Computer Fundamental

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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTA

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WHAT IS COMPUTER?

Computer is an Electronic Device. It is use to calculate and manipulate data. If we give any instruction to the computer it gives us output(Result).

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FULL FORM OF COMPUTER

Commonly OperatingMachineParticularlyUsed ForTechnicalEducationalResearch

C -O -M -P -U -T -E -R -

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FATHER OF COMPUTER Charles Babbage, British Mathematics

professor regarded as the Father of Computers.

He was born in England in 1792 as the son of a rich banker.

He began to design a "difference engine" in 1821

It was very complicated machine for doing calculations automatically.

He began design of another machine "the analytical machine", which could carry out many different types of calculations

His machine was too ahead of the time of development.

Lack of better technology Babbage could not complete their work and passed away in 1871 before he had completed his work.

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GENERATION OF COMPUTER

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

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MICROPROCESSOR A November 15, 1971 advertisement in "Electronic News" introduced Intel's 4004 first Microprocessor.

The "brain" of the computer, microprocessors drive technology.

They are used in each type of computer from supercomputers to microcomputers. In addition, many electronic devices have central processing units (CPU) embedded. The CPU performs computer processing tasks by executing software instructions relative to the data it contains.

For example, a cell phone or mobile device executes game instructions by way of the microprocessor. While playing chess, the microprocessor holds data about your last action and executes software instructions for the "computer's" next move.

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LATEST PROCESSOR FROM INTEL There is only two processor manufacturers are there. 

Intel and AMD.  Intel, the world leader in silicon innovation, develops

technologies From Intel we have several processors such as

Pentium, Pentium 2, Pentium3, Celeron, Pentium4, Dual core, core2duo, quad core, i7 and more... 

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PROCESSOR FROM AMD

From AMD we have processors such as Phenom, Athlon, and more.... 

AMD is the world's second-largest supplier of x86 based processors.

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTER

Categories of Computer

Personal Computer

Server

Mini Computer

Mainframe Computer

Super Computer

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Personal Computers Personal computers are desktop computers designed for an individual's use.  They run programs designed to help individuals accomplish their work more productively.

Servers Servers are not

designed to be used directly.  They make programs and data available for people hooked up to a computer network, a collection of computers connected together so that they can exchange data.

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Minicomputers Minicomputers are multi-user systems that can handle the computing needs of a smaller corporation or organization.  Many people use them simultaneously by means of remote terminals or personal computers.

  Mainframe Computers

Mainframes are huge, multi-user systems designed to handle gigantic processing jobs in large corporations or government agencies.

Supercomputers Supercomputers are ultra fast computers designed to process huge amounts of scientific data then display the underlying patterns that have been discovered.

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Computer

Hardware

Input Output Storage

Software

Application System

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INPUT DEVICESAny machine that feeds data into a computer. That’s called input devices. Key board, Mouse, track ball, mice , light pen

Key board Mouse

Light penMicrophone

Track ball

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Output DevicesAn output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processingMonitor, Speaker, Printer , Projector, Disc etc.

Disc

MonitorProjector

Speaker

Printer

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TYPE OF MONITOR

CRT Cathode Ray Tube

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

TFT Thin Film Transistor

LED Light Emitting Diode

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Best picture quality,

Give off more radiation

it's still negligible

More affordable than LCD Monitor

CRT monitor price in India is above Rs. 4000/-

Cathode Ray Tube

Liquid Crystal DisplaySmaller size/ Lighter weight

Less eyestrain

Lower power consumption

Less heat generation

Better image contrast

Energy Saver

LCD’s more expensive than CRT

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Thin Film Transistor

Save lots of desk space

Less risk of eye strain

Colors are more varied

Visual sharpness

They are just like lcd’s.

Light Emitting DiodeLowest power consumption

Thin form factor

Light weight

Sharp text rendering

Good color fidelity

Lowest radiation

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Printer

Printers produce a hard copy, The information is printed on paper and can be used when the device is off. It is also called a printout .

Printer

Impact

Dot matrix

Non -impact

Inkjet laser

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Dot matrix Printer

Inkjet Printer

Uses metal pins to strike an inked ribbon to make dots on a piece of paper.

Can see the dots that make up the letters or images.

Lowest print quality of all of the printers, very low in cost per page to use.

Rarely used today because of the poor print quality, but still used in business to print multi-part forms.

Use drops of magnetic ink to produce dots on a page to produce text or images.

The print quality is almost the same as a laser printer's. Problems with the ink and it is very expensive and water soluble that will run if the paper gets wet

Highest cost per page of all the printers For producing color documents, it has the highest quality at

a reasonable price.

