considering theincreasing quantity of waste to bedealt with from time to time. AndHRD through education and skilltraining is no less important. An insti-tution management must be able toguarantee that manpower distributionis based on h real need of each divisionor section. HRD must be directed toachievement of the objective. A mis-take in providing advanced educationor training without a clear conceptualmapping will end to wastefulness.There must be a clear

framework, that an advancedtraining investment to a number ofpersonnel will contribute a certainpercentage of the total objective. If inthis case an increment of benefit orprofit does not take place, there isdemand for awareness that the train-ing or education is a mere wasteful-ness. Selection of potential employeesto gain benefit or profit must be basedon the performance of the employeesthemselves. Through the right selec-tion, the targeted benefit and profitwill be likely achieved.

As an example, a potential employ-ee in designing waste managementsystem is given an advanced trainingon modern waste management sys-tem. While an employee who is capa-ble in administrative and organiza-tional matters should be directed to anadvanced traing in business adminis-tration.

External Relations AspectExternal relation is a very impor-

tant aspect considering its role to pro-

mote for the institution to move for-ward. The relationship with otherinstitutions can be very useful. Theopportunity for other institution toinvest in the infrastructure is some-thing quite possible. Relations witheducational institution may be usefulin obtaining inputs through academicstudies for performance improve-ment. Relations with information dis-semination institution particularlymass media may lead to the establish-ment of control by the public. Theinformation about the institution maybe disseminated by the media throughan excellent external relationship.

As an example, the rejection by thesurrounding community of an inte-grated waste treatment plant may beconsidered as poor external relations.

It is because it is unable to communi-cate the planned facility to the sur-rounding community. Mass commu-nication aspect is absolutely necessaryto convice the community that theplanned system has met the regula-tions and will produce a minimumnegative impact to the surrounding.

Financial AspectFinancial aspect is a parameter

that must be looked upon if we want tofind out what the performance lookslike. The capability in financial ma-nagement determines the sustainabil-ity of the institution. A managementefficiency through cutting down highcost economic tentacles is absolutelyessential. Financial embezzlementmust be given serious attention other-

SOURCE:DOC/WWS

INSIGHT


wise the institution may come to aserious problem. The calculation ofcommunity contribution must bebased on the viable financial conditionof institution.

For example, budget for wastetreatment must be higher than thefixed costs (such as salary of person-nel, office supplies, travel expenses,etc.). On the hand however, the typeof institution serves as the basic budg-et reference structure. A regional pub-lic company is expected to become acontributor to the RegionalGovernment Budget, but if the institu-tion is a government agency it isexpected to provide services withoutprofit. At any rate, budget formula-tion must be prepared professionallyand transparently in order to maintainaccountability.

Consumers' Satisfaction AspectThe level of consumers' satisfac-

tion is also an important indicator. Interms of waste management, con-sumers' satisfaction is viewed fromwaste collection, transport, treatmentof all waste produced daily. In addi-tion, reasonableness and level of con-tribution collected from the communi-ty in return to the level of service.Complaints from the community forinsufficient service must be immedi-ately followed up in order to maintaingood performance. The capacity andskill in responding the complaints isan indicator for evaluation in thisrespect.

As an example, a survey could beconducted on the quantity of con-sumer's complaints submitted in adrop box. Then a review is made onthe time required to respond thesecomplaints, community access totrack down the complaints they sub-

mitted, up to the possibility for illegalfees collected by the workers. This canbe done by way of a questionaire dis-tributed to the consumers.

Business Development AspectBusiness development is an entre-

preneurship effort to achieve an opti-mum service coverage without sacri-ficing the primary service mandated tothe institution. The effort to expandthe service qualitatively as well asquantitatively and at the same timeimprove the institutional performanceboth in terms of benefit and financialgains.

As an example, selling recycledproduct from inorganic waste mayproduce an additional income. Inaddition, the cost for treatment of theinorganic waste would become less,and finally cutting the overall cost forthe system's operation. Through thisapproach, the community conributioncould also be lowered because of thecross subsidy from selling the recycledproduct to cover part of the O&M ofthe waste treatment system.

The Advantage of Balanced Sco-recard Method

With this method the central go-vernment can provide the involved

agengies with better targeted wastemanagement guidance for each of thedifferent regions. What the central go-vernment needs to do is to placeweight or scoring factor for each of thesix aspects mentioned above, in orderto measure objectively and uniformlyall institutions throughout Indonesia.The central government also needs todisseminate this information to all ofthe regional level institutions and letthem know that this evaluation is notintended to pass judgement on, ratherit serves to trigger service improve-ment of waste management system inIndonesia. This will provide opportu-nity for regional institutions to devel-op internal coordination and ventureinto cooperation with similar institu-tion of other areas. This of course willlead to improvement of regional insti-tutional cooperation to improve serv-ice coverage and at a better quality.

As an institutional performancemeasurement, this method still needsa policy and strategy analysis in orderto effective as means for performanceimprovement. This method is one ofthe various methods that may be usedfor the same purpose. It is hoped thatby using this method it can confirmmore clearly the performance evalua-tion of waste management institution.This of course will serve as a good stepto prevent repetition of cases whereinIntegrated Waste Treatment Site isrejected by the community or slidingof wase hill like the one in Lewigajah,in the future. Hopefully!

The author is employee of theSubdirectorate of Policy and Strategy,

Directorate of Programming,DG Cipta Karya,

Dept. Public Works; Member,Indonesian Solid Waste Association

(InSWA), and Association ofEnvironmental Engineers

Human resources are animportant facttor to

guarantee an excellentperformance. Human

resources includea synergy between

quality and quality toachieve an objective.

Many areas of Indonesia are

currently without access to

proper water supply. Not

only in the urban, even in the most

remote village people also suffer from

water scarcity. It is not infrequent the

community develop their water supply

system at their own initiative. One of

them is the community of Kelurahan

Ulu 12, Kecamatan Sebrang Ulu,

Palembang, S. Sumatra.

Since 1992 the community of the

upstream village took the initiative to

developing a limited network of water

supply installation. To make water flow

into the consumers' house it is neces-

sary to recruit volunteer workers to

serve the community.

It was Tatung Ibrahim and Azizah, a

couple who live in Kelurahan Ulu 12

who was and still is is willing to manage

the water installation. It is not only

managing the installation, Tatung also

serves as operator after attending the

necessary training and education

"For more or less one year the instal-

lation was managed by the village

administration. Because of financial

and operational difficulty the adminis-

tration handed it over to us with an

agreement that the land and the instal-

lation shall remain the government

asset," says Tatung proudly.

The couple worked diligently mana-

ging the installation. Tatung takes care

the technical matters in the installation

and the distribution network. While

Azizah handles procurement of materi-

als such as solar fuel and chemicals, and

collection of contribution.

It should be admitted that water

quality supplied by this installation is

less than that of PDAM. But because of

the 24 hr service the consumers are suf-

ficiently happy. Each of the consumers

pays Rp 50.000 a month flat. Some

consumers are willing to pay higher

because they can resell the water.

During dry monsoon, says Tatung,

the installation consumes approximate-

ly 45 litres of solar fuel pr day at Rp

4,500 per litre. The fuel is bought at a

supplier using a boat at the river Musi.

To neutralize water 1,5 kg caustic soda is

used. The price of caustic soda is Rp

10.000 per kg." While alum is used as

the main compound for water purifica-

tion. About 50 kg or one sack of alum at

Rp 105.000 per sack is used in 3 days.

And chlorine for desinfection 1 kg for 3

days, the price is Rp 65.000 per kg.

Azizah tells her story, the installa-

tion has only one pump in operation.

The reserve has been broken long ago.

Because of the age, Azizah must set

aside at Rp 50.000 a month for repair.

"At least Rp 750.000 is needed for

mechanics each time he comes for

repair. The amount excludes the costs

for spareparts," she says.

To help the daily activity Tatung

hires 3 hands recruited from the neigh-

bourhood. As financial manager, Azizah

pays them each Rp 250.000 a month.

Once in two weeks the workers clean the

treatment and storage basins and

remove the silt and sediments.

Although the consumers built their

own piping network, yet whenever there

is a damage or leakage it is Tatung and

his crew who have to repair. "Almost

everyday there is something to be

checked and repaired. At least Rp

15.000 is spent for this daily," he

reveals.

Currently they are in dire need for

new investment to replace the old and

sickly pumps. Tatung has requested

assistance from the village administra-

tion but there is no answer. Bank loan

has also been tried. The Bank, as a com-

mon practice, requested the evidence of

land certificate or any other collateral.

None of it can be produced by this cou-

ple.

"The amount is actually not so

much, what is needed is money to buy 2

pumps at a total cost of Rp 5 million,"

says Tatung. Tatung and Azizah are

convinced that they can fully pay back

the loan through monthly installments.

Anyone willing to help?

Job SupangkatThe author is a team member of study

on small scale water supply providerWASPOLA-BAPPENAS

INSPIRATION


Tatung-Azizah's Willingnessto Manage the Community

Water Supply

School texbook that says thatwater and sunshine are natu-ral commodities and are free

for human being to take and use, is nolonger relevant.

Ananda, Miss EnvironmentIndonesia 2006, wishes to implant inIndonesian children's mind that wateris now getting scarcer. "That's why wehave to use water efficiently", says therunner up of Indonesian BeautyContest 2006 and at the same thimenamed as Miss Friendship and UnityIndonesia. According to Nanda, asshe is intimately called, the govern-ment has chosen one solution to waterscarcity i.e digging infiltration pits."Infiltration pits works both ways, toprevent water scarcity and preventionof flood during rainy season," says thebeauty contestant who was born inBanjarmasin on 3 June 1984.

Nanda visited many places inIndonesia and she shares her experi-ence with us about water scarcity,including her hometown Ban-jarmasin. The Indonesian delegate inthe Miss International Earthdescribes that in some kecamatan inBanjarmasin the community, espe-cially the poor families, have difficultto access water so that they have tobuy from water street vendors.

One day, the daughter of H. Ir.Nur Achmad MH and Hj DraNurana Alwi who once was also afree lance contributor to dailyBanjarmasin Post, visited Ujung

Berung in Bandung and she noticedthe area has been experiencing waterscarcity for 12 years now. "It is verysad to see the people walk a long dis-tance to get their daily need forwater," says photography hobbyistwho stands at 170 cm and weighs 50kg. She is not only a MissIndonesia Environment, as acandidate for Miss World con-testant shen feels deeply con-cerned with water scarcityexperienced by theIndonesian community."Indonesia is located in ahumid a wet tropical cli-mate. Yet ther are vastareas that suffer from waterscarcity," she says.

Water scarcity, accordingto the winner of The Beauty ofIndonesian Eyes Contest bySoft Lens X2, is not a mere nat-ural phenomenon. There ishuman factor that contributes tothe environmental degradation,such as cutting forest to build avilla without considering envi-ronmental protection. They,according to Nanda, are thinkingin terms of immediate benefit indisregard the future gene-rations.

A c c u m u l a t e dE n v i r o n m e n t a lDegradation

Environmental

damages such as denuded forests andwaste clogged rivers will lead to flooddisaster. In Nanda's opinion flood is adisaster that must be dealt with con-


FOTO

:DO

K PRI

O u r G u e s tAnanda, Queen of Environment Indonesia 2007

Apprehensive About WaterScarcity

tinuously. "Floods that frequentlyhit Jakarta a couple of months agoand during the recent years is theresult of accumulated environmen-tal degradation," said the MustikaRatu advertisement star and one ofcar manufacturers. She takes as anexample the environmental degra-dation because of the shrinking ofresorption areas due to con-struction of buildings withoutconsidering environmentalconservation.

