Crushing and Screening Handbook
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Crushing and Screening Handbook
METSO MINERALS
Metso Minerals in brief
To be successful in today’s quarry and sand and
gravel operations, you need a partner to sup-
ply competitiveness, not just equipment. This
translates into a comprehensive source of glo-
bal knowledge, fi nancial resources, innovative
technologies and systems, and skilled people
in worldwide locations. Only one organization
in the world has the resources to bring you all
these capabilities for effi cient aggregates proc-
ess management – Metso Minerals.
Around 8,000 Metso Minerals people operate
in sales and manufacturing facilities and serv-
ice shops in over 100 countries, covering all
continents. They supply you with world-class
equipment, complemented by comprehensive
service solutions aimed at increasing your op-
erational reliability. In short, we do everything
possible to help ensure your success.
Your trusted partner
Your partner of choice, Metso Minerals is the
trusted and preferred supplier in the rock
processing industry. Our highest priority
and personal commitment is to provide life-
time support and service for your aggregates
processing operations.
Whether you need a single crusher, a multi-
stage process or a complete plant, we assist you
with the right design for the most cost-eff ective
crushing process. We are the world’s leading
supplier of both unit machines and complete
aggregates processing systems.
Comprehensive process solutions
Your system may involve a whole series of proc-
esses, such as crushing and screening, conveying,
classifying, washing and pretreatment, stockpil-
ing, storage, loading and unloading, automation,
environmental control and wear protection.
Using sophisticated project tools, our experi-
enced engineers will arrange the appropriate
equipment into a balanced system to provide
you the high quality end-products you require,
at the lowest cost per ton. We also provide site
preparation, structural design, and supply and
erection plans.
When designing a new plant, we balance raw
material characteristics with the required pro-
duction rate and the size and shape of the fi n-
ished product. After careful selection of each
piece of equipment from fi nal screening to pri-
mary crushing your process characteristics are
optimum quality, productivity and reliability.
METSO MINERALS
t/h
Hard Gabbro
700mm coarse
450
B13-50-3V
Load 76 %
Opening 100 mm450306
144
Setting 150 mm
C110
69 %
quarry2.6
306
306
395
320
TK13-20-3V#20 mm/E93 %144
89
55
Stroke 32 mm
GP300S
96 %
coarse2.4
Setting 43 mm
507
507
CVB1845 III#50 mm/E93 %
#24 mm/E89 %
#6 mm/E85 %
507
187
172112
36
100 %0/20mm
55
Stroke 40 mm
GP300
88 %
fine1.8
Setting 16 mm
225
225
10 m³
225
225
18 %5/10mm
58
47 %10/20mm
152
34 %0/5mm
110
CVB2050 III#25 mm/E94 %
#13 mm/E80 %
#7 mm/E87 %
373
5315258
110
Process simulation technology
The computerized “Bruno” process calculation
system has already become the proven stand-
ard in the crushing industry. Rock quality, feed
grading and selected machines are entered to
simulate the expected production capacities
and product gradings. Contact minerals.bru-
[email protected] for more information.
Complete stationary or mobile plants
Besides off ering complete stationary instal-
lations, Metso Minerals is the pioneer in fully
mobile in-pit crushing operation. Integrating
two or three mobile crushing plants combined
with a mobile screen and a mobile conveying
system results in improved effi ciency and end-
product accuracy.
METSO MINERALS
We have the expertise to build a fl eet of track
mounted crushing and screening plants for pri-
mary, secondary and tertiary stages according
to your application. Moving along the quarry
face the track-mounted units replace dump
truck haulage, thus achieving substantial sav-
ings. The whole mobile plant can be moved
from site to site on standard trailers. This is one
example of how our worldwide process know-
how can serve your crushing, screening and
conveying needs.
Broad product range
Feeders – a wide range of heavy duty feeders
designed to absorb impact, meter material to
the crusher and scalp out fi nes.
Primary gyratory crushers – ideally suited to
all high-capacity primary hard rock crushing
applications.
Jaw crushers – we have more installed jaw
crushers than anyone in the world. The lead-
ing choice due to their high reduction ratio and
heavy duty design.
Cone crushers – capacities available to suit all
secondary, tertiary or quarternary crushing ap-
plications. High performance technology.
Impact crushers – primary and secondary
machines for soft and medium-hard materials.
High reduction ratios. Can eliminate need for a
tertiary crushing stage.
Spare and wear parts – genuine parts always
close to you, no matter where you are located
worldwide.
Vertical shaft impactors – helps shape the
rock to high-quality aggregates. Rock on rock
crushing.
Stationary screens – an extensive range of
complete screening solutions for scalping,
closed circuit screening, fi nal sizing and de-
watering. Single inclination, double, triple and
horizontal models.
Sand and gravel washing – to produce special
quality rock materials for demanding construc-
tion projects, such as bridges.
