PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY Synopsis of Thesis Problem of Post-Graduate Student: Ph.D. Name : SONU Admission No. : L-2010-BS-72-D Major Subject : Zoology Minor Subject : Biochemistry Major Advisor : Dr. (Mrs.) G.K. Sehgal 1. Title of the research problem EFFECTS OF SOME ALTERNATIVE DIETARY LIPID SOURCES ON FATTY ACID PROFILES AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF COMMON CARP, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). 2. Introduction Demand for fish is constantly increasing as humans are becoming more and more health conscious. They prefer to consume nutritious food with added health benefits. Fishes possess both these qualities and are, therefore, considered as health or functional food. Fishes are the best source of long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly the n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. The n-3 PUFAs are known to be cardio-protective (Sanderson et al, 2002), anti-atherosclerotic (Givens et al, 2006), anti-thrombic (Calder, 2004) and anti-arrythmatic (Givens et al, 2006). Besides, they have high protein content (15-25%), which is required for maintenance and growth of human body. Fishes are rich in vitamins A, D, E and K and minerals (calcium, phosphorus and iron). 1
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PUNJAB AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
Synopsis of Thesis Problem of Post-Graduate Student: Ph.D.
Name : SONU Admission No. : L-2010-BS-72-D
Major Subject : Zoology Minor Subject : Biochemistry
Major Advisor : Dr. (Mrs.) G.K. Sehgal
1. Title of the research problem
EFFECTS OF SOME ALTERNATIVE DIETARY LIPID SOURCES ON FATTY ACID PROFILES
AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF COMMON CARP, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.).
2. Introduction
Demand for fish is constantly increasing as humans are becoming more and more health
conscious. They prefer to consume nutritious food with added health benefits. Fishes possess both these
qualities and are, therefore, considered as health or functional food. Fishes are the best source of long-
chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly the n-3 and n-6 PUFAs. The n-3 PUFAs are
known to be cardio-protective (Sanderson et al, 2002), anti-atherosclerotic (Givens et al, 2006), anti-
thrombic (Calder, 2004) and anti-arrythmatic (Givens et al, 2006). Besides, they have high protein
content (15-25%), which is required for maintenance and growth of human body. Fishes are rich in
vitamins A, D, E and K and minerals (calcium, phosphorus and iron). Compared to beef, mutton and
chicken, fish meat is more digestible as it contains much less connective tissue (Calder, 2004).
The increased demand of fish can be met from aquaculture as the capture fisheries is towards
decline. World capture fisheries decreased from 92.4 million metric tonnes (mmt) in 2004 to 90 mmt in
2009. The world aquaculture production, on the other hand, markedly increased from 15.3 mmt in 2004 to
21 mmt in 2009 (FAO, 2010). Therefore, aquaculture, with per capita supply increasing from 0.7 kg in
1970 to 7.8 kg in 2008, with an average annual growth rate of 6.6% (FAO, 2010), is the only hope.
However, aquaculture largely depends upon capture fisheries for fish meal and fish oil used in aquafeeds.
Fish oil has a high level of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA), particularly, eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have high health value for fish and human beings.
Since aquaculture is expanding and capture fisheries is contracting, the supply of fish meal and fish oil is
becoming limited and hence more expensive. It has created pressure on the aquafeed manufacturers to
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replace these ingredients with some sustainable alternatives (Pickova & Morkore, 2007). Vegetable oils
have potential to replace substantial amount of fish meal/fish oil in the diets of many fish species without
affecting their growth and feed efficiency. However, their effect on nutritional value of fish in terms of
fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of flesh is largely unknown, although oils derived from
unicellular algae, pelagic organisms or benthic invertebrates containing high amounts of n-3 HUFA have
been identified and tested in aquafeeds (Hertrampf & Piedad-Pascual 2000, Carter et al, 2003 and Olsen
et al, 2004 ). Nevertheless, their prices are still too high to be commonly used in aquafeeds (Turchini et al,
2009).
Thus, it is important to study the impact of vegetable oils and animal fats on the growth
performance and, more importantly, on the fatty acid and proximate compositions of the edible part of the
fish fed these oils/fats. Realizing the need for the use of vegetable oils and/or animal fats as fish feed
ingredients, some work in this direction has been done quite recently. The fish species which have been
studied include rainbow trout (Brown et al 2010, Guler and Yildiz 2011 and Trushenski et al, 2011a),
cobia (Trushenski et al, 2011c), pike perch (Kowalska et al, 2011), Oncorhynchus mykiss (Twibell et al
2011), Atlantic salmon (Menoyo et al 2005), Huso huso (Hosseini et al 2010), Litopenaeus vannamei
(Gonzalez-Felix et al 2010). No such study has been done on carps, which are important freshwater food
fishes forming about 86% of the Asian aquaculture, which contributes more than 85% to world fish
production. The present study is therefore, proposed to identify a vegetable oil and/or animal fat which is
capable of completely or partially replacing fish meal/fish oil without compromising with nutritional
quality and fatty acid composition of common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linn.), an important freshwater
food fish.