The non hygienic habitdue to poor water quality andinsufficent sanitation is hap-pening unconsciously. It willfinally cause several diseases.According to the graduate ofFaculty of Medicine Uni-versity of Lambung Mang-kurat, Banjarmasin she has away in resolving the variousdiseases. Nanda said that toovercome the prevalence ofwater borne diseases isthrough extension activities."Especially to the communi-ties of the remote areas," shesays

In addition, says Nandafurther, a preventive measurethrough construction of waterreservoirs for the community."Basically water borne dis-eases are caused by nonhygienic habit," says theyoung physician who onceparticipated the Indonesia-Canada youth exchange pro-gram.

What Miss Environment MeansTo Nanda, Miss Environment

title means the holder is someonewho is highly concerned with envi-ronmental sustainability. Accor-ding to the young lady with numer-

ous achievements and experiences,within the next decade, the envi-ronment care must be built inten-sively in order to cope with the con-tinuing degradation of the environ-ment.

"With the Miss IndonesiaEnvironment it is hoped that thecommunity gets more conscious

that environment is useful to sup-port their life," says the presenterof "Mathematics is Beautiful" inTVRI national station and a mor-ning news reader of a private TVstation. Nanda feels the title

demands a high responsibility toalways reflect care to envirnment."Environmental care must alwaysbe translated into application anytime and anywhere. If everyonecares to environment an environ-mental balance balance will surelybe achieved," says the lady who isalso a skilled Master of Ceremony.

Therefore, asMiss Environ-ment, the formermember of Natio-nal Paskibraka*)maintains a mis-sion to convincethe communitythat the responsi-bility for impro-ving the degradedenvironment, as ishappening up tonow, not only lieswith the govern-ment particularlythe Ministry ofEnvironment, butalso with the com-munity includingthe NGOs thatspecialize in envi-ronmental mat-ters.

Nanda pro-mises that if so-meday she is nolonger the MissI n d o n e s i aEnvironment, shewill continue tocampaign thatenvironment is a

vital part of human life. "If theenvironment were deterioratedhuman life will be seriously threat-ened," said the lewading lady of anindpendent movie entitled "OrenJus". Bowo Leksono


FOTO:DOK PRI

Indonesia is blessed with a rela-tively high preciptation rate. Iro-nically, though, there are many

who are afraid of water scarcity. Vastareas are suffering from drought andother areas are suffering from flooding.Year after year water scarcity is notonly in terme of quantity but also quali-ty. This conditon is a consequence ofmany who do not feel grateful to Godwith the blessing and be prepared forfor the event of disaster, such as flood,landslide, and drought. Men tend toblame natural phenomenon as thecause of every disaster.

A soil scientist and expert in IPB(Bogor Institute of Agriculture), Ir.Kamir raziudin Brata, MSc developed asimple technology and relatively noncostly to bribng down runoff velocitythrough digging infiltrastion pits. Thistechnology is called "BioporousInfiltrattion Pit" (BIP).

BIP consists of cylindrical holes 10-30 cm diam. at a depth of somewherearound 100 cm or not deeper than thegroundwater table and are placed at adistance of 50 to 100 cm from eachother. These holes are filled withorganic waste in order to stimulate theformation of biopores. Biopores orsmall cavities are formed by microbialactivities of by plant roots. The capaci-ty of each of the small hole is to hold 8litres of water.

This simple technology has manyadvantages. It is not only to increaseinfiltration rate, this method is alsobeneficial for preventing inundationand therefore a preventive measureagainst malaria and dengue fever.While the use of organic waste is a

means to reduce environmental pollu-tion from the habit of littering that mayeventually clog drainage system andcontamination from various diseases.Another advantage is that the organicwaste will finally turn into compost,which is good for our plants.

"I have developed this simple tech-nology so that no one would have anyexcuse of being responsible for pre-venting water scarcity," says Kamir R.Brata, instructor at the Faculty ofAgriculture, IPB when Percik visitedhim in his campus.

Simple and Non CostlyThe technology can be applied easi-

ly by any level of the community, richand poor. A family with a small patchof land around the house can and needto dig these infiltration holes. Kamirfurther explained that organic wastethat is filled in the pit will soon sink

from decomposition and must berefilled. "The compost so produced canbe harvested at the end of every dryseason and the activity at the same timeserves as maintenance to the pit. Tostrengthen the the mouth of the pit wecan apply a lip made of concrete mix-ture 2-3 cm wide and 2 cm thickaround the mouth," adds the expertwho graduated from IPB in 1974.

According to Kamir, the number ofpits to be dug can be computed usingan equation: number of pit = rainfallintensity (mm/hr) x area of waterproofsurface divided by infiltration rate perpit (litre/hr). For example, for a regionwith rainfall intesity at 50 mm/hr andrate of infiltration per pit at 3 lt/min(180 lt/hr) for every 100 m2 water-proof surface we need to dig (50 x 100): 180 = 28 pits.

If the diameter of a pit is 10 cm andthe depth is 100 cm each pit can fill 7,8

INNOVATION


Bioporous Infiltration PitMarvellous Pit from Simple Technology

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

litre of organic waste, this means eachpit can contain organic waste for 2 to 3days. "Therefore the 28 holes can befully filled only after 54 to 84 days,that's the time when the pits must berefilled," says the expert who is cur-rently preparing his doctorate disser-tation from IPB.

Kamir himself did not only startdigging infiltration pit in the yardaround his house. He also did itaround the campus such as the spacesin the surrounding yards, at the parkparticularly around a tree and in theresearch garden. The pit is even effec-tive for the bottom of a ditch as is evi-denced if we dammed it up. He guar-antees that 100 percent of the drainagewater will penetrate the ground. "Thismethod does not need any specialattention. The only thing that needs tobe done is removal of inorganic mate-rials that may clog the pit."

According to Kamir digging a pit iseasily done using soil augur that can bemade by a blacksmith at a cost ofbetween Rp 150 to 200.000. "The costfor digging will be cheaper if one auguris bought collectively by several fami-lies," he says.

Nothing to LoseThere is a belief that the organic

waste buried underground will spoilunderground water reserve throughcontamination brought in by the infil-tration water. Kamir denies this beliefon ground that the organic waste is rel-atively too few and the infiltration wateris not stagnant. "This does not retardmicrobial decomposition process thus itis safe for the infiltration water," says theexpert who is a graduate from theWestern University, Australia.

Even, according to Kamir, the ordi-

nary infiltration well is less effectivebecause of the big amount of waterentering the well so that water will notpenetrate immediately and for sometime it will remain stagnant. "Becausethe amount of water is beyond thecapacity to penetrate it will dampenand soften the soil around the well andfurther retard the infiltration process.Finally it will produce some stinkingodour and source of contaminationbecause the organic matter does notdecompose immediately," he reveals.

Lack of PromotionEveryone needs water and every-

one produces waste. The problem ishow to make water demand satisfiedand waste does not harm others. Whowould think the expert has created thebioporous infiltration pit technologysince 1970s. Yet there are not manywho have tried it including the IPBcampus itself. As a matter of fact itwas only last April 5, 2007 this tech-

nology was officially made public bythe campus.

According to Kamir, the communi-ty ignorance is because it lacks promo-tion and a want of a technical guid-ance. He hopes that all interested par-ties such the technical governmentagencies would help in promoting it tothe community. "All this time I havebeen hoping that the communitywould be interested in applying it. Themethod is by looking at the applica-tion," ke said.

In Jakarta, said Kamir, it is onlythe Office of the Ministry ofEnvironment that has put it into trial."I have an intention to promote andapply this technology in the vicinity ofthe State Palace," he said firmly

At any rate the effort in environ-mental care such as digging bioporousinfiltration pit that is capable of restor-ing clean water content will enrich thisearth. So, what are waiting for? Let'stry! BW

INNOVATION


SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

Quite often we heard the termsustainability. This is a key-word that is frequently men-

tioned in every community basedproject, WSS related or otherwise. Itis used as precondition by donororganizations and by project man-agers.

Various strategies have beendeveloped to guarantee that the key-word could actualize in the communi-ty. One of the strategies is throughbuilding community participation orcontribution in cash and in kind. Thisis frequently made as prerequisite inalmost all community based projects.

The partipation and contributionthough at varied levels are required atthe different project phases and in alleconomic strata. The question iswhether all these strategies effectiveto guarantee sustainability? These arenot guranteed in the communitybased projects because there are stillother factors influencing in the vari-ous phases of the implementation.

The uniqueness of our country isthat she has a wide variety of social,economic, cultural characteristics.And it is not easy to translate the key-word "sustainability" into practicalapplication. However, the paternalis-tic pattern of our community in whicha facilitator is always needed is nevertoo far from within our community.

Taking this as point of departure itis undeniable that there is a need for

some one to assume the role of a facil-itator who could become a pioneerand capable of stimulating the phasesof sustainability development processis needed and can assume the respon-sibility continuously even for severalyears after the project has entered theO&M phase. Since it is the actual pio-neer's role and is expected to becomepart of problem solution rather thanproblem creation.

Pioneer must not always be under-stood as the role one man, neither asindividuals but may also an institu-tion, government or otherwise, that iswilling to intensively facilitate andbehaves as truthful guardian of thecommunity.

From several visits made to watersupply and sanitation projects thathave been in O&M stage for morethan 3 years nearly in all cases it wasfound that there is no more pioneerwho intensively conducts facilitationto stimulate the community manage-ment team to function properly. Onthe other hand there is a tendencythat the intensity of the managementteam is decreasing, therefore thedream of sustainability is movingaway from reality. It is sad indeedseeing that the fact frequently hap-pens in a village that has been givenassistance from more than one proj-ect.

The question now is how and whoshould prepare the pioneer and is

capable of acting as facilitator accept-able by the community from the ini-tial phase up to O&M of the system.Even, if necessary up to the project re-investment paid for from the commu-nity's internal sources.

Must there be a special strategy foridentifying and preparing a pioneer incommunity based projects in orderthat the actual sustainability couldreally happen in the community? It isno secret that the RegioanlGovernment as the reponsible andauthorized party is incapable of play-ing the pioneering role, much lessmaking the preparation since admit-tedly the activity is not interesting atall.

What about the donor? Neitherdoes it seem an interesting effortworth trying. Is it possible that thelack of Government support is due tothe post project facilitation is consid-ered as the community's or the localgovernment's responsibility?

If neither the party with resourcesnor the financial provider is interest-ed in post project facilitation, than arewe going to let the investment thatcost billions even trillions rupiah meetthe same fate? Or merely a monu-ment? When are we going to move astep forward? Tofik Rochman

contemplation of a worker in water supply and

sanitation sector

OPINION


Post Project Facilitation,Anyone Interested?

The Togo-togo water supply sys-tem is one of the systems deve-loped in 1994 from cooperation

between Plan Indonesia with the com-munity. The system draws its waterfrom underground source using deepwell pump. From a depth of 102 mbelow ground a pumping test was madeindicating the discharge at that time at20 litres/sec. At the beginning of itsoperation the system operates at acapacity of 13 litres/sec serving 125home connections and 20 publichydrants, each of the hydrants is usedby 10-15 households.

A watr meter is affixed at each serv-ice point, home connection as well aspublic. The system charges the sametariff for both services. Then the O&Mcosts, consisting of electricity, salary ofpersonnel, and estimated costs for spareparts and pipes, were calculated. For asystem using pump as technologychoice, the Togo-togo system is excep-tionally excellent in terms of O&M ma-nagement. After operating for morethan 12 years the system is still func-tioning and even has significantlyexpanded its coverage area and conse-quently its consumers and monthlyincome.

