Computer Fundamental (Presentation)

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All PRESENTATION IS ABOUT OF

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTAL

CREATED BY :

HARSH SHARMA 110/12/2013
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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-: INTRODUCTION :- Let us begin with the word Computer. It means calculate. Another factor is accuracy incalculations. So man explored with an idea to develop a machine which can perform this typeof arithmetic calculations faster and with full accuracy. This gave birth to a device or machinecalled computer.

-: WHAT IS A COMPUTER :-

Computer is an electronic device. As mentioned in the introduction it can do arithmeticcalculations faster. But as you will see later it does much more than that. It can be compared toa magic box which serves different purpose to different people. It accepts data, processes thedata by doing some mathematical and logical operations and gives us the desired output.

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-: ADVANTAGE OF COMPUTER :- SPEED :-

As you computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds forcalculations that we take hour to complete. Computer can perform millionsof instructions and even more per second. Therefore, we determine thespeed of computer in terms of microsecond (10 part of a second) ornanosecond (100 part of a second). From this you imagine how fast yourcomputer performs works.

ACCURACY:-

The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and very calculationis perform with same accuracy. The accuracy level is determined on the basisof design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human andinaccurate data. Hence in addition to speed the computer should haveaccuracy or correctness in computing. So we can say that computers accuracylevel is very high.

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Diligence :-

A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue etc.It can work for hours without creating and error. If millions of calculationsare to be performed, a computer will perform every calculation with the sameaccuracy. Due to this capability it overpowers human being in routine type ofwork.

Versatility :-

It means the capacity to perform completely different type work. Youmay use your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use itfor inventory management or to prepare electric bills.

POWER OF REMEMBERING :-

Computer has the power of storing and amount of information ordata. Any information can be stored as long as you require it, for anynumbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want tostore in a computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.

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NO IQ :-

Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work withoutinstruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speedand with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in whatsequence. So a cannot take its own decision as you can.

NO FEELING :- It does not have feelings or emotions, taste, knowledge andexperience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hour of work. It doesnot distinguish between users.

STORAGE :- The computer has an in-built memory where it can store a largeamount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage decides such asfloppy which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to othercomputers.

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-: PROCESS OF COMPUTER :-

DATA

INFORMATIONOUTPUT

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INPUT :-

This is the process of entering data into the computer system.Computer takes as input raw data and performs some processing and givingout processed data/output.

PROCESS :-

The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logicaloperations is called process.

Output :-

This is the process of producing result from the data and gettinguseful information. Similarly the output proceed by the computer after

processing must also be kept somewhere inside the computer before

being to you in human readable form. Again the output is also stored

inside the computer for further processing.

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-: INPUT DEVICES :-We can input our data by input devises. A good input devise should provide

timely, accurate and useful data to the main memory of the computer for processing.Following are the most useful input devises :-

-: TYPE OF INPUT DEVISES :-

KEY BOARD :-This is the standard input devise attached to all the computer. The

layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of the type QWERY.It also contains some extra command keys and function keys. It contains atotal of 101 to 104 keys. A typical keyboard used in computer in shown infig.2.6. you have to press correct combination of keys to input data. Thecomputer can recognize the electrical signals corresponding to the correct keycombination and processing is done according.

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MOUSE :-

Mouse is an input device shown in fig.2.7.that is used with yourpersonal computer. It rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons onthe top. When you roll the mouse across a flat surface the screen censors themouse in the direction of mouse movement. The cursor moves very fast withmouse giving you freedom to work in any direction. It is easier and faster tomove through a mouse.

MOUSE ARE TWO TYPES :-

2D MOUSE 3D MOUSE 1010/12/2013


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SCANNER :-

The keyboard can inputonly text through keysprovided in it. If we want toinput a picture the keyboardcan not do that. Scanner is anoptical device that can inputany graphical matter anddisplay it back. The commonoptical scanner devices areMagnetic ink characterrecognizer (MICR) Opticalmark reader (OMR) andOptical character reader(OCR).