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Laser Printer

How the laser printer produces an image A Toner (very tiny particles of plastic) stick to

the drum where the dots where made laser or LEDs make dots on a light sensitive drum Paper is pressed against the drum and the

toner is placed on the paper The paper is heated and the toner melts into the paper

Produces the highest quality printout For black and white printouts, very low cost per page Printout is permanent Color laser printers are still fairly expensive.

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Type of mouseMechanical mouse A hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensors inside the mouse body detect the movement and translate it into information that the computer interprets.

Optical mouseUses an LED sensor to detect tabletop movement and then sends off that information to the computer for merry munching.

Cordless mouseA cordless mouse frees you from cord problems. It connects to your computer with a radio (rather than an infrared) signal. We can also say that wireless mouse

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Keyboard

The different types of keyboards available, The Keyboard are, QWERTY and AZERTY, DVORAK.

The QWERTY keyboards are most commonly used nowadays and have the six alphabets (Q,W,E,R,T,Y) in the first row . The AZERTY keyboards are used in the French countries.

The PS/2 and USB are the two wired connections that connect the keyboards. The PS/2 keyboards are very commonly used and they are called so because they use the PS/2 connection. They are one of the cheapest keyboards that are available in the market. The USB keyboards use a USB (Universal Serial Bus) to connect to the CPU. The PS/2 and USB keyboards are usually plug and play.

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COMPUTER BINARY LANGUAGE Computer understands only binary language. It

accepts data in 0,1. A binary code is a way of

representing text or computer processor instructions by the use of the binary number system's two-binary digits 0 and 1.1 Character 1 BYTE

1024 BYTES 1 KILOBYTE (KB)

1024 KILOBYTES 1 MEGABYTE (MB)

1024 MEGABYTES 1 GIGABYTE (GB)

1024 GIGABYTES 1 TERABYTE (TB)

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Storage devicesStorage Devices are the data storage devices that are used in the computers to store the data. DVD, CD, Pen drive, Floppy.

DVD Floppy

CDPen Drive

Hard Disk

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Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM 

The hard disk drive is largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.

The hard drive is referred to as the "C drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows designates the "C" drive.For example, some computers have multiple drive letters (i.e. C, D, E) representing areas across one or more hard drives.

CD Stands for Compact Disk. It is Firstly Developed by Phillips and Sony company. The Storage capacity of CD is 700MB.

Hard Disk Drive(HDD)

Compact Disk(CD)

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DIGITAL VERSALTILE DISK(DVD)•A DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995.• DVD originally stood for Digital Versatile Disk, or Digital Video Disk. The acronym was dropped after DVD proved to have more uses than just storing video content.

PEN DRIVE(PD)

The pen drive is a portable USB flash memory device It can be used to quickly transfer audio, video, and data files from the hard drive of one computer to another. With a construction that is small enough to fit into a pocket

A floppy disk is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible It is invented by IBM . Capacity of FDD is 1.44 MB

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE(FDD)

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Memory

Primary

RAM ROM

Secondary

Hard disk CD DVD Pen Drive

TYPES OF MEMORY

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Random Access Memory

Read Only Memory

RAM can be compared to a person's short-term memory .The data in RAM stays there only as long as your computer is running. When you turn the computer off, RAM loses its data. When you turn your computer on again, your operating system and other files are once again loaded into RAMIt's much smaller than your hard disk. That is also called volatile memory.

One major type of memory that is used in PCs is called read-only memory,ROM is a type of memory that normally can only be read, as opposed to RAM which can be both read and written. There are two main reasons that read-only memory is used for certain functions within the PCThat is also called non- volatile memory.

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BOOTINGIn computing, booting is a  process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on.

WARM BOOTING

One method of resetting a computer system that is already powered oncommonly used to recover from errors that cannot be recovered, when a computer locks. A warm boot can be accomplished by pressing the CTRL - ALT - DEL keysCOOL BOOTING

Alternatively referred to as a hard boot a cold boot is a term used to describe the process of turning on the computer after it has been powered off. For example, when you first turn your computer on after being off for the night that is referred to as cold booting the computer.

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FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

INPUT OUTPUT

CONTROL UNIT

MEMORY

ARITHMATIC &

LOGICAL UNIT

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INTRODUCTION TO BILL GATES/MICROSOFT

William (Bill) H. Gates is chairman of Microsoft Corporation, the worldwide leader in software, services and solutions.

He was Born on Oct. 28, 1955. In his junior year, Gates left Harvard

University to devote his energies to Microsoft

Microsoft company, he had begun in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen

Paul Allen is the first programmer of Microsoft Corporation.

In 1999, Gates wrote "Business @ the Speed of Thought", a book that shows how computer technology can solve business problems  

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IBM / MICROSOFT IBM has been present in India since 1992. IBM, acronym for International Business Machines, is a

multinational computer technology and consulting corporation.

