computer fundamental notes

7/30/2019 computer fundamental notes

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Computer fundamental notes

Concept of computer

1)What is Computer?

Computer is an electronic data processing device.It takes Data and commands as input. Computer

processes the data according to the commands

and provides the resulting information as an

output.

2)What the reason of using computer?The reasons, which make computer to be different

from the other computing devices, are its versatility,

reliability, accuracy and speed.

3) What is Data?


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Data is raw facts and figures which are not

processed.

4)What is Information?Information is the Data when processed we get

information.

5) How many parts of computer is?There are 2 parts of computer hardware and

software

6)What is Hardware?Hardware are the parts of a computer which we

can touch hardware are the physical componentsof computer consisting of monitor, mouse,

keyboard, motherboard etc.


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7)What is Mother Board?

Motherboard is the brain of computer and withoutit a computer cannot work it controls the

hardware parts.

8) What is C.p.u ?

C.P.U. is the Central processing unit where

processing of data takes place.

9) What is Software?

Software is a special type of instruction given to

the computer to control the total computer

system.

10) How many types of Software?


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There are two types of software. a) Application

Software b) System Software

a) What is Application software?

Application software is the software is developed for

a specific application is known as Application

Software. Example.-Ms-Word.

b) What is System software?

System software is these types of Software

concerned with making a computer work and

understand the user given data and instructions to

process the data to produce needed information is

System Software. Example. - Operating System .

I) What is Operating system?


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Operating system is system software which acts as

an interface between users and the hardware of a

computer system. It is an organized collection of

software consisting of procedures for operating a

computer. Eg window 98, window 2000, window

millennium, window up

11) How many components parts of a computer?

There are four components of computer devices, a)

Input Device, b) Microprocessors (Central Processing

Unit), c) Output device, d) Memory.

a) What is input device?

Input Device Is The device which used for taking data

from the user is called input device. Such as Keyboard, Mouse etc. Floppy disk drives, CD-ROM

drives, and microphones are also input devices.


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b) What is Micro processor?

This is the main component of a computer. When we

give any data to the computer, all types of

processing can be done in this portion. It is also as

Central Processing Dint (C.P. D). This is a processing

unit which includes mathematical operations like

addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.Processing also include logical functions like

comparison and sorting.

c) What is output device?

Output Device is the device which delivers us the

information from computer is called output device.

Output can be two types namely a soft copy or a

hard copy. Monitor can be used to displays soft

copies and printer can be used for hard copies.


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Monitors, printers, and speakers are common

output devices. Speech synthesizers and Braille

displays are also output devices.

When we give data to the computer through input

device, computer process that at C.P.D. and deliver

us the information on output device.

d) What is Memory?

Memory is the storage capacity of a computer to

remember data. Computer can only understand the

electrical signals that are 'true' and 'false'. In

mathematical representation are as '0' or 1. So all

the data are represented only in the form of '0' or

'1'. This form of representation is known as the

Binary Representation. All the alphabets and

numbers which give to the computer are converted

into this binary representation. Each digits of thisbinary representation is a Binary Digit or Bit in short.

A group of 4 bits is known as a Nibble & 8 bits is a


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Byte. One Byte is equal to one character. This is the

smallest unit of memory.

1024 Bytes =1 Kilo Byte or KB.

1024 Kilo Bytes = 1 Mega Byte or MB = 1000 Kilo

Bytes.

1024 Mega Bytes = 1 Giga Byte or GB =1000 Mega

Bytes =10, 00,000 Kilo Bytes.

i) How many parts of the memory are?Computer memory can be mainly divided into 2

parts primary memory and secondary memory.

ii) What is Primary memory?


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Primary Memory: It is called the main memory. It

is volatile. Primary memory consists ofRAM.RAM

(Random Access Memory)

ii)What is RAM?

RAM (Random Access Memory): This is the main

memory of the computer. This is the working

memory. Anything that is typed on the keyboard

goes on to the RAM. Anything that is displayed on

the screen comes from the RAM. RAM is volatile

memory. As soon as electricity is switched of, RAM

becomes blank. It is read and writes memory.

iii) What is Secondary memorySecondary Memory is the external memory. It is

non-volatile and read/write operation can easily be

done in this. Hard Disc, Floppy Disc, Compact Disc


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are some of the secondary storage devices. ROM is

example of the secondary memory. It is non volatile.

iv) What is ROM?ROM (Read Only Memory): It is read only memory.

User cannot write on it. It is non-volatile. The name

of this memory suggests that you can only read fromthis chip and cannot write or change anything on it.

It is similar to a printed book that you buy from the

market. You only read from the book and do not

write any thing on it yourself This chip contains

important information and instruction to enable a

computer to startup and identify various

components with in the computer. ROM is non-

volatile memory. That is, even in the absence of

electricity, content of this memory is not lost.

v) What is Floppy?