The things that help in maintainingits existence, namely the high demandfor water supply and accountability ofthe management team, especially thefirst batch of management team thatwas in office from 1994-2005. Duringthat period a replacement of pump thatcost Rp 90 million was made payablefrom the savings fund.

In 2001 Plan Indonesia help in theexpansion of the coverage area fromthree to 5 villages making a new total of

home connections to 1.000 households.The monthly gross income from

water contribution increases from Rp1,8 million before year 2000 with savingcapacity of 500 to 600 thousand. In

2007 the gross income from the same isRp 14 million with a balance of asset Rp15 million.

The total amount for O&M is Rp 12million a month, of which Rp 6 millionfor electricity, salary for 13 peopleincluding 3 from local government offi-cials (approximately Rp 4,5 million) andRp 1 to 1,5 million for actual mainte-nance and Rp 50 thousand for tax formining groundwater payable to theMining Agency.

It is unfortunate that since 2005 thecapacity of facility has gone down from13 to 8 litres/sec. Also the position ofChairman of the Management Team isnow vacant. There is a worry that thisvacancy will lead to slowdown in themanagement. For the time being pend-ing the election of a new Chairman theposition is held by the chairman ofboard of directors, i.e the Camat of

Batang. The election is made throughopen election system and is directlyinformed to the community/users.

For the elected chairman it will be abig challenge for him to straighten

things out that calls for extra hard work in order to prevent

the decline of quality of managementthat is becoming noticeable from con-tinuing. The success in straighteningthings out and improving managementand quality of service of the Togo-togosystem is notwithstanding depends onthe quality of the new chairman whomust be able to become a pioneer in thecommunity because the needed capitalwithin the community is already there,i.e the high demand for water supply.What is lacking is the presence of ahighly integrated pioneer in motivatingthe available capital of the community.

Source:Lessons learned from a visit made by

Budi Suranto from Plan Indonesia whenpassing Togo-togo on January 22, 2007.

ARROUND PLAN INDONESIA


Togo-togo NeedsNew Pioneer

TOGO-TOGO WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM SERVICE PROGRESS

Total consumers

1994 125 20 300 Togo-Togo1995-1997 212 20 300 Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang1998-1999 350 20 450 Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba1999-2000 >500 20 700 Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba2001-2003 1000 20 1250 Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba,

Bontorappo, Bontoraya2004-.... >1000 20 1500 Togo-Togo, Arungkeke Palantikang, Camba-camba,

Bontorappo, Bontoraya

Area of Service (Village)TariffYearHC PH

HC = HOME CONNECTION; PH = PUBLIC HYDRANT

ARROUND ISSDP


The cities that participatein theIndonesia Sanitation SectorDevelopment Project (ISSDP)

have indicated a significant progress.From the six participating cities Blitar,Solo and Banjarmasin have reachedthe City Scale Sanitation Strategy Planformulation phase. WhilePayakumbuh, Jambi and Denpasarare still finalising the White Book onSanitation, containing the portrait ofsanitation condition that will be dealtwith through the formulation of CityScale Sanitation Strategy Plan.

On 28-29 March 2007 the secondsanitation workshop of the six ISSDPcities carrying the theme "The Roadtowards City Scale SanitationStrategy" was held in the city of Blitar.

The purpose of the workshop wasas a means for information sharingamong ISSDP cities. In this activitythe municipalities may improve theircapacity in the strategy plan formula-tion and strengthen their cooperationwith the central government and thestakeholders. It is also hoped thatfrom this activity some support couldbe gained from the municipality legis-lators and inputs from central govern-ments that may help in promotingsanitation development.

The real political support was evi-denced from the presence of themayor of Blitar, mayor ofBanjarmasin, Regional Secretary ofJambi, Chief of Bappeda Surakarta,Assistant II of Denpasar Municipality,Head of Health Agency Payakumbuh,and ISSDP consultant team.

Also present as paricipants wererepresentatives of the cities participat-ing in the Metropolitan SanitationManagement and Health Project(MSMHP) consisting of Medan,Bandung, Makassar and Yogyakarta.Their presence was to take a lesson inthe City Scale Sanitation Strategy Planformulation currently being developedthrough ISSDP.

In this workshop a BlitarDeclaration was agreed and signed bythe mayors of the cities involved inISSDP. The city managers agree toimplement the declaration throughformulation of an action plan that wasto be completed within one week afterthe date of the signing. They realizethat up to now sanitation service is

way below the demand and improve-ment of sanitation facility, especiallyof the slums, constitutes a strategicstep towards poverty reduction incities.

The first day of the workshop start-ed with keynote speeches by BasahHernowo, the Director of Housing andSettlement Systems, Bappenas andChairul Djaelani, Head of HousingAgency of E. Java ProvincialGovernment. This was followed withpresentations by M. Taufik, Chairmanof Bappeda Blitar who presented thetopic on Pro Poor Sanitation, AlexChalik, Head of Subdirectorate ofDrainage System and WasteMnagement, Bappenas who discusseda topic on Minimun Service, and an

Workshop on Sanitation in BlitarProduces a Declaration

FOTO:ISSDP DOC.

ARROUND ISSDP


ISSDP consultant who discussed theFramework of National Policy andSanitation Funding Sources.

In his welcome speech, BasahHernowo, emphasized his hopes thatthe 6 cities could function as centre ofexcellence or replication agent for san-itation development in other cities ofIndonesia. To get a better pictureabout pro poor sanitation in the city ofBlitar the participants are invied tovisit 3 locations, namely PuskesmasBendo (citizen charter), Sanimas 3facility at Kelurahan Sanan Wetan,and BR2LK (Subsidy forRevitalization of Impaired Houses) atKelurahan Tanjung Sari.

In the visit to Puskesmas Bendo itwas revealed that the Puskesmas isone of the citizen charter projects con-stitutes a contract between the munic-ipality government as service providerand the community as the customers.The project emphasizes on what andhow a service should be provided andhow the community should con-

tribute. The innovation that wasintroduced is the understanding andimplementation of the rights andresponsibilities of public serviceactors.

This approach has proven capableof improving Puskesmas services. Tosupervise and monitor service per-formance a supervisory body wasestablished manned by members ofDPRD and community leaders.Puskesmas performance evaluation ismeasured from customers' satisfac-tion. Apart from that this approach isapplicable because of support fromBlitar regional government in provid-ing achievement incentive.

In visiting Sanimas 3 it was evidentthat the community are capable ofdeveloping and maintaining sanita-tion facilities and provide access to thepoor families. The involvement of thecommunity from the beginning of theplanning is the key to Sanimas 3 suc-cesses in Sanan Wetan.

The visit to BR2LK site was intend-

ed to take a look at an effort made bythe government of Blitar to combinesanitation program with BR2LK forthe poor community. From theimprovement of decrepit houses up toprovision of sanitation facility thereare strategic steps that could inspireother cities in implementation of pro-poor program.

The municipal government pro-vides stimulant subsidy to repair anddevelop worthy settlement aimed atthe poor families. Blitar MunicipalGovernment provides a specific fundfor construction of communal septictank to make the settlement worth liv-ing in.

On the second day the workshopagenda was allowed to presentation ofthe progress made by each of theSanitation WG. The WGs of Jambi,Payakumbuh and Denpasar eachdeclared their plan to write a whitebook on sanitation, containing theportrait of city sanitation condition.Discussion and questions and answersin each presentation looked quite live-ly, a process that provides additionalinputs to each city's program. The lastsession of the workshop was groupdiscussion on the method of sanitationstrategy plan formulation.

The workshop was concluded witha summary by Tri Nugroho Utomo,Chief of Subdirectorate of DrinkingWater and Waste Water, Bappenas.Nugroho underscored the BlitarDeclaration as an important momen-tum for sanitation development and itwill be made into reality through thecity government's commitment. Theworkshop was officially closed by theChairman of Bappeda of Blitar. Afterthe closing the participants took theopportunity to visit the city's libraryand Bung Karno's cemetary. IA and

YW

SOURCE:ISSDP DOC.

It is almost a decade now sinceWASPOLA took the first step car-rying the mission on Water Supply

and Environmental Sanitation (WSS)Policy formulation for the purpose ofincreasing the regional level WSS serv-ices. It was not a short time and thecountless barriers that have been metwhile taking each of its steps. In spite ofall those, the exit strategy in this year ismarked with the spirit of nursing wis-dom in interpreting the Nastional Policyfor Community Based Water Supply andEnvironmental Sanitation (CB-WSS)Development in the regions throughlooking at the successes made by theregions from implementing the policy.

The need for executive and legisla-tive support

The evidence of succes can be seenin several regions from the fact thatpolitical support from the regional headwhich is shown from the involvement ofthe officials of the technical agencies inthe policy implementation. Besides, thelegalization of WSS-WG institutionthrough Letter of Decision from theHead of the Region or legalization of theWSS development Strategy Plan.

Another achievement is the institu-tionalization that indicates the strengthof WSS-WG role and function throughvarious regional level WSS-WG initia-tive and innovation. And the fundingsupport in the form of budget allocationfor WSS-WG operation, mobilization offunding sources in operationalization ofthe Strategy Plan.

The Bupati of Gorontalo, DavidBobohoe Akib in an interview with a

team or writers for the preparation ofLessons Learned WASPOLA expressedthat community involvement willbroaden achievement and successbecause of the sense of belongingnessand awareness of the community.Commitment for participation shouldbe supported by the regional govern-ment and parliament," he says. Whilethe Chairman of DPRD of KabupatenGorontalo, Anto Naue, has no objectionin supporting the commitment and par-ticipation of the community.

This is evidenced from the team'svisit to 3 villages: Dembe I, Olimoo, andLonu. Since 2004 WSS-WG has beenplaying major role in facilitation ofproblem solving faced by the previouslyorganized institutions such as BPAM,UPS and so on.

Regional level WSS-WG facilitated

the meeting with the community andthe result is a solution developed by thecommunity itself. CLTS (CommunityTotal-Led Sanitation) has been imple-mented successfully. The communityenjoys the changes towards bettermentin their daily life. With the availabilityof a toilet, the womanfolks now say: "Weare happier now." While their mencould concentrate on their job, "We goout to sea we do not have to think of tak-ing water any more".

Strategy Plan, one of key outputsfrom policy adoption

Strategy Plan for WSS Developmentfor a region is an important output forus as a yardstick to guarantee that poli-cy adoption has been going within theplanning mechanism. Up to the end ofDecember 2006 14 regions have final-

ARROUND WASPOLA


WASPOLA Activities January-March 2007

Nurse Wisdomto Harvest Success

FOTO:DOK WASPOLA

ized their Strategy Plan, 8 completingdraft, and 24 formulation in progresss.

Several kabupatens have indicatedinnovation or initiative to ascertain thatthe Strategy Plan is given support fromthe stakeholders including the commu-nity. One of them is KabupatenPekalongan which in last January con-ducted the second workshop that wasintended for deliberation and consider-ation of the inputs from the stakehold-ers including the community.

While in S. Timor Tengah on 19January a Strategy Plan workshop washeld and was attended by 25 partici-pants representing the stakeholders.The result was an agreement of WSSdevelopment strategic objectives con-sisting of bringing down the prevalenceof contagious diseases, improvement ofawareness, and formulation of regionalpolicy for community based WSS devel-opment. The workshop that was held atRotendao was opened by the Bupati andat the closing session the chief of DPRDconfirmed his support in the formula-tion of Strategy Plan. During the twoday session the second WSS developem-nt stategy plan was completed. Severalagreements and confirmation from theworkshop will be revised as workingmaterial for presentation to the Bupatiand DPRD before legalization.