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Magnetic ink character recognizer

(MICR):- This is widely used bybank to process large volumesof cheques and draft.Cheques are put inside theMICR. As they enter thereading unit the cheques passthrough the magnetic fieldwhich causes the read head torecognize the character ofcheque.

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OPTICAL MARK READER

(OMR):- The technique is usedwhen student have appeared inobjective type test and theyhad to mark their answer bydarkening a square of circularspace by pencil. These answersheets are directly feed to acomputer for grading whereOMR is used.

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OPTICAL CHARACTER RECONIZER

(OCR):- This technique unitsthe direct reading of anyprinted character. Supposeyou have a set of hand writtencharacter on a piece of paper.You put it inside the scannerof the computer read .Patterns that cannot beidentified are rejected. OCRare expensive though betterthe MICR.

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-: BAR CODE READER :-

This is identification code and only used by marketproducts. It is used to read bar -coding.

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-: PROCESSOR :-

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU) :- The ALU and the CU of computer systemare jointly known as the central processing unit. You may call CPUas the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes allmajor decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and direct differentparts of the computer functions by activating and controlling theoperations.

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-: PROCESSOR ARE TWO TYES :-1. CONTROL UNIT (CU) :-

The next component of computer isthe control unit which acts the supervisor seeing that things aredone proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequencein which computer programs stored in the main memory,interpretation of the instructions and issuing of signals for theother units of the computer of execute them.

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2. ARITHMEYC LOGICAL UNIT (ALU) :-

After you enter data through the inputdevice it is stored in the primary storage unit. The actualprocessing of the data and instruction are performed byArithmetic logic unit. The major operation performed by theALU are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logic.Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit when required afterprocessing the output is returned back to storage unit for furtherprocessing or getting stored.

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-: OUTPUT DEVICE :- Communication between the users and thecomputer is done through the output devices. It is amedia between the computer and user. After acceptinginformation from the input device and before supplyingthe result of the output device it must be converted tohuman acceptable form, this tsar is performed by outputinterfaces.

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-: VISUAL DISPLAY UNIT (MONITOR) :- The most poplar input/output devises are the visual display unit(VDU). It is also called the monitor. A keyboard is used to input data andmonitor is used to display the input data and to receive massage from thecomputer. In some system is compact with the system unit. If can be color ormonochrome. -: MONITOR ARE TWO TYPES :-

1. CRT (CATHOD RAY TUBE) 2. LCD (LIQID CRISTEL DISPLY)

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-: PRINTER :-

It is an important output devise which can be used to geta printed copy of the processed text or result on paper. There aredifferent types of printers that are designed for different type ofapplication. Depending on their speed and approach of printing,printers are classified as impact or non- impact printers. Impactprinters used the familiar typewriter approach of hammering atype face against the paper and inked ribbon. Dot-matrix printersare of this type. Non-impact printer do not hit or impact a ribbonto print. They use electro-static chemicals and inkjet technologies.Laser printer and inkjet printers are of this type. This type ofprinters can produce color printing and elaborate graphics.

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-: PRINTERs are two types:- Impact printers

Non-impact printers

Impact printers :-

These printers print the characters by

hiting and striking that is why impact printers widely not used.

1. DOT-MATRIX PRINTER

2. DAISLY WHEEL PRINTER

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Non impact printers :


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Non-impact printers :-

These printer print character and graphics

on paper without making content with it printing takes place by

spraying ink or by using heat or optical technical to create image.

1. INKJET PRINTER

2. LASER PRINTER

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-: MEMORY SYSTEM IN A COMPUTER :-There are two kinds of memory primary and

secondary. Primary memory is accessible directly by theprocessing unit. RAM is an example of primary memory.You can store and retrieve data much faster with primarymemory compared to secondary memory. Secondarymemory such as floppy disks, magnetic disks, etc, is locatedoutside the computer, primary memory is more expensivethan secondary storage. Because of this the size of primarymemory is less than that of secondary memory. We willdiscuss about secondary memory later on.