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Floppy is a small plastic disc coated with magnetic

material and is contained in a square shaped plastic

cover. Because of its portability it is a very popular

medium for storage and transfer of data. Diameter

of the floppy disk is 3.5 inches. There is a write

protect tab at the bottom left portion of the floppy.

Nothing can be deleted or changed or written on a

floppy which is write protected. Normal capacity of a

floppy: 1.44 MB.

vi) What is Hard disk?Hard Disk: It consists of a number of disks or platters

mounted on a shaft one above another. It is situated

in the systems unit. It has a very large capacity for

storage of data and is a very reliable medium

because it has a very long life.

vii) What is C.D.?


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CD-ROM: Compact Disks are called ROM that is read

only memory because information can be read from

the disk but no changes can be made in the

information contained in the disk. These are

generally used for distribution of software and

books. One typical CD can store data equivalent to

600 floppies. Normal capacity of a CD: 655 MB.

12) What is Desktop?

Desktop is the screen which we can we see

whenever we start the computer.

13) What is Icon?

Icon is the pictorial representation of the

executable files, that can berun on windows.

14) What is command?


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Command is Each instruction of an instruction set is

known as Command.

15) What is the History of computers?

The word computer is derived from the word

compute which means to calculate. So computer is

considered to be a fast calculator. Counting is easy

for us now, but the earliest form of counting was

very slow.

16) What is the first computer machine?

The first computing machine was the abacus. Theword abacus was derived from the Greek word

abacus which means a calculating table. Abacus


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was a manually operated device for storing

arithmetical information and functions.

17) Who is the father of computer?

The father of modern computer is Charles

babbage. He was an English mathematician and he

invented the analytical engine in 1835.

WINDOWS

a)How to open a computer?To open a computer first on the plug board than

on the u.p.s. than listen twice a tic sound & on the

c.p.u. than weight for raidy to open your

computer.

b)How to turn up computer?


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To turn up a computer press windows key + u + u.

mind it to close a computer dont forgate to off theu.p.s. & plug board.

c)How to re start a computer?To re start a computer press windows key + u + r.

1( What is Recycle bin?

Recycle bin is an area which holds discarded items or

deleted items.

2) How to make Delete?

Temporary delete- select an item press delete

button- press enter. Deleted items will go to the

recycle bin.


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Permanent delete-select an item press shift +

deletepress enter. Deleted items will permanentlylost from the computer.

3) What is the Features of windows ; XP?

The features of the windows ; XP is

1 - Inproved code protection

2-Side by side DLL support

3-Windows File protection

4-Preemptive multitasting architecture

5- Automatic Update features

6-Fast user switching

7- Auto configuration for multiple network

Connectivity.

8-Fax support


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9-Advanced GUI (graphical user interface)

10-Scalable memory and processor support

3) How to make a folder?

To create a folder Press window and go to desk top

press f5 for refresh press window application andpress down arrow and go to new menu press right

arrow and go to folder sub menu-press enter and

write the name of the folderpress enter

Extetion ofnote pad is txtword is .doc excel is .xls

Power point is .pPT

Microsoft word (Ms word)

4) What is the concept of word processing?


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The Concept of word Processing is using of ms

word- word is an advance word processing productby Microsoft. It provides us tools to easily create

professional quality documents And share

information. Ms word is the editor of ms office.

5) Key board short cart for M S word.

Press Alt + F for go to file menu

Press Ctrl+n- for new document

Press Ctrl +o- to open file

Press Alt +f4- to close the application with

document

Press Ctrl+f4- to close only document

Press Ctrl +s - to save a file

Press Ctrl+ e- for center alignment

Press Ctrl + L- for left alignment


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To create Save as- go to file menu by pressing alt

button-press down arrow and go to save assubmenu-press enter-( press f12 and go to save as

dialog box directly)-write the name of the file which

is different from existing namepress enter.

7) How to create save in?

To save the file in desktop or in any other location

press f12press tab and go to save in and select the

area by up arrow or down arrowpress enterpress

tab and go to file name write the file name here

and press enter.

8) How to make page set up?

To make Page set up-press alt +f+u and go to page

set up dialog box-press up arrow or down arrow to


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press tab and go to number of copies type the

number of copies we want to print- press enter.

11) How to create find & replace?

To create find & replace press ctrl + h, & write the

word which you want to find, than press tab to go

replace with & type the word which you want to

replace. Than press tab & go to replace [b] or replace

all [b] & to active the bottom press space bar to

complete the find & replacement, than press escape

to go the previous work position.

12) How to create find & high light a word?