Diversity of Approaches in PolicyOperationalization

February 2007, W. Sumba and E.Sumba together held a wokshop andformed a working group that wasattended by 60 paricipants representingthe stakeholders from the governmentand the community. The workshop wasopened by the deputy Bupati.

E. Sumba sees it as an importantmandate for the formation of a workinggroup because there are many facilitiesbuilt in the past but they are not sus-tained, low service coverage, and wasteof productive time for schoolchildren to

take water from far away palces.Several programs were proposed,

among others capacity improvement,preparation of WSS development strate-gy, promotion of environmental protec-tion, improvement of WSS service, andimprovement of community participa-tion.

In the meantime the C. Java provin-cial WSS-WG puts emphasis on thestrengthening of working group institu-tional capacity through provision ofimprovement session to its 20 mem-bers. The topic discussed includeddevelopment paradigm, national policyfor WSS development, principles offacilitation, working group collaborativemanagement, and formulation of actionplan.

Kabupaten Kebumen held CLTS(Community Total-Led Sanitation)training at Bocor village for sanitarians.Attended by 57 participants from theHealth Agency and community leaders.This training produced an action planfor the Health Agency to conduct trig-gering activity in 11 selected villages andestablishing a support from the localgovernment that sanitation program

can be implemented from non-subsidyapproach.

Building Commitment and Sus-tainability

To collectively build commitment tosustainable WSS development aNational Workshop was held inSemarang on 6-9 February 2007. Theevent was attended by participants rep-resenting the regions, 21 participantsfrom WSS-WG and WASPOLA.Semarang was selected the site for theworkshop because of an innovativeexample from Kabupaten Pekalonganthat is considered as successful inadopting the policy principles into WSSdevelopment program.

The topic of the National Workshopis sharing the Strategy Plan experience,funding innovation and improvement ofthe role of coordination and effective-ness. At the end of the workshop, trig-gered from the experience from otherregions all the provinces and kabu-patens feel optimistic to go on with theWSS development agenda. This calls forsupport and assistance for its imple-mentation. WH

ARROUND WASPOLA


FOTO:DOK WASPOLA

Each of the crews is standing byin his position. The light is setto famous presenter who is

coming with a glass of water. Thecameramen are ready each with hisangle. The the program director sig-nalled; "Action".

"Hullo, good morning, I am bring-ging a glass of water because today isthe World Water Day, greeted DickDoank and Desy Ratnasari in openingthe Good Morning" at Trans TV. Thatmorning it was specially to publish aseries of water and sanitation relatedtopics. WSS-WG Coordinator Dr.Oswar Mungkasa was present as aspecial guest.

The awareness of TV, radio sta-tions and printed media in presentingwater and sanitation related news is ofcourse something that make us happy.It is because all this time the mediapractitioners do not consider WSSrelated issue some "sexy" (read: inter-esting) to publish.

In fact the matter is important forthe public to know. Beside its compli-cacy, the data available with the waterand sanitation implementers aregrossly inconsistent, a fact that con-fuses everyone. Then, where do themedia have to go to get the informa-tion? It still remains unclear, whilethe media needs a quick response.The opinion was brought up by mediapractitioners in the WSS Open House22 February 2007 at the WSS-WG sec-retariate at Jl. Cianjur 4, Menteng,

Jakarta.On the other hand, this sector's

implementers claim that they havecompleted so many projects but thebenefit and echo to the public is bare-ly audible. The news in the media isalways the bad side of WSS. Thereforeit becomes a challenge for all to sittogether including in this case themass media, to think a way out for anoptimum synergy between the parties.

Bringing Up WSS Issue throughMass Media

In this early 2007 the central gov-ernment is preparing a series of com-munication strategy implementationactivities, one of them is media rela-tions and media advocary. It startedwith the participation of WASPOLA

team in Communication Workshop onWater and Sanitation Reform in EastAsia - Discussion Forum forGovernments, Mass Media and WSSAgencies organized by WSP/WorldBank in Bangkok early February. Itwas attended by 6 nations represent-ing the government and mass media.The Indonesian delegates consisted ofPublic Works, Health, Bappenas, andmass media consisting of the JakartaPost, Kompas, Antara Nerws Agency,Xinhua News Agency and Trans TV.

As a follow up of Bangkok meetingthe first action was inviting massmedia to visit WSS-WG, WASPOLAand ISSDP on 22 February 2007. Theevent consisted of light discussion fol-lowed by a luncheon was attended by25 journalists from various media

ARROUND WASPOLA


Establishing Water Supply and Sanitation Communication Network

Making Water Supply and Sanitation a"Sexy" Issue to the Media

SOURCE:WWS DOC.

including 4 TV stations.The media practitioners were

introduced to the key officials relatedto WSS sector development, includingBappenas, Public Works, Dept HomeAffairs, Dept Health, Ministry ofEnvironment, WASPOLA, ISSDP, andESP-USAID. Most of the journalistssaid that they need more informationand materials for publication. Fromthe meeting everyone takes into con-sideration the importance of develop-ing a sustainable communication net-work and the involvement of media insimilar agendas in the future.

Communication Network Deve-lopment

As a response, the above event wasfollowed up by CommunicationNetworking Workshop attended by 50WSS implementers and mass mediaon 27 February. The workshop wasorganized by BAPPENAS andWASPOLA in cooperation with Waterand Sanitation Network (WASAN)and FORKAMI. The purpose of theworkshop was to initiate a meeting ofminds and mapping of everyone'spotential through communication net-works mechanism to collect informa-tion more extensively.

From the strategy mapping some-thing interesting cropped up, it turnsout that there are many overlappngacttivities have been done by the vari-ous implementers and stakeholders.It would be more effective tyherefore,if each one of them contribute or makeuse the other for the sake of commongood. Jakarta Post and MediaIndonesia made mention that themedia needs more information andreliable and accurate data and the pic-tures of real field condition to supportpublication such as the World WaterDay.

While the WSS implementers have

in their possession a lot of informationbut they do not know how to publishthem. It is clear that there is a needand each party could respond theother, what is needed now is someadjustment.

This meeting concluded an agree-ment for establishment of a "WSSCommunication Network" as the vehi-cle for sharing of information andpublic campaign. A meeting is sched-uled every three months, the secretari-ate will take place at the WSS-WGoffice.

One of the common activities wasmade int reality on 20 March by con-ducting "Media Dialogue on RawWater Scarcity: A Challenge to UrbanWater Supply" in the framework ofWorld Water Day commemoraton.The event invited Erna Witoelar, theMDGs Ambassadress, SyahrialLoetan, Deputy for Infrastructures,Bappenas, Agoes Widjanarko, DGCipta Karya, Dept Public Works, INyoman Kandun, DG for PP & PLDept Health, BudiramaNatakusumah, Head of BPLHD ofJakarta Provincial Government.

Followed by a visit to KelurahanJatake, Kecamatan Jati Uwung,Tangerang to take a look atMCKPlus++ a product from BESTfacilitation to see that MCK does notonly work as a place for defecation butalso at the same time to produce bio-gas for daily cooking purposes. Themedia practitioners seem so enthusi-astic with such sanitation model asevidenced from the fact that morethan 6 stations put the news on air.

The Need for Information Centreand the Development of WSSMedia

Partnership relations that is pro-gressing with mass media show us thatthe WSS issues that used to be non

sexy is beginning to be looked upon.Several special cover stories andbroadcasts on water and sanitation arebeginning to get place in various massmedia. A monitoring indicates thatduring March 2007 there were morethan 6 TV stations intensively dis-cussed the issue through news, airmagazine, as well as talkshow. Thesame is with radio and printed media.WSS related reports have been welldirected.

The positive progress needs be fol-lowed up with establishment ofInformation Centre to help the massmedia to bring forward WSS relatedissues in the future. As an initial step,on 11-14 March WASPOLA in coopera-tion with PUSKAT Audi Visual Studioconducted a WSS Media DevelopmentTraining for internal staff and CentralWSS-WG in Yogyakarta.

During the three day training-by-doing implementation was designed tobuild a good understanding and skillof the participants about a well target-ed and effective WSS communicationmedia, including in it the teamworkcapacity. The participants trainedthemselves on media characteristicsand producing their own photo essay,radio drama, and video/TV serviceadvertisement program. The teamalso had had an opportunity to visitRadio BBM Community that is self-managed by the Minomartani villageand conducted a live broadcast togeth-er with the local community.

At any rate, the WSS sector imple-menters need the media's power forpublication while mass media needWSS related materials for their pur-pose in broadcasting to the public.The establishment of dialogue andpublic sphere becomes one of theimportant strategies in buildingfavourable and critical public partici-pation in WSS development. WH

ARROUND WASPOLA


As many as 1719 units of house-hold latrines were built withinone year. It was quite an achie-

vement for the community of 6 villagesin five kecamatans, namely Saketi,Pagelaran, Angsana, Patia and Su-karesmi of Kabupaten Pandeglang,Banten. The more so it is because thelatrines were built from their ownresources free any external subsidy,government or otherwise.

This achievement was made throughthe community's awareness about envi-ronmental pollution and the risks fromdefecation in the open or in the river.This awareness eventually thickenedinto the community's initiative to buildhousehold latrine.

It is no wonder that this achieve-ment wins an appreciation from MURI(Museum of Indonesian Records)."Construction of the largest number(1719 units) of toilets within one year,"so MURI records the Pandeglang com-munity achievement.

The appreciation is inseparable fromthe initiatives made by BantenProvincial WSS-WG and PCI (ProjectConcern International), the governmentof Kabupaten Pandeglang, and the sup-porters consisting of the forum and PKKmovers of 5 kecamatans, as well asCentral WSS-WG and WASPOLA. Thecertificate was presented by Nadri,MURI Representative to A. Dimyati, theBupati of Pandeglang on Sunday 1 April2007 which happens to be the Ka-bupaten Pandeglang Inauguration Day.

Dimyati mentions that this appreci-ation is a challenge to be more con-cerned in building the culture of hygiene

behaviour. "The spirit and hard work isthe common responsibility between theregional government and the popula-

tion," he said after receiving the MURI(Indonesian Museum of Records) cer-tificate.

This movement started from an ini-tiation by WASPOLA through CLTS(Community Led Total Sanitation) atBanten provincial level training. Thishas inspired the Banten ProvincialWSS-WG to follow it up with PCI facili-tation. The community empowermentfocused movement was initiated from astudy on the surrounding environmentof the locality and the risk from thehabit of defecating in the open. And itturned out that the approach developedfrom exciting abhorrence and embar-rassment among the people turned outto be effective in stimulating the peopleto build toilet. BW

ARROUND WASPOLA


The largest number of toilets (1719 units) built within one year

MURI Certificate for Pandeglang Community

it turned out that theapproach developed

through excitingabhorrence and

embarrassment amongthe people has proven

effective tostimulating the people

to build toilet

FOTO:WIWIT

It is more than 10 years now thatWorld Water Day was firstlaunched. It seems that water will

remain a complicated problem in manyparts of the world, especially the poorercountries. It is undeniable that water isindeed human being's basic need.

World Water Day is commemoratedevery 22 March. The Commemorationserves as vehicle for renewal of thedetermination for the implementationof Agenda 21 that was proposed in theUN Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED) in 1992 at Riode Janeiro. The event is known as theEarth Summit.