Knowledge gaps
There is scanty information on the alternative lipid sources including vegetable oils/animal fats
which can replace fish meal/fish oil from aquafeeds. This information is completely lacking with respect
to carps, which are one of the important freshwater food fishes cultured in Asia, India and Punjab.
Objective
To identify alternative lipid source(s) for complete/partial replacement of fish meal/fish oil from
the feed of common carp without compromising with the growth performance, and nutritional quality
(fatty acid profiles and proximate composition) of the fish.
i. Name of the experiment: Study on fatty acid profiles of some alternative dietary lipid
sources.
ii. Location/place of work: Department of Zoology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
iii. Methodology: Replicated samples of some alternative dietary lipid sources including 3
vegetable oils (soybean oil, canola oil and sunflower oil) and two animal fats (poultry fat and
mutton fat) will be analyzed for their fatty acid profiles by Gas Chromatography.
iv. Observations to be recorded: Observations will be made on fatty acid profiles of the
alternative dietary lipid sources mentioned above following the method of AOAC (2000).
v. Statistical analysis: The data will be analyzed by ANOVA to determine the significance of
differences in the fatty acid composition of the alternative lipid sources.
Experiment 2
i. Name of the experiment: Effects of some alternative dietary lipid sources on growth
performance, fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of common carp, Cyprinus carpio
(Linn.).
ii. Location/place of work: Department of Zoology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
iii. Methodology: Effects of each alternative dietary lipid source (soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower
oil, poultry fat and mutton fat) will be studied as given below:-
a) Treatments- Five dietary treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement
of fish meal/fish oil with an alternative lipid source).
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b) Replications- three.
c) Rearing period- 60 days.
iv. Observations to be recorded: The observations will be made on:
a) Water quality in terms of pH, DO, temperature, alkalinity, salinity, ammonia and total
hardness, on weekly basis. Analysis will be done as per the standard methods of APHA
(1991).
b) Growth performance in terms of net weight gain, average daily growth and specific
growth rate, on weekly basis.
c) Fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of the fish fed different experimental diets
on zero day and after 60 days of feeding by following the methods of AOAC (2000).
v. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique will be applied to determine the
significance of differences in the water quality parameters, growth performance, and fatty acid
profiles of the fish fed different experimental feeds.
Experiment 3
i. Name of the experiment: Study on finishing effect of fish meal/fish oil on growth
performance, fatty acid profiles and proximate composition of Cyprinus carpio (Linn.).
ii. Location/place of work: Department of Zoology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
iii. Methodology:
a) Treatments- three
(i) Feeding fish with diet containing the vegetable oil (that resulted in best fatty
acid profile) for the first 40 days and the one containing only fish meal/fish
oil for the remaining 20 days of the 60 day feeding.
(ii) Feeding fish with diet containing the animal fat (that resulted in best fatty
acid profile) for the first 40 days and the one containing only fish meal/fish
oil for the remaining 20 days of the 60 day feeding.
(iii) Feeding fish with the diet containing only fish meal/fish oil for 60 days.
b) Replications- three.
c) Rearing period- 60 days.
iv. Observations to be recorded: As in Experiment No. 2.
v. Statistical analysis: As in experiment 2
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6. Schedule Programme of Work
Sr. No.
Activity Semester II
(2011)
Semester III
(2012)
Semester IV
(2012)
Semester V
(2013)
Semester VI
(2013)
J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
I Collection of relevant literature
★ ★
Preparation and submission of synopsis
★
II Procurement of common carp, materials for research, standardization of methods for the estimation of water quality, fatty acid profiles, proximate composition and handling, rearing, feeding and sampling of common carp
★ ★ ★
III Experiment No. 1 and samples analyses
★ ★
IV Experiment No. 2 and samples analyses
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
V Experiment No. 3 and samples analyses
★ ★ ★
VI Data collection and compilation
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Statistical analysis
★ ★
VII Thesis writing ★ ★ ★
Rough thesis submission
★
Final thesis submission
★
JFMA…. D refers to name of the month.
7. Collaboration with other departments: Nil
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8. References
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Calder PC (2004) n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases: evidence explained and mechanisms explored. Clinical Sci 107: 1-11.
Carter CG, Bransden MP, Lewis TE, Nichols PD (2003) Potential of Thraustochytrids to partially replace fish oil in Atlantic salmon feeds. Marine Biotechnology 5: 480–492.
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________________________
Signature of the Student
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ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Name Designation Department Signature
Major Advisor Dr. (Mrs.) G.K. Sehgal
Associate Professor
Zoology ___________
Member Dr. H.S. Sehgal Professor &Liaison Officer
Zoology ___________
Member Dr. (Mrs.) A.K. Atwal
Senior Biochemist Plant Breeding and Genetics
___________
Member Dr. S.S. Thind Professor Food Technology ___________
Nominee of
Dean PGS
Dr. K.S. Khera Professor Zoology ___________
Forwarded five copies to the Dean, Postgraduate Studies, for approval by the Synopsis Approval
Committee.
Name Designation Department Signature
Consultant Dr. M. Javed Associate Maths, Statistics ___________