Find a word used many times in a document and

change its formatting press ctrl +f and go to finddialog boxtype the word which we want to format

press tab and go to highlight all items found in

press space bar to check this option- press tab go to


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find all button-press enter oncepress escape once-

press ctrl +d and go to font dialog boxpress tab and

go to Font Style and select font style by up arrow

and down arrow-press tab and got font size and

select size by up arrow and down arrow-Press Enter.

13) How to go the office clip board & create?

Office clipboardgo to edit menu and press d arrow

press b and go to office clipboard press f 6 and go

to work area write any word and select it copy

the word the word copied will automatically be

added in the office clipboard go to next page by

ctrl+enter press f6 and go to office clipboard

select the word by u arrow or d arrow and press

enter. The word will automatically come in the work

area at cursor position.

14) How many type of the View menu?


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There are 4 types of view - normal view ,web layout

view, print layout view and reading layout view.

15) How to go the task pin?

Task pane press ctrl +f1 and bring the task pane on

the right hand side of the work area. To close the

task pane again press ctrl +f1.

16) How many type of toolbar of Microsoft word?

There are all total 31 toolbars in Microsoft word.

17) How to create header & footer?

To create Header & footer press alt +v+h and go to header write

something in the header then press d arrow and go


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to footer edit box write something in the footer

edit box - again press alt +v+h .

18) How to go the full screen mode?

Full screen press alt +v+u and go to full screen

mode press escape to go back to the previous work

area

19) How to create zoom?

zoom- press alt+v+Z and go to zoom dialog box

press tab and go to percent edit box type

percentage and press enter the zoom range is from

1 to 500..

20) How to arrange page number?


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to arrange page number press alt+i+u and go to page number

dialog box & press up arrow or down arrow and

select the position than press tab and go to

alignment and select the alignment position by up

arrow or down arrow &press enter & again enter.

21) How to create auto text?

To create Auto text press alt +I+a & press enter and

go to auto text dialog box than press tab and go to

enter auto text entries & write any text and press

enter & press down arrow and go to the list &select

any text by up arrow or down arrow than press enter

and insert the text at the cursor position.

22) How to create new auto text entry?

To create New autotext entry write any word &

select the word and press alt +f3 to go to create auto

text dialog box than give an alternative name to the


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text& press enter& go to auto text dialog box &

press tab and go to enter auto textthan press up

arrow or down arrow and select the required text

and press enter. the selected text will automatically

come to the cursor position.

23) How to create book mark?

book mark- insert more then 1 page write something in

different pages press alt +I+K- and go to bookmark

dialog box write bookmark namepress enter go

to page 2 and again go to bookmark dialog box

write another bookmark name for page 2 press

enter now again open bookmark dialog box press

d arrow and select any bookmark name press

enter and press escape.

24) How to create hyper link?


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sub script & press space bar and check the option &

press enter.

26) How to create a paragraph formatting?

To create a Paragraph formatting follows the process

given below.

1. Alignment: There are 4 types of alignment- left

(ctrl+l), right (ctrl+r), center (ctrl+e), justify (ctrl+j).

2.Line spacing: There are 3 types of spacing-

single(ctrl+1),1.5 lines(ctrl+5) and double (ctrl+2).

There are also another 3 types of line spacing-atleast, exactly and multiple.

3. Bullets and numbering: select the cursor position

& press alt+o+n and go to bullets and numbering

dialog box & press tab and go to bullet list than

select bullet by up,down,rite or left arrow & presstab and go to bulleted tag than press rite arrow and

go to number tag& press tab and go to number list-


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select number by up,down,rite or left arrow& press

enter.

To cancel bullets and numbering press enter twice.

27) How to make a colum?

to make a colum press alt+o+c and go to columns dialogboxthan press tab and go to presets option& select

columns option by rite or left arrow than press

enter.

28) How to make background color?

To make Back ground color press alt+O+k and go to

background dialog box& press down arrow once&

select background color by up,down,rite or left

arrow than press enter.

29) How to make drop cap?


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To make Drop cap- first write some text- select the

first letter of the text& press alt+o+d and go to dropcap dialog boxthan select drop cap position by rite

arrow or left arrow& select tab and go to font

option& select the font face by up arrow or down

arrow & press enter twice.

30) How to change case?

to make change case- write any text& select the textthan

press alt+o+e and go to change case dialog box.

There are 5 cases-(1) sentence case, (2) lower case,

(3) upper case, (4) title case and (5) toggle case. Here

check the case by pressing up & down arrow & press

space bar.

31) How to se the word count?


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To se the Word count press alt+t+w and go to word

count dialog box. Than the computer will tell us the

number of pages words, characters, paragraphs and

lines only oncepress enter.

32) How to create mail merge?