At the 47th UN General Assembly on22 December 1992 through ResolutionNo. 147/1993 the Agenda 21 proposalwas passed and at the same time it wasdetermined that World Water Day iscommemorated on 22 March every yearbeginning 1993 by all UN membersincluding Indonesia.

Today, somewhere around 100 mil-lion of Indonesian population has noaccess to safe water for consumption.Accoding to Central WALHI record thetotal volume of world water is 1,4 billionkm3. An exceedingly big amount, ofwhich 97,3 percent is salt water of theseas. Only 2,7 percent is fresh wateravailable on lands. But even so, of thisplanet's total fresh water 77,3 percent37,8 million km3 is contained at the topof mountains and glaciers, while groundand infiltration water is only 22,4 per-cent and lake and mashland water 0,35percent. Then water vapour of theatmosphere 0,04 percent, the remain-

ing 0,01 percent is water in rivers.It's quite relevant therefore that this

year's World Water Day commemora-tion bears a theme "Coping With WaterScarcity". This theme highlights theworld's water scarcity and the need forintegrated and collaborative effort toassure a sustainable, efficient and equi-table resources scarcity management atthe international as well as local levels.

As a tropical insular country, interms of quantity, Indonesia will nothave any water shortage.Unfortunately, from time to time herwater quality is decreasing while thedemand for clean water is cntinuouslyincreasing. Therefore the themebecomes more important consideringthe fact that our source of water is dete-riorating at an increasing intensity thatit is presently becoming a serious threat

to clean water supply. In a similar con-dition is the increasing frequency ofwater related disasters (flood and land-slide) that hit the country during the last5 years claiming death tolls of more that750 lives, 250 people lost and hundredsof thousand took refuge and more than200.000 homes destroyed.

Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) of the United Nations - Water(UN-Water) in its capacity as the organ-izer, prepared several agendas for theWorld Water Day commemoration thattook place from January till March. Thecommemoration on 22 March was heldat FAO Headquarters in Rome. Thisevent was attended by experts from allover the world to present their viewsand opinions related to water scarcityissue.

The World Water Commemoration

AROUND WSS


World Water Day 2007Strategy for Coping with Water Scarcity

SOURCE:MALIK

Day in Indonesia was translated by var-ious different communities each in itsown format and way of doing it.

1. Bappenas, FORKAMI, ESP-USAID and Central WSS-WG held aDiscussion and Media Visit that waswrapped in a theme: "Scarcity of RawWater: Challenge to Urban WaterSupply" at the Bappenas Building,Jakarta on Tuesday 20 March. TheDiscussion was attended by SyahrialLoetan, Deputy for Infrastructures,Bappenas, Agoes Widjanarko, DG CiptaKarya, Dept Public Works, I NyomanKandun, DG for PP & PL Dept Health,Budirama Natakusumah, Head ofBPLHD of Jakarta ProvincialGovernment, who were invited asresource persons. Ms Lula Kamal wasnamed the moderator. After the discus-sion, the newsmen were invited to visitKelurahan Jatake of Kecamatan JatiUwung in the city of Tangerang to take alook at the MCKPlus++ facilities.

2. An interesting talkshow wrappedin "Good Morning" program was put onair by TransTV, Thursay 22 March, pre-sented under a topic "Life in anImproved Sanitation and WaterSupply". Present as resource personOswar Mungkasa, the Head ofSubdirectorate of Water and DrainageSystems, Bappenas. Ms. Desy Ratnasariand Dik Doank were named the presen-ters.

3. Radio Delta FM held a talkshowon water under the program "IndonesiaSiesta" on Thursday, 22 March. Thetalkshow presented a theme "Scarcity ofRaw Water; Challenge for Urban WaterSupply". Oswar Mungkasa chief ofSubdirectorate of Water and DrainageSystems, Bappenas was forced tobecome the resource person accompa-nied by artist Shahnaz Haque as presen-ter.

4. Various different activities werecoordinated by the Dept of Public

Works among others were water carecampaign and promotion of WorldWater Day, several workshops, exhibi-tion and contests, and regional/localactivities. The peak national event wasplanting of economically valuable rareplant species (arboretum) at criticallydegraded river basin under the spirit of"Plant While Young, Harvest When Old"on 9 May at lake Cikaret, Bogor.

5. A number of environmentallyfocused NGOs held an environmentalcare campaign at Ancol Beach, N.Jakarta. The campaign that took placeon the World water Day was sponsoredby the UN and National IntegrationMovement affiliated Anand AshramFoundation. They urge the communityto love water and the environment.

6. Some 45 students of SurabayaInstitute of Technology (SIT) who aremembers of Environment Love of SITCycle held a theatrical show at theGubeng Pojok Square, Sunday 11 March.They specifically highlighted their con-cerns to the highly polluted Kalimasriver yet it is still being used for drinkingwater by the Surabaya population.

7. On the commemoration of WorldWater Day hundreds of primay school-children of the city of Solo released fishfingerlings into Kapujanggan pondlocated at the Sriwedari EntertainmentPark, Friday 23 March. They also

cleaned the area surrounding the pondthat was built during the reign of kingPakubuwono X.

8. The students of EnvironmentalEngineering Department of the Tech-nical Faculty University of Indonesiaoffered free of charge or 90 percent dis-count water quality test to examinewater quality within specific para-maters. The water quality test ran from1 till 22 March 2007.

9. The World Water Day in Nang-groe Aceh Darussalam was centred atthe Taman Sari to serve as manifesta-tion of the importance of protectingwater source for the good of the commu-nity. The theme of the event "WaterScarcity" has attracted the attention ofthe majority of Serambi Mekah (Mecca'sVeranda) population. It is not only thecity of Banda Aceh that experiencesscarcity of water, it is also felt in theupstream areas such as in the village ofJreuk Balee.

10. An NGO named Gebrak (Ge-rakan Bersama Rakyat, Movement inCollaboration with the People) made apublic theatrical show by bathing inBatam Authority Circle in commemora-tion of the World Water Day. This the-atrical show was to illustrate how diffi-cult and expensive it is to get water, thebasic need of human life. BW

AROUND WSS


1994 : Caring for Our Water Resources is Everyone's Business 1995 : Water and Women1996 : Water for Thristy City 1997 : The World's Water: is There Enough? 1998 : Groundwater-The Invisible Resource1999 : Everyone Lives Downstream2000 : Water for 21st Century 2001 : Water for Health2002 : Water for Development 2003 : Water for Future2004 : Water and Disasters2005 : Water for Life2006 : Water and Culture 2007 : Coping with Scarcity

WORLD WATER DAY YEARLY THEME

The access to water supply andsanitation for the majority ofIndonesian communities is

wanting. Up to now, more than 100 mil-lions of Indonesian population is des-perately in want to safe water supply asis to sanitation. Based on MDGs ReportAsia Pacific 2006 and the report AFuture Within Reach Indonesia belongsto the group of nations with a decreas-ing MDGSs achievement. That is theproblem that was revealed from theDiscussion and Media Visit with thetheme "Raw Water Scarcity: Challengeto Urban Water Supply' in commemora-tion of World Water Day 2007. Theevent was organized by WWS-WG incooperation with FORKAMI and ESP-USAID on March 20 at the BappenasBuilding.

The event that was attended bynewsmen from both printed and elec-tronic media was also attended byresource persons consisting of ErnaWitoelar (MDG Ambassadress),Syahrial Loetan (Acting Deputy forInfrastructures, Bappenas), AgoesWidjanarko (DG Cipta Karya, DeptPublic Works), I Nyoman Kandun (DGfor PP & PL Dept Health), BudiramaNatakusumah (Head of BPLHD ofJakarta Provincial Government). MsLula Kamal was named the moderator.

MDGs Ambasadress, ErnaWotoelar, put forward that in order toachieve MDGs target in 2015Indonesia's performance has been lessimpressive if not declining. This placesIndonesia into the lowest categorynations together with Bangladesh, Laos,Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, PapuaNew Guinea and the Philippines. "In2006 report Indonesia's and several

other nations' declining performance isnot limited in water and sanitation only,but also in some other sectors such aseducation and mortality of mothers fol-lowing delivery," Erna reveals.According to her there are a number offactors influencing this decline, such aspolitical conflict and the frequent occur-rence of disasters.

Ironically, though Indonesia belongsto 10 nations rich in water resources yetthe threat of raw water scarcity seemsunavoidable. Based on records of waterbalance on the island of Java, up to year2000 per capita water availability is1.750 m3 per annum is lower than theminimum of 2.000 cu m per capita perannum. This amount is continuouslydecreasing down to 1.200 m3 perannum by 2020. Outside Java, thescarcity is also threatening Bali, W.Nusa Tenggara (NTB) and S. Sulawesi.

The potential for raw water scarcityis made worse with the pollution ofrivers especially by domestic wastes. Upto 76,2 percent of the rivers of Java,Sumatra, Bali, and Sulawesi are heavilypolluted with organic matter. Whileeleven major rivers of Java are heavilypolluted with ammonia. The majority ofthe rivers flowing in densely populatedof Java tend to be polluted with coliformand fecal coli bacteria. The presence offecal coli bacteria indicates pollutionfrom human excrement, the main causeof diarrhoea. Further Erna revealed theapprehensive condition of Indonesiathat demands cooperation from allstakeholders to improve it. "Any com-munity participation is important suchas campaign, river cleaning, digginginfiltration pit, and so on.

Similarly was expressed by Syahrial

Loetan (acting Deputy forI n f r a s t r u c t u r e s - B A P P E N A S ) .According to him, poor sanitation man-agement in Indonesia is caused by thebelief that the responsibility for sanita-tion lies fully with the households andproblem is considered resolved once thehousehold has built a good sanitationfacility.

"We have to take in mind that sani-tation is no longer a problem of the indi-vidual family, instead it is a commonproblem of the government and thecommunity. Therefore the problemmust be dealt with collectively becausethe demand for it is pressing and cannotwait any longer," says Syahrial. Further,Budirama Natakusumah, the JakartaProvincial Head of BPLHD, explainedthe condition of surface and groundwa-ter of Jakarta and its vicinity.

In Jakarta domestic waste compris-es the dominant source of pollution tothe 13 river basins of the city. "In thisconnection it is necessary to have pre-ventive measures through upholding ofregulations related to domestic waste-water management," he says.

While I Nyoman Kandun, DG forDisease Prevention and EnvironmentalSanitation (DG PP & PL) Dept Healthstated his wishes to continue withsocialization of hygiene behaviour. Isn'tit impossible to live hygienically withoutwater?" he said. Based on the result ofstudies washing hands with soap andflowing water prevents contaminationby 65 percent. The hygiene behaviourdepends to the most part on the eco-nomic condition and a good education.The key is, our world is habitablebecause of water," so said I NyomanKandun. BW

AROUND WSS


Discussion and Media Visit

Sanitation is Our Common Responsibility

AROUND WSS


Who wouldn't feel comfortableliving in a hygienic environ-ment? Moreover if the

demand for MCK (bath, wash and defe-cate) facility is met satisfactorily. Thisof course is everyone's dream. Theproblem of basic MCK frequentlyencounters the urban community, whofor the sake of a better life they have nochoice but to live crammed in a crowdedcity. "Since the operastionpresence ofthis MCK++ we live more comfortablynow. Gone were the days when we hadto wait in a long queue at the waterpump", said Hartati (54) a housewife ofJatake, Kecamatan Jati Uwung,Tangerang, during the media visit onthe World Water Day 2007 commemo-ration held by WSS-WG on Tuesday 20March.

