Fundamental of computer

Subject Name Code Credit Hours

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Unit 1,2,3



Mechanizing of Arithmetic



Mechanical Computer



The Five Generations of Computers

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First generation computers

(1940-1956)• The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

• They were often enormous and taking up entire room.• First generation computers relied on machine language.• They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal

of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

• The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices.

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First generation computers

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Second generation computers(1956-1963)

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.

• Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic.

• High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

• These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.

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Second generation computers

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Third generation computers(1964-1971)

• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers.

• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on siliconchips, called semiconductors.

• Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

• Allowed the device to run many different applications at one time.

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Third generation computers

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Fourth generation computers(1971-present)

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer.

• From the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

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Fourth generation computers

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Fifth generation computers(present and beyond)

• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence.

• Are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition.

• The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

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Fifth generation computers

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BASICS OF COMPUTER

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DEFINITION OF COMPUTER• A device that computes,

especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information.

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GENERAL OPERATIONS

• Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle:

1. Input.2. Process.3. Output.4. Storage.

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DATA AND INFORMATION

• All computer processing requires data,• Data is a collection of raw facts, figures and

symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.

• Computers manipulate data to create information.

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DATA AND INFORMATION

• Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.

• During the output phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report.

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COMPUTER CHARACTERISTICS

• High speed.• Accuracy.• Reliability.• Mass storage of information. • Communication with other computers

through network like internet.

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MAIN PARTS OF A COMPUTER

1. Computer Hardware

2. Computer Software

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WHAT IS COMPUTER HARDWARE?

• Computer Hardware is the physical part of the computer system, the machinery and equipment.

• Parts of the computer “you can touch”

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WHAT IS COMPUTER SOFTWARE?

• Computer Software are programs that tell the computer what to do.

Examples• Microsoft Word-word processing program• Microsoft PowerPoint-presentation program• Microsoft Excel-work book program used to

track, calculate, and analyze numeric data23


Copyright @ 2016 Lincoln University College 24

PRIMARY COMPONENTS

• Input devices.• Output devices.• Storage devices.• Central Processing Unit.• Memory.



Input devicesInput device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an computer.



CPU (Central Processing Unit )• Interpret instructions to the computer,

performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and cause the input and output operations to occur.

• Performs all the calculations within the computer.

• CPU speed measured in MHz.



CPU’s Components

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Control Unit (CU)

• A control unit or CU is circuitry that directs operations within a computer's processor.

• It lets the computer's logic unit, memory, as well as both input and output devices know how to respond to instructions received from a program.

• Examples of devices that utilize control units include CPUs and GPUs.

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http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cpu.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/alu.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/memory.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/i/inputdev.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/outputde.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cpu.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gpu.htm



Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU)

• ALU performs basic arithmetic and logic operations.

• Examples of arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

• Examples of logic operations are comparisons of values such as NOT, AND, and OR.

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MemoryTwo different categories Primary memory • also known as main storage or memory, is the area in a computer in which

data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor. Eg RAM or ROM

• stores the data and keep it even when the electricity to the PC (Personal Computer) is cut off whereas

Secondary memory• is the memory used externally to the computer.• losses its contents immediately after we turn off the pc Eg. Hard disk,

pendrive..

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http://www.bscshortnote.com/types-of-computer/



Memory:

• RAM:Random Access Memory.Temporary memory.Electronic components that store data including

numbers, letters, graphics and sound. Information stored is lost when the computer is turned

off.Measured in Mbytes, i.e 512 Mbytes



Memory

• ROM:Read Only Memory.Permanent memory.Chip that has start-up directions for your

computer.Eg. Let think why the computer know what devices to

boot up first?

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CACHE MEMORY

When the processor needs to read from or write to a location in main memory, it first checks whether a copy of that data is in the cache. If so, the processor immediately reads from or writes to the cache, which is much faster than reading from or writing to main memory.



CACHE MEMORY



Register Memory

• Registers are also temporary storage internal to CPU, but for processing the data must be shifted to registers from cache.

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Unit of Information

• BytesOne character takes up about one Byte.One byte is equal to eight bits.Bits means binary digit.Eg. 10101010101…



Cont.

1 Bit = 0 or 1 8 Bits = 1 Bytes

1024 Bytes = 1 KB1024 KB = 1 MB1024 MB = 1 GB1024 GB = 1 TB




Output Devices

An output device is any device used to send data from a computer to another device or user.




Storage Devices


Storage device is a device for storing information (data).



HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

• Hardware: The term hardware refers to the physical

components of you computer such as the computer screen, mouse, keyboard etc…

• Software: Computer software is the key to productive

use of computers.



SOFTWARE

• The computer hardware on its own has no intelligence and therefore must be supplied with instructions to perform any task.

• Software or programs, consist of step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task.

• Software is divided into two main categories: – System software and – Application software.



TYPES OF SOFTWARE

•Operating System Software.•Application Software.



OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE• It is a program that

controls the computer and enables it to run application software.

• It allows the computer to manage its internal resources.

• The software runs the basic computer operations – it tells the hardware what to do, how to do it, and when to do it.



OPERATING SYSTEM SOFTWARE• Examples of Operating

system software: Windows XP Windows Vista Windows 7 Windows 8/10



APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Consists of programs that tell a computer how to produce information.Some of the more commonly used packages are:

Word processing. Electronic spreadsheet.

Presentation.



APPLICATION SOFTWARE

• This is software that help the user carry out specific task such as word-processing, spreadsheet, databases and presentation software.

• Application fall under two styles– Tailor-made: software designed for the particular

customer.– Off-the-shelf: for use by the general public



APPLICATION SOFTWARE• MS Word ( Word Processing ): Word Processing software is used to create and print

documents• Spreadsheet ( MS Excel )Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to

add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns of numbers.

• Presentation ( MS Powerpoint )MS Powerpoint allows the user to create documents

called slides to be used in making the presentation.

Fundamental of computer

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