Microsoft Corporation  is American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington

In 1980, IBM first approached Bill Gates of Microsoft, to discuss the state of home computers and what Microsoft products could do for IBM. 

IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about programming languages for its upcoming PC line after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.

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SOFTWARE

Software is the general term for information that's recorded onto some kind of medium.

For example, when you go to the video store and rent or buy a tape or DVD, what you're really getting is the software that's stored on that tape or disk. Your VCR or DVD player are hardware devices that are capable of reading the software from a tape or disk and projecting it onto your TV screen.

Software is also called programs.

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Software

ApplicationSystem

Types of Software

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USER INTERFACE

There are two kinds of User Interfaces

Graphic User Interface (GUI) Presents information to the use in the form of pull-down menus and icons. It has pull-down menus the user clicks on to display the menu Icons

Examples: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Mac OS 

Command user Interface (CUI)Presents information to the user in the form of text., Have to type in commands or select commands from a menu displayed as text on the screen. It is hard to use or learn, because the user must memorize and type in commands.

Examples:MS-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) Pro Dos (Professional Disk Operating System)

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System Software Or Operating system

System Software

• Used by the computer to accomplish a task. It controls the internal function of the computer It controls other devices connected to the CPU

• It directs all the activities and sets all the rules for how the hardware and software work together. MS DOS and Microsoft Windows are examples of system software or operating system software.

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OPERATING SYSTEM The operating system is usually located on a disk. It Can be on either the hard disk drive, a floppy disk, or CD-ROM disk

An operating system works with application software. Does basic tasks, like printing a document or saving a file The operating system starts (launches) the application software so that it can be

used

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INTRODUCTION

Microsoft Windows Is An Operating System Introduced By Microsoft Corporation, United state of America.

WINDOWS

Windows is the area on the screen having the border on all four sides, to perform a specific task.

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GRAPHICAL OPERATING SYSTEM

MICROSOFT WINDOWS OS

ICON

DESKTOP

START BUTTON TASK BAR TIME INDICATOR

QUICK LAUNCH

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ICONSA SMALL GRAPHICAL PICTURE ON THE SCREEN IS CALLED ICON.

Folder Icon

Program icon

File Icon

TYPE OF ICON

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COMMAND BASE OSMICROSOFT DISK OPERATION SYSTEM

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APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Application Software Some common kinds of application software

• Word Processor software • Database software • Spreadsheet software • Games • Web Page Browsers

Application software programs work with the operating system software to help you use your computer to do specific types of work such as word processing to type a letter.

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EXECUTABLE(EXE) FILE A file in a format that the computer can directly execute.

Unlike source files, executable files cannot be read by humans. To transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through a compiler or assembler.

Some examples of exe files……. Winword for Microsoft word Mspaint for paint software Powerpnt for PowerPoint

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A FILENAME EXTENSION IS A SUFFIX (SEPARATED FROM THE BASE FILE NAME BY A DOT) TO THE NAME OF A COMPUTER FILE APPLIED TO INDICATE THE ENCODING (FILE FORMAT) OF ITS CONTENTS OR USAGE.

Extension Files

.TXT Text file

.RTF Rich Text file

.BMP Bitmap Picture

.JPG Joint Photography Experts Group

.DOC Document Text File 2002, 2003

.DOCX Document Text file 2007

.XLSX Excel workbook 2007

.XLW Workbooks in workspace mode

.MDB Data base(MS Access)

.ZIP Compressed file

.RAR Compressed file

.PSD Photoshop file

EXTENSION

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WHAT IS A VIRUS?

A computer virus attaches itself to a program or file enabling it to spread

from one computer to another, leaving infections as it travels.

Like a human virus, a computer virus can range in severity: some may

cause only mildly annoying effects while others can damage your hardware

, software or files.

Almost all viruses are attached to an executable file, which means the virus

may exist on your computer but it actually cannot infect your computer

unless you run or open the malicious program.

It is important to note that a virus cannot be spread without a human

action, (such as running an infected program) to keep it going. Because a

virus is spread by human action people will unknowingly continue the

spread of a computer virus by sharing infecting files or sending emails with

viruses as attachments in the email.

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CPU PARTS Motherboard - The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer.  It is also known as the main board or system board.

CPU - The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines the processing power of the computer.

Memory - Memory is the part of the computer that temporarily stores applications, documents, and stem operating information.

Bus - A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move from one place to another.

Expansion Slots - Expansions slots appear on the motherboard.  They are sockets into which adapters are connected.

Ports and Connectors - A port is a connector located on the motherboard or on a separate adapter.

Bays - A bay is a space inside the computer case where a hard drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive sits

Power Supply - A power supply changes normal household electricity into electricity that a computer can use.

Sound Components - A sound card lets a computer play and record high quality sound.