Hartati, one of the housewives of thearea feels quite lucky to have an MCK++built in her neighbourhood. "There aremany factory workers living in rentedhouses and water was always in shortamount. Now everything has been ful-filled. Bathing, washing, eveythingbecomes very easy," she says radiantly.

The facility was built with Germantechnology and is located at KelurahanJatake RT 02/01, KecamatanJatiuwung, Tangerang City consists of12 rooms, 6 for toilet and 6 bathroomwith shower. While washing floor isbuilt outside. In addition, the humanexcrement is used to produce biogas forcooking and lighting. The 3 m by 8 mfacility that was built at Rp 200 millionis also equipped with an infiltration welland a green garden to make the environ-ment clean, hygienic and comfortable.

Marwan (50) the MCK++ attendantstarts his day immediately after Subuhprayer and he works till 10 PM.

According to him the tariff for defeca-tion Rp 300, bath Rp 400 and wash Rp1.000. "Most of the users are factoryworkers. On average 150 users come tothe outfit," says Marwan, father of threechildren. Accompanied by his wife theyoperate a small foodstall at the outfit.To prepare instant noodle or hot waterfor coffee the biogas produced by theMCK++ is quite enough. There is noth-ing to worry about, the MCK++ complexis always clean and comfortable.

The MCK project was implementedBEST (Bina Sosial Ekonomi Terpadu,Integrated Social Economic Develop-ment) involving the community partici-pation. Hamzah Harun Al Rasyid, BESTDirector, says the MCK++ is built water-and air tight. "Therefore it is guaran-teed clean and hygienic'" he confirms.

There have been many householdsin Indonesia, especially those of thetowns, built septic tank to contain their

excrement. Almost 80 percent of them.But the question remains whether theexcrement collector system has met thehygiene requirement? Since one of thepreconditions is that the septic tank isfree from leak and must be located atleast 10 m away from their water well.There are in Tangerang 26 MCK++ cur-rently in operation.

In 2003 through cooperation withAusAID, WSP and the World Bank theGovernment of Indonesia adopted thissystem for application in a pilot projectnamed SANIMAS (sanitation by the com-munity). In SANIMAS community invol-vement is the main key to the projectimplementation. Community contribu-tion is prerequisite and the facility isdirectly managed by the community.Since 2005 the SANIMAS concept hasbeen replicated by the Dept Public Worksand has presently reached somewherearound 80 kabupatens/citys. Bowo

More Comfortablewith MCK Plus++

FOTO:BOWO LEKSONO

S lum is characterizedas a very densely po-

pulated settlement area,decrepit houses andimproper basic facilitiesincluding water supply,road, liquid and solidwaste disposal anddrainage systems.

The effort to formulat-ing a policy for develop-ment of slum areas start-ed with a workshop heldon 7-9 December 2006 bythe Directorate of Housing andSettlement Systems, BAPPENAS in

cooperation with State Ministry forHousing. It is planned that the policy

formulation willinvolve all the stake-holders through for-mation of a workinggroup.

It is hoped thatthrough this effort apolicy frameworkfor resolving theproblem of slumareas can be formu-lated for use as guid-ance by all whointend to improve

the condition of slums in Indonesia. BW

AROUND WSS


Workshop for Formulation of Policy forHandling Slum Areas

I n connection with program imple-mentation in 2007 the NTT (E. Nusa

Tenggara) government in cooperationwith UNICEF held a workshop onCoordination and Planning for WSSDevelopment on 28 February - 1 Marchin Kupang.

The workshop was officially openedby the Secretary of Bappeda of NTT andwas attended by representatives fromBappenas and Dept of Public Works,secretariate of Central WSS-WG,provincial and regional level agencies ofthe site of UNICEF assisted activitiesconsisting of Kabupatens of Alor, Ende,Belu, and Sikka. This workshop wasorganized in cooperation with UNICEF,Bappeda NTT, WSS-WG and WASPO-LA.

Astrid, the UNICEF representativestressed the importance of an improvedWSS development program cooperation

between GOI and UNICEF. "At thistime the working partners only coverNTT and NTB, but later they can beexpanded to nine other regions," shesays in between the workshop sessions.

During the discussion there wereseveral WSS development related issuesrevealed, they are (i) environmentaldegradation and pollution of water

source, (ii) lack of community's capaci-ty, (iii) lack of community involvementin O&M of the facility after construc-tion, (iv) choice of appropriate technol-ogy, (v) lack of community awareness,(vi) conflict right of use of water source,(vii) weak inter-agency coordination,(viii) inconsistency between plan andimplementation, (ix) lack of data base,and (x) absence of strategy plan.

In broad line the collaborative activ-ities during 2007 will cover (i) capacityimprovement through establishment ofWSS-WG in each region, straighteningup data collection and processing andformulation of strategy planning, (ii)improvement of community awarenessthrough hygiene behaviour and CLTS,(iii) physical construction particularlyrainwater collector and school toilet sys-tem, and (iv) improvement in monevprogram. BW

Workshop on Planning and Coordination for WSSDevelopment Program in NTT

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

FOTO:DOK/POKJA AMPL

"Madam, do you knowwhen is it the worldwater day?" asked Geri

Andrian, a YPI 45 Bekasi High Schoolstudent to a woman driving a car. Whileaccepting a tree seedling from Geri, thewoman asked back, "I have no idea.When is it really?"

It may not be too important for thiswoman to know when the world waterday is. And there is no compellingrequirement that we must celebrate it.Because what is important is that we areaware of the reality and essence behindit. Water is basic human need, nohuman being can live without it.

The date for the commemorationworld water day is 22 March 2007, andon 18 March Coca Cola Indonesia incooperation with USAID Indonesiaorganized several activities at theCibubur Camping Ground. This activityinvolved 40 students from 4 highschools of Bekasi, namely SMAN 2,SMAN 6, SMA YPI 45, and SMA Al-Azhar Kemang Pratama.

Why was it that the World WaterDay event concentrated in Cibubur?According to Trijono Prijosoesilo, theDeputy Chief Executive OperatingCommittee Coca Cola FoundationIndonesia, Cibubur is a water catchmentand infiltration area that is nearest toJakarta. "Cibubur commanding an areaof 210 ha is an urban forest that servesas water infiltration area demands aspecific attention from the community,"he said.

As the main agenda of this event isdistribution of 2.007 seedlings to thecommunity. It is hoped the communitywill pay a greater attention to water andenvironmental conservation. Five hun-

dred seedlings were distributed to driv-ers who day after day commute theroads around Cibubur. The remainder

were distributed to schools and themanagement of critical lands and upperwatersheds.

While Titie Sadarini, ChiefOperating Committee of Coca ColaFoundation Indonesia, says that by dis-tibuting tree seedlings the committeeinvites the community attention to planttrees in their neighbourhood for thepurpose of helping water infiltrationprocess. "In so doing, each individualactively participates in the effort toresolve the water scarcity problem," shecontinues.

Not only in Jakarta. The Love WaterProgram was also held in several loca-tions in Semarang and Surabaya. BW

AROUND WSS


In Anticipation of the World Water DaySharing Trees Sharing Life

Ms. Linawati, a Biology teacher ofPublic High School No. 6 in Bekasi

diligently teaches the student to lovewater. She taught them the technique ofmeasuring oxygen content in Cibuburlake water during the World Water Dayevent sponsored by Coca Cola Indonesiaand USAID.

"The result is 1,7 ml for every 3 min-utes," said Tia Marianti, second yearScience student after collecting lakewater in a measuring glass and poured itinto a container with Hydra sp. a plantspecies in it The teacher concludes thatthe oxygen content is at medium level."The more the plant the more extensiveis the oxygen producing photosynthesis,"said Linawati.

As a student Tia was very happy tohave the opportunity to join the WorldWater Day event. She used to studymore of the theoretical aspects, now she

has the practical application, makingobservation of oxygen content in water."I come to a conclusion that it is time forus to economize water use. We muststart it from ourselves, such as takingbath with a douche," said the charminggirl.

The students of four high schools inBekasi were invited to to join the envi-ronmentally sensitive event particularlyone related to water and environmentalconservation.

To Percik, Prijono Projosoesilo saidthat Go Green School, a program involv-ing high school students is part of theeducative approach of Love WaterProgram. "By involving the youth it ishoped they will become a generationwho is aware of the importance of waterand environmental conservation,: hesaid firmly. BW

Learning While Playing

SOURCE:BOWO LEKSONO

The United States Agency for

International Development

(USAID) funded Environmental

Services Program (ESP) in cooperation

with Indonesian communities and local

governments develops programs for the

prevention of diarrhoea through

improvement of access to clean water,

construction of communal septic tanks,

protection of water springs, improve-

ment of the understanding and care to

the importance of handwashing with

soap, protection of water treatment and

storage, and waste collection for com-

posting and recycling.

ESP is operating in water catchment

areas of 7 provinces: Nanggroe Aceh

Darussalam, N. Sumatra, E. Java, C.

Java, Yogyakarta, W. Java and Jakarta

covering about half of the 200 million

plus Indonesian population.

ESP applies upstream-downstream

approach in integrating water resources

management wth improvement com-

munity health, creating a Blue Thread

approach taking water as theme for

intration to link environmental health

with human being.

Based on the community initiatives,

ESP provides support in 4 technical

aspects:

1. Water Borderline Management

and Biodiversity Conservation; in

cooperation with the stakeholders

ESP helps in stabilising and

improving raw water supply for the

downstream communities.

2. Provision of Environmental

Service; ESP helps in improvement

of water supply, sanitation, and

waste management for urban and

sub-urban areas.

3. Funding of Environmental Service;

ESP attempts to help the commu-

nities and private sector with long

and medium term funding as need-

ed to stimulate investment in water

supply system and the develop-

ment of wastewater drainage sys-

tem.

4. Communication Strategy for

Behavioural Change; ESP in coop-

eration with the network of local

mass media promote care and dis-

courses of important issues such as

water, environment and health

through multi media campaign

program.

In each of the seven provinces where

ESP is operating it applies an inte-

grated approach to bring the four

technical aspects simultaneously

into application for supporting the

community of locally specific ini-

tiatives.

The integrated ESP approach con-

sists of Blue Thread, Clean-Green-

Hygiene, and Water for the Poor.

Blue Thread

In Blue Thread ESP uses raw water

source as entry to improve community

health and restore and maintain ecosys-

tem that sustain water source for the

PROGRAM


Waterfor Healthy Environment and Human Being

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

community. ESP helps in creating com-

munity networking, from upstream to

downstream, to enable to talk and take

action locally to develop care to the

water catchment as a whole.

The ESP field staff helps the com-

munity identify the possible action to be

taken to protect water catchment areas.

With ESP's support, the community

is beginning to protect water spring,

establishing gardens, dan replanting

degraded lands.

Clean Green Hygiene

The Clean Green Hygiene approach

uses sanitation and waste as another

means for improving community

health. Waste water and domestic

waste contain organic and inorganic

contaminants and harmful bacteria that

need pretreatment before disposal into

the environment.

Unfortunately, in most regions of In-

donesia, there are not enough infrastruc-

tures such as collection and waste trans-

port system, and urban sewerage system

that are needed for such treatment.

Water bodies such as rivers, irrigation

canals, and drainage ditches are frequent-

ly used for disposal of domestic and agri-

cultural, and also industrial wastes.

It is tragic indeed, though still reme-

diable, that as a result of life quite close

to wastewater and untreated solid waste

is the degradation of water bodies,

spreading of diseases, increase of cost

for health care, increase in school

absence, retarded growth of children,

and eventually lost of human life.