To create Mail merge- press alt+T+e & press enter

and go to mail merge pane- select letters option in

the document type by up arrow or down

arrow(there are 5 options- letters, email

messeges,envelopes,labels and directory) than press

tab and go to next starting document& press enter

to select use the current document by down arrow

or up arrow & press tab and go to next & press

enterthan select type a new list by up arrow or

down arrow& press go to create & press enter. than

enter data in the new address list dialog box, aftercompleting the first entry go to new entry by

pressing tabthan press enter& again enter data in

the second list, press tab and go to close button and


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press enter than save address list dialog box will

open to give the name of the file press enter &

press tab and go to okay button and press enter.

now we go back to the work area automatically. now

write down the letter bring the cursor to the

particular position and press alt+shift+f & select mail

merge field by up arrow or down arrow and press

enter than again bring the cursor to another position

and press alt+shift+f than select another mail merge

field by up arrow or down arrow and press enter

and so on & now press alt+shift+n and go to merged

to new document dialog boxpress enter and

merged all.

33) How to protect a document?

to protect adocument press alt +T+P and go to protect dialog box or task

pane than press tab and go to allow only this type ofediting& press down arrow and go to the list& press

up arrow or down arrow and select no changes and

read only than press tab and go to yes start


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enforcing protection button& press enter & give a

password than press tab and reenter the password

than press enter& press f6 and go to the work area.

now what ever write will not be added in the

document.

34) How to stop a protect document?

To stop the protection- press f6 and go to protect

document task pane & press tab and go to stop

protection button than press enter- give the

password and press enter.

Another type of protection is track changes in which

the line is added after protection Will be shown in red colorant

underline. This is also called Track Mode.

35) How to create macro?

to create macro press alt+T+M- press d arrow and go to record new macro than

press enter & type macro name than press tab button and


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go to keyboard button& press space bar& give a

shortcut key by pressing ctrl button- press tab and

go to assign button than press spacebar and press

enter- now recording starts- write any thing and it

will be recorded. than press alt+T+M and go to stop

recording by down arrow & press enter. now press

the short key and the recorded text will come to the

cursor position

36) How to make a secure document?

To make a secure document press alt+T+O and go to

option dialog box than press shift+Tab and go to

view tag than press s and go to security tag & press

tab and go to password to open & write a password

than press tab and go to password to modify press

enter& reenter the password to open and press

enter& reenter the password to modify and pressenter& close the document. than when we open the

document we will have to give password to open

and to modify.


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Short notes

Conversion

Bit- binary digit

4 bits- 1 nibble

8 bits- 1byte

1 byte- 1 character

1 byte- smallest unit of memory

1 kb (kilo bytes) - 1024 bytes

1 mb (mega bytes) - 1024 kb

1 gb (giga byte)- 1024 mb=1000mb =1000000 kb

1 tb (tera byte)- 1024 gb

1 pb (peda byte)- 1024 tb

Value of binary- 2

Value of decimal- 10


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Value of octal- 8

Value of hexa decimal- 16

Convert decimal to binary- divide the decimal

number by 2 and the remainders in reverse order is

the answer.

Abbreviations

What is the full form of C.P.U.?

c.p.u- central processing unit

What is the full form of C.U.?

c.u- control unit

What is the full form A.L.U.?


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a.l.u- arithmetic logic unit

What is the full form of M.S.?

m.s- Microsoft

What is the full form of U.P.S.?

u.p.s- uninterrupted power supply

What is the full form of C.D.?

c.d- compact disc

What is the full form Of W.W.W.?


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www- world wide web

What is the full fom of U.R.L.?

u.r.l- uniform resource locator or web address

What is the full form of I.P.?

i.p- internet protocol

What is the full form of H.T.T.P.?

h.t.t.p- hyper text transfer protocol

What is the full form of Inter Net?

internet- international networking


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What is the full form of O.S.?

o.s- operating system

What is computer network?

computer network- interconnection between 2 or

more computers is computer network .

How many type of computer network are there?

types of computer network-

l.a.n- local area network

c.a.n- campus area network

m.a.n- metropolitan area network

w.a.n- wide area network


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w.l.a.n- wireless local area network or wireless

network

What is LAN?

lan- local area network is the interconnection

between computers in a small area or in the same

building. For eg an office or home network.

What is WAN?

Wan- wide area network is the interconnection

between computers throughout the world. And not

restricted to a geographical location. For eg internet.

What is MAN?


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Man- metropolitan area network is the

interconnection between computers ina particular

geographical area or region.for eg network of a large

university.

What is Modem?

Modem- it does the work of modulation and

demodulation. The process of converting digital

signal to analog signal is called modulation and the

opposite process is demodulation.

How many type of Modem we have known?

There are 2 types of modem- internal and external

modem.

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