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-:RANDOM Access MEMORY (RAM) :-

The primary storagereferred to as random accessmemory because it is possible torandomly select and use anylocation of the memory directlystore. It disappears from RAMas soon as the power to thecomputer switched off. Thememory, which lose theircontent on failure of powersupply, are known as volatilememories. So now we can saythat RAM is volatile memory.

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-:READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) :- There is another memory in computer whichis called Read only memory (ROM). The basic input /output program isstored in the ROM that examines and initializes various equipmentattached to the PC when the switch is made ON. The memory whichdo not lose their content on failure of power supply are known asNON- VILATILE memories. ROM is NON-VOLATILE memory.

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-:CACHE MEMORY:- The speed of CPU is extremely highcompared to the access time of main memory. CACHE memories areaccessed much faster than conventional RAM. It is used to storeprograms of data currently being executed or temporary data frequentlyused by the CPU. So each memory makes main to be faster and longerthan it really is. It is also expensive to have bigger size of CACHEmemory and its size is normally kept small.

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-:SECONDARY STORAGE :-

You are know that the operating speed ofprimary memory should be as fast as possible to cop up with the CPUspeed. These speed storage devices are very expensive and hence thecast per bit of storage is also very high. Again the storage capacity of themain memory is also very limited. Often it is necessary to storehundreds of millions of bytes of data for the CPU to process. Thereforeadditional memory is required in all the computer system. Thismemory is called auxiliary memory or secondary storage.

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1. -:FLOPPY DISK :-It is similarto magnet disk above. They are5.25 inch

or3.5 inch in diameter. They come insingle or double density and recorded onone or both surface on the diskette. Thecapacity of a 5.25-inch floppy is 1.2 megabytes whereas for 3.5 inch floppy it is1.44 Mega bytes. The floppy is a low costdevice particularly suitable for personalcomputer system. COMPACTDISK/READ ONLY MEMORY (CD-ROM).

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2. -:cd-rom :-CD-ROMis written during the process of

manufacturing by high power laser beam.Here the storage density is very high,storage cast is very low and access time isrelatively fast. Each disk is approximately4 inches in diameter and can hold over700 Mega bytes of data. As the CD-ROMcan be read only we cannot write ormake changes into the data contained init.

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3. -:HARD DISK :-A single hard disk usuallyconsists of several platters.

Each platters requires toread/write heads one foreach side. A magnetic diskin which you can storecomputer data. Hard diskcan store 10 to more than100 Gigabytes.

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4. -:PEN DRIVE :-Pen drive is a smalllight weight, removable data

storage device of up to 8GB. Depending on the drivetype and 05 version, and insome cases what patches areinstalled, the drives generallywork with windows98/ME/2000/XP, MacintoshLinux, and other unix-lkeplatforms that support USB.

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-: PORTS :- An interface on a computer to which you can connect any device.

1. SERIAL PORTS :

A ports or interface that can be used for

communication which only 1 bit is transmitted at a time.

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2. -: PARALLEL PORTS :-

It isa parallel interface forconnecting anexternal device suchas a printer. Theparallel ports usesa25 pin connectorand is used toconnect printers.

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3. -: U.S.B. Ports :-U.S.B. stands foruniversal serial bus, anexternal bus standardthat supports datatransfer rates of 12 M.B.per second. A singleU.S.B. ports can beused to connect up to127 peripheral devicessuch as mice, modems,keyboard, printers andscanners etc. U.S.B.also supports plug andplay installation.

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-: Personal Computer Configuration :-Now let us identify the physical components that

makes the computer work. These are :-

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)2. Computer Memory (RAM and ROM)3. Data Bus4. Ports5. Motherboard6. Hard disk7. Output Devices8. Input Devices.

All these component are inter-connected for the personalcomputer to work.

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Computer Fundamental (Presentation)

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