The program is implemented in col-

laboration with the community, the

local government, and non government

organization to identify all possible

actions they could take by themselves,

from the simplest to the most complex

resolution, such as assisting the com-

munity to identify their present condi-

tion and the opportunity for implemen-

tation.

Water for the Poor

In urban areas, ESP improves

PDAM capacity to protect its water

source. Technical assistance is made

available to as many as 30 PDAMs. In

the area of feasibility study for improve-

ment of raw water source and or of dis-

tribution networks.

Along with improvement in PDAM

technical and financial capacity and

protection of water source, it will

improve its service to community with

main emphasis on the poor families who

otherwise were overlooked. The princi-

ple maintained by ESP in increasing the

access for the poor is that the poor fam-

ilies are capable of paying the normal

PDAM tariff so that they should have

sustaiinable service under flexible pay-

ment condition (daily paayment by a

local communty organization instead of

monthly payment at PDAM office).

Rather than asking PDAM to build

more public taps which are difficult to

monitor, where PDAM and the poor

community are apt to loose money, ESP

designed a program to motivate the

community around the public tap and

has started with a new program combin-

ing individual and public water meter

for a group of poor families in various

different metropolis of Indonesia.

All the above is an ESP effort to help

Indonesia in achieving MDGs in rela-

tion to improvement of access to water

supply and sanitation for all. FN

PROGRAM


With ESP's support,the community is

beginning to protectwater spring,establishinggardens, dan

replantingdegraded lands

SOURCE:EXCLUSIVE

The problem of sustain-ability of water supply andsanitation facility that wasprovided by various differentprojects has attracted a widevariety of attention. Duringthe era of decentralization,the responsibility for watersupply and environmentalsanitation (WSS) develop-ment has been relinquishedto the regional governments.The central government'sresponsibility is limited tofacilitation, technical assis-tance, and provision of thenecessary directives andguidelines.

The government effort informulating a national policy for WSSdevelopment demands the responsibili-ty for implementation by the regionalgovernments. Upon completion of thepolicy formulation in 2003, it wasimmediately brought to trial implemen-tation in 7 provinces, and later it mustbe implemented more extensively toother areas.

This study is intended to take a lookinto the response of the seven provinces,-they are W. Sumatra, Bangka Belitung,Banten, C. Java, W. Nusa Tenggara(NTB), S. Sulawesi, and Gorontalo- tothe National Policy for CommunityBased WSS Development. Through ameasurement made to the level respon-dents' acceptance of the logic of the pol-icy we will know the average perceptionof the respondents of the policy.

The level of respondents' perceptionis stated in scale, varying from 1-4, scale1 for unacceptable, 2 fairly unaccept-able, 3 acceptable and, 4 highly accept-able. The respondents comprise the

officials and employees of the govern-ment agencies involved in WSS sectordevelopment, who are responsible in thedaily affairs and management of the sec-tor development. Based on theory, theacceptance of the logic of a policy is pre-requisite for its implementability.

The study indicates that 11 policystatements, both individually as well ascollectively indicate an average value of3,31. This figure tells us that the averagepolicy logical acceptance varies betweenacceptable and highly acceptable.However the average respondents' per-ception on policy implementationshows a lower value, i.e 2,98. This fig-ure indicates implementability slightlybelow implementable. The average dif-ference in logically acceptable andimplementability indicates the presenceof various barriers in the water supplyand environmental sanitation develop-ment.

This study also takes a look into theperformance of the regions that were

given policy facilitationthrough WASPOLA proj-ect since 2005.Respondents' perception ismeasured through 8 indi-cators: i) inter-agencycoordination in WSSdevelopment; ii) knowl-edge and understandingregarding participatoryapproaches particularly inWSS sector development;iii) involvement of stake-holders outside the gov-ernment in CB (communi-ty based) WSS develop-ment; iv) priority of CB-WSS development; iv)regional government

budget for the physical construction ofthe CB-WSS development; vi) regionalgovernment budget to support the CB-WSS development; vii) legal ruling insupport of the CB-WSS development;and viii) planning activities in supportof the CB-WSS development.

Through the measurement ofrespondents' perception on the condi-tion before and after the facilitation,there are three possible trends: i) chang-ing towards a better direction, ii) nochange, and iii) changing towards worsecondition. With the application of non-parametric statistical analysis usingMcNemar test, an overal 81,275 ChiSquare value was produced. This valueis greater than Chi Square Table of 3,481for free 1 grade and 5% significant level.This means that the policy facilitationaccording to the respondents' percep-tion has produced a positive change.

Summarized from Masters Thesisat the Public Policy and Planning

Graduate School of the University of Indonesia,by Sofyan Iskandar

ABSTRACT


Perceptive Evaluation of Facilitation of Adoption and Implementationof the Policy for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation

Development in 7 Provinces through WASPOLA Project

This column deals with abstracts of WSS related thesis or dissertation

SOURCE:DOC/WASPOLA

Drinking Water

Question:How do we determine the coagulant

dosage in Water Treatment Installation(WTI)?

Seto, Bandung

Answer:The most widely used coagulant in

Indonesia is alum or aluminium sulfate,Al2(SO4)3. The dosage is determinedthrough a laboratory test using a toolknown as jar test. The dosage dependshighly on the raw water quality (turbid-ity, suspended particles, amount oforganic compound, and pH), the qualityof the coagulant (purity and particlesize), operation procedure in the WTI(percentage of coagulant solution, tech-nique of application, and stirring inten-sity), and the quality of the treatedwater (particularly turbidity dan sus-pended particle to be disposed of).

In the examination using jar test,coagulant is applied at a variety ofdosages (between 30 - 80 mg/l) stirredat 100 rpm (quick stirring) for 1 minuteand continued with slow stirring at 60rpm for 10 - 20 minutes. It is a standardprocedure in WTI that the 100 rpm isconsidered as a model for quick stirring(coagulation process) and the 60 rpm asslow stirring (flocculation process).

After the slow stirring the jar test isswitched off and let to stand for 20-30minutes (model for sedimentationprocess), and the quality floc is evaluat-ed. The measurement is made on thevelocity of floc sedimentation (depth ofjar against time required to reach thebottom of the jar), the type of the floc(solid or non solid), turbidity and sus-pended particles isolated after stirring.

The dosage variation within theabovementioned range is made to deter-mine the opttimum dosage. There is afixed level above which the turbidity andthe remaining suspended particlesincrease. This indicates that the coagu-lant dosage is exceedingly too high andthe optimum must be lower than that.For the average turbid surface water inIndonesia the coagulant (aluminiumsulfat) dosage level is around 40-50mg/l.

Drainage

Question:In a drainage construction what is

the advantage of one with concrete floorcompared to one without?

Rama, Kupang

Answer:Drainage serves to quickly drain a

location in order to prevent inundation(flooding). Using a canal with lowroughness coefficient (such as concretewith Manning roughness coefficient of0,013) will make water flow faster.However the benefit of unpaved canalbottom (vegetative covered or infiltra-tion floor at the canal bottom) willincrease water infiltration rather thandischarging it directly into a river (asrunoff).

With the provision of infiltrationfloor the underground water reserve willincrease thus helps in groundwater con-servation. This will prevent under-ground water contamination, since sur-face water is relatively easier to get con-taminated than underground water is.Sandhi Eko Bramono, ST., MEnvEngSc

IATPI CLINIC


Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column. Thiscolumn deals with questions and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation

Question can be forwarded through Percik magazineContributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono ([email protected])

Lina Damayanti ([email protected])

SOURCE:RESKI DD

As we all know, the achievementof Millenium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs) is set for 2015.

Yet there are still many nations, espe-cially the poorer ones, are still laggingfar behind in the achievement of varioussectors. There are even cases ofdecreasing in achievement.

The MDG projects are based on agree-ment of 198 world leaders in September2000 to together fight the problems facedby the majority of the developing nations ofthe world. The problems include poverty,illiteracy, hunger, high infant mortalityrate, lack of education, and lack of watersupply and sanitation.

This book was published by Genderand Development Group of the WorldBank. It presents a picture on gender

equality and evaluates gender equalitywith MDGs particularly in the context ofpoverty, education, health and nutri-tion, as well as environment.

Provided with data in target achieve-ment diagrams we can see the achieve-ment in terms of difference of sexes. Itis also provided with attractive photo-graphs illustrating the role of women invarous different nations.

Gender equality is not intendedmerely as a dream, more important thananything is to turn it into reality. Therole of women is very important becauseit is very close to issues such as poverty,education, health and nutrition, as wellas environment. BW

BOOK INFO


Gender Equality and MDGsTitle

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENT GOALS

Author::Gender and

Development GroupPenerbit:

Gender andDevelopment Group,

World Bank, 2003PAges: 24 halaman

T he ADB sponsored water supply andsanitation projects have in the last

several decades proven a strong positivelink between gender sensitivity andwomen involvement in one hand withproject success and sustained water supplyand sanitation management in the other.

Women are the collector, transporter,user, and manager of domestic water andas the promotor in sanitation related activ-ities within the household and the commu-nity. However, in many communities,women opinion is not systematically repre-sented in decision making institutions.Water supply and sanitation project pro-vides the best opportunity to narrow thisgap.

The purpose of this book is to helpADB staffs and consultants in implement-ing ADB policies and stategic objectives inrelation to gender and development

(GAD).Beside the above purpose, this book

questions the importance of gender inwater supply and sanitation project andthe primary step in project cycle. An ample

discussion is also made on example ofterms of reference (TOR) for gender spe-cialist.

It is hoped this checklist will serve as aguideline for users from all project/pro-gram phases in determining gender basedaccess to resources, roles and responsibili-ties, constraints and priorities in the provi-sion of water supply and sanitation and indesigning gender sensitive strategies, com-ponents and indicators in response to gen-der issues.

This checklist is mainly developedfor water supply and sanitation pro-jects in villages and for urban commu-nity based projects. In spite of a num-ber of issues and methodologiesbrought forward in this book, yet ingeneral they are for application inwater supply and sanitation projects. BW

Implementation Manualfor Gender Based Policy

TitleGENDER

CHECKLISTAuthor:

Sonomi TanakaPublisher:

Asian DevelopmentBank (ADB)

Pages:28 halamanYear: 2005

GENDER AND WATER ALLIANCE (GWA)www.genderandwater.org

I n this website the visitor could find

important gender related information.

The information may come in the forms

of case studies, publication, bulletins,

declaration, training materials, and

links. Several interesting publications

could be found here, among others:

Advocacy manual for Gender and Water

Ambassadors; For Her-It's the Big

Issue; Putting Women at the Centre of

Water Supply; Sanitation and Hygiene;

Gender, Water and Sanitation: a Policy

Brief; The Gender Approach to Water

Management; MDG, Gender & Water.

GWA is a global network dedicated

to popularize gender issues related to

water resources management. GWA is

managed by a committee elected for 2-3

years. GWA is a program associated to

Global Water Partnership (GWP).

WOMAN HUMAN RIGHT NET (WHRNET)www.whrnet.org/docs/issue-

water.html

In this website the visitor could

obtain Water and Water Privatization

related information. The background is

clearly presented, the relationship with

human right and additionally the

addresses of other websites that could

support the information related to the

papers.

The site is maintained by WHRNet a

project managed by the Association for

Women's Rights in Development

(AWID).

GENDER EQUALITY AND THE MILLENNIUMDEVELOPMENT

www.mdgender.net

This website serves as source of

information to promote a better under-

standing and various tools towards gen-

der equality. It provides the visitor with

various published materials such as

books, reports, working papers, articles,

and speeches. Several of the interesting

published topics are: a Change of

Course, The Millennium Development

Goals Through the Lens of the Women's

Global Charter for Humanity, Taking

Actions: Achieving Equality and

Empowering Women; Mainstreaming

Gender to Achieve the MDGs: Summary

Record.

This website is a collaborative effort

by UN Inter-Agency Network on

Women and Gender Equality, the

OECD/DAC Network on Gender

Equality and Multilateral Development

Bank Working Group on Gender.

ELDIS GENDER RESOURCE GUIDEwww.eldis.org/gender

This website contains various gen-

der related publications, among others:

Gender and Integrated Water Resources

Management; Gender and

Participation; Gender Health and

Wellbeing; Gender and Poverty

Reduction Strategies; Gender Focused

Manuals and Toolkits; Gender;

Conflicts and Emergencies and many

other interesting topics. The papers are

presented in .pdf files.

This website is maintained by Eldis.

Eldis is a resource centre under the

Institute of Development, Sussex,

England. Eldis is funded by SIDA,

NORAD, DFID and SDC.

WEBSITE INFO


Village women together with their

children walk in a single line along the

trail in the steep hills and barren vales.

This long walk is made for only one pur-

pose: get water for their family to live.

"We make this walk twice a day, morn-

ing and afternoon. Walk from home to

the water source," says one woman from

one of villages of NTT Province.

A clear picture nicely presented in a

documenbtary film entitled "Is it diffi-

cult for you to get water?" illustrating

the hardship borne by the community of

the arid NTT to get clean water.

This pathetic reality of life was the

routine before the ProAir (Clean Water

Program), a program from the coopera-

tion between the Indonesian and

Federal Republic of Germany was intro-

duced to the eastern regions of

Indonesia.

The 30 minute VCD presentation

portrays the walk of the grassroot com-

munity in the remote areas until they

finally agree to a common effort and

together with ProAir to find ease in get-

ting clean water.

What is interesting is that one of

requirements for the ProAir cooperation

is the involvement of women in the proj-

ect. Women are the prime actors for the

availability of water in the family. It can

be seen from the presentation that the

women are actively involved in the

water supply management.

As a promotion media, this ProAir

produced short documentary film is well

in target as it exposes the local poten-

tials, such as the location, cultural traits,

and traditional music of the locality.

The structure of the film is easy to fol-

low. Yet there are some scenes that

seem trivially too long so that the half an

hour presentation is felt as being too

slow. BW

A film as an audiovisual product isquite effective in influencing a commu-nity way of thinking. Therefore, anadvertisement with commercial back-ground must be prepared as attractiveas possible.

This concept has been used effec-tively by Dian Desa Foundation in thesocialization of a PUR (water purifier)product to purify turbid water and at thesame time kills bacteria so that the endproduct is readily drinkable.

This product takes the form of apowdered mixture of materials that killsharmful bacteria and removes dispersedsolids to clear the water.

This eight minute film is opened

through a fragment of a show. The frag-ment introduces the advantages and the

ways of using PUR to produce drinkablewater.

The powder is quite suitable forareas with turbid water source or placesfrequently suffering from floods. Theeffective, safe and economical characterof the product is presented as the advan-tage of this product.

The presentation is quite attractivebecause the picture taking is made thatway so as not boring combined an excel-lent editing process. The more so, this ismade more attractive by the presenta-tion of the widely known Cici Tegal. Shealone is an additional attraction to theshow.

BW

CD INFO


The Path Walked By NTT Community to Get Water

New Way of Getting Drinkable Water

R E P O R TACCESS INFORMATION SHEET TO SUP-

PORT THE INTEGRATION OF GENDERAND POVERTY

Publisher: ACCESS

WORKSHOP ON THE SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT PILOT PROJECT ANDITS SOCIO-ECONOMIC COMPONENTS

Publisher: Cal RecoveryEurope Ltd., 2006

REPORT OF STUDIES ON SAN-ITATION OF THE URBAN LOWINCOME COMMUNITIES, A

NATIONAL PICTUREPublisher: PT Wisesa Tirta

Association with BaliFokus-WSP,2006 (in Indonesian)

R E G U L A T I O NPUBLIC WORKS MINISTERIAL REGULATION NO. 294/PRT/M/2005 ONSUPPORT BODY FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

HOME AFFAIRS MINISTERIAL REGULA-TION NO. 23/ 2005 ON THE TECHNI-CAL AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE-LINES IN WATER PROVISON FORREGIONAL WATER UTILITY COMPANY(PDAM)

STATE MINISTRY FOR PLANNINGAND DEVELOPMENT/BAPPENSREGULATION NO.005/M.PPN.06/2006 ON METH-ODS IN PLANNING AND PROPOS-AL SUBMISSION AND EVALUA-TION OF ACTIVITY FUNDEDBY FOREIGN LOAN/GRANTFUND

B O O KENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS OFINDONESIA 2005Publisher: BPS, 2006

PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN DECISION MAK-ING, EXPERIENCE IN WATERRESOURCES INFRASTRUCTURE DEVEL-OPMENTPublisher: Public Policy AdvocacyTeam, 2005

WATER AND CULTURE: WATER IN OURLANDPublisher: Tirta Dharma - PDAM of the Cityof Surakarta

PEAT WATER TREATMENT INSTALLATION FORDRINKING WATERPublisher: Water Resources Research and Development Centre,Agency for Research and Development Dept of Public Works, 1994

ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS AND GREENWAYS: CONCEPT, DESIGN,IMPLEMENTATIONPublisher: Cambridge University Press, 2004

WATER CRISIS: MYTH OR REALITY?Publisher: Taylor / Balkema, 2006

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN WATER AND WASTEWATER SANITATIONPublisher: Lewis Publishers, 2002

WORLD WATER RESOURCES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTU-RY - INTERNATIONAL HYDROLOGY SERIESPublisher: Cambridge University Press - Unesco, 2003

M A G A Z I N EPERCIK JUNIOR MAGAZINEEdition 1, January 2007

PERCIK MAGAZINEDecember 2006 Ediition, EnglishVersion

KOMBINASI MAGAZINE(Community forDevelopment of InformationNetworks)Edition 19, March 2007

DRINKING WATER MAGAZINEMarch 2007 edition

WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY


AGENDA

Percik April 2007

16 January Limited Discussion: "On the intricacies of water privatization" by KruHa (Coalition of Population Rights to Water) in Jakarta17 January Workshop on Minimizing Urban Solid Waste, held by WJEMP in Jakarta18-19 January ISSDP Evaluation Workshop, held by Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP) at Purwakarta18 January Media Discussion "Fighting Diarrhoea Through Improved Access to Water Supply and Sanitation", held by ESP-USAID in Jakarta18-19 January Workshop on Consolidation and ISSDP Performance in Jakarta23-24 January Workshop on Gates Foundation Project, held by DG PP&PL Dept Health in Jakarta24 January Meeting for Finalising of Guidelines for Implementation and Capacity Improvement of Nat. Policy for CB WSS Development,

held by WASPOLA in Jakarta29 January Workshop on Sustainability of Raw Water for PDAM, held by Bappenas jointly with Univ. Merdeka of Malang29-30 January Workshop on Condition of Sanitation in Metropolis and Big Cities of Indonesia, held by DG Cipta Karya, Dept Works30 January Preparation of Conference on Sanitation Indonesia 2007, held by ISSDP in Jakarta31 January Workshop on WSS Data, held by UNICEF in collaboration with WSS-WG in Jakarta31 January Coord Meeting on Planning of Housing Sanitation Program in Surabaya 5-8 February Monev of ProAir Activity, by DG PP&PL Dept. Health6-9 February National Workshop on consolidation of Implementation of National Policy for Comm Based WSS, by WASPOLA in Semarang 13 February WG Meeting: Water and Sanitation Activity 2007, by AusAID jointly with UNICEF and WSS-WG16 February WASP Review Meeting for Component E - Water and Sanitation Monitoring, by ISSDP in Jakarta20 February Coord Meeting of Cooperation between Indonesia-UNICEF, by UNICEF and WSS-WG in Jakarta22 February Open House on Water Supply and Env Sanitation, by ISSDP jointly with WSS-WG and WASPOLA in Jakarta22-23 February Workshop on Strengthening of NTT Provincial WSS-WG, by DG PP&PL Dept. Health in Kupang23 February Seminar: "Demand for Higher National Budget for Provision of Water as Basic Human Need", by LP3ES in Jakarta26-28 February CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in Aceh26 February WSS-WG and UNICEF Meeting in Jakarta27 February Workshop on WSS Communication Network Development, by WSS-WG jointly with WASPOLA, Forkami, Water and Sanitation Network and

ISSDP in Jakarta28 February Workshop on Coordination and Planning for Water Supply and Env Sanitation of NTT Prov. Program, by UNICEF in collaboration with WSS-WG

in Kupang2 March Working Group Debriefing, by AusAID together with WSS-WG and WASPOLA in Jakarta5 March Dialogue for Sharpening of Water Consumption in Indonesia, by DG Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works5 March Info Meeting re BRI Financing Scheme for ESP Program, by ESP-USAID in Jakarta5-6 March CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in C. Kalimantan5-6 March Socialization of Special Allocation Fund Technical Guidelines for Infrastructure 2007, by SecGen of Dept. Public Works6-8 March CWSH Supervision Mission, by DG Cipta Karya in Nias, N. Sumatra8 March Workshop for Formulation of PLP of Solid Waste, by DG Cipta Karya, Dept. Public Works5-9 March Post Construction Institutional Orientation for WSLIC-2 Kabupaten and Provincial level WSS-WG, by DG PP&PL at Mataram9 March Socialization of Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Activity, by WASPOLA in Jakarta 13 March Workshop on Solid Waste Management Best Practices within the framework of Regional Initiative on Environment & Health ASEAN &

East Asian Countries, by DG Cipta Karya, Public Works14 March Workshop on solid waste management institutional strengthening, by DG Cipta Karya in Jakarta12-14 March Training on WSS Media Production, by WASPOLA in Yogyakarta14-17 March Finalising of Guidelines for WSS Policy Operationalization, by WASPOLA in Yogyakarta16-17 March Meeting for Improvement of General Guidance for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Program by DG for PP&PL dept. Health at Prov. NTT18 March Love Water Program: Distribution of Tree Seedlings, by ESP-USAID at Cibubur 20 March Discussion and Visit by Media re Commemoration of World Water Day 2007, conducted by WSS-WG in collaboration with WASPOLA, Forkami,

and ESP in Jakarta20-23 March Facilitation for Sumba Timur WSS-WG, conducted by WASPOLA in Waingapu21-23 March Basic Facilitator, by WASPOLA in Kebumen22 March TV Talkshow re World Water Day in Good Morning Indonesia program by Trans TV Station Jakarta22 March Radio Talkshow re World Water Day, theme: Scarcity of Raw Water Source, A Challenge in Urban Water Supply broadcast by Indonesia

Siesta program by Radio Delta FM Jakarta 23 March Preparation for Implementation of WASAP Component D - Sanitation City Pilot, by ISSDP in Jakarta26-27 March Training Seminar on Facilitation, by WASPOLA in Semarang27-30 March Sanitation Seminar for 6 cities of SSDP II, by ISSDP in Blitar, E. Java28-29 March Training Seminar on Facilitation, by WASPOLA in Brebes, C. Java30 March Follow-up meeting on Small Scale Independent Water Providers Study, by WASPOLA in Jakarta

DATE MONTH ACTIVITY

Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine

Health & Medicine