Crusher automation – ensures consistent and
effi cient operation. Improves productivity and
product quality while reducing maintenance
costs by preventing overload situations.
Stationary conveyors – a complete range of
belt conveyors. Wide variety of widths, lengths,
accessories and options. Various models incor-
porate truss frames that are simple, compact
and fast to dismantle, transport and erect.
Track-mounted crushing plants – fully mo-
bile jaw, cone or impact crushing plants, with
or without screens, and equipped with open or
closed circuit and discharge conveyors. Easily
transportable on standard trailers.
METSO MINERALS
Portable crushing plants – excellent trans-
portability between sites and fast installation,
in addition to high crushing capacities. Can be
fi tted with jaw, cone or impact crushers, with
or without screens, and equipped with open or
closed circuit and discharge conveyors.
Mobile screens – track-mounted units for ex-
cellent mobility and high performance on-site.
Ideal for a wide range of applications. Also
mobile screens on wheels which incorporate
on-board conveyors and travel over roadways
without special permits.
Mobile conveyors – mobile conveyors link a
Lokotrack primary mobile crushing plant to fur-
ther processing stages. They are able to follow
the primary unit as it moves along the quarry
face, replacing costly dump truck haulage.
Plant automation systems – monitor and
control all crushing, screening, storing and con-
veying with real-time accuracy. Maintain maxi-
mum production capacity by adjusting process
parameters on-line.
Original wear and spare parts – using origi-
nal Metso Minerals wear parts is the key to a
successful crushing process. The design of our
certifi ed wear parts starts with CAD simulations
of the crusher cavity, which is the heart of the
crushing process. By computer based planning
and continuous quality control of the casting
we can guarantee premium material quality,
which translates into improved wear life and a
higher operational capacity and reliability.
Customer Service Products – Metso Mine-
rals, using its long-term experience of crushing
equipment and crushing processes, has develo-
ped an expert service off ering aimed at impro-
ving the reliability and productivity of customer
operations. Metso Minerals’ certifi ed customer
service organization is available worldwide to
add customer value through customer-specifi c
solutions. Customer success and satisfaction
are cornerstones of Metso services.
METSO MINERALS
Brands served
The brand and trade names owned by Metso Minerals include: A.C. Hoyle, Allis Chalmers, Allis Mineral Systems, Altairac, Ambassador, Armstrong Holland, Babbitless, Barmac, Bergeaud, Big Bite, Boliden Al-lis, Cable Belt, Citycrusher, Citytrack, Combi-Screen, Conrad Scholtz, Denver, Dominion, Dragon, Dravo Wellman, Ellivar, Faço, Flexowell, G-Cone, GfA, Goodwin Barsby, Grizzly King, Gyradisc, Hewitt-Robins, Hummer, Kennedy Van Saun (KVS), Kue-Ken, Laser, Lennings, Lindemann, Lokolink, Lokomo, Lokotrack, Loro & Parisini, Ludlow Saylor, Marcy, Masterskreen, McCully, McDowell Wellman, McKiernan Terry (MKT), McNally, McNally Wellman, Meade Morrison, Morgårdshammar, Neyrtec, Nordberg, Nordpac-tor, Nordwheeler, Omnibelt, Omnicone, Omnimatic, Orion, Pyrotherm, Reed, Sala, Scanmec, Screen-All, Seco, Senator, Simplicity (slurry pumps), Skega, Stansteel, Stephens-Adamson, Strachan & Hen-shaw, Superior, Supersteel, Supralok, Svedala, Symons, Thomas, Tidco, Trellex, Waterfl ush, W.S. Tyler, Yernaux. The list is only indicative, since the actual number of brand and trade names includes many more widely known and historic names.
Metso Minerals fi gures
Metso Minerals is a global supplier of solutions, equipment and services for rock and minerals
processing. Its expertise covers the production of aggregates, the processing of ores and indus-
trial minerals, construction, and metal and waste recycling.
Headquartered in Helsinki, Finland, Metso Minerals has annual net sales of over €1.7 billion (2005).
We have some 35 manufacturing plants, as well as 135 sales and service units in 45 countries
worldwide; and a local presence in over 100 countries. Personnel number over 8,500.
Metso Minerals forms part of Metso Corporation, a €4.2 billion-a-year business listed on the Hel-
sinki and New York Stock Exchanges that also includes Metso Paper, Metso Automation, and
Metso Ventures. Metso Minerals currently accounts for the largest share of Metso’s net sales, at
45% in the fi rst quarter of 2006.
METSO MINERALS
1–1
QUARRY PROCESS + PROCESS INTEGRATION
AND OPTIMIZATION (PIO)
Quarry process and its development
In quarrying, the main activities are:
• Drilling
• Blasting
• Boulder handling
• Crushing & screening
• Material loading
• Hauling
Quarry processes can be either stationary or
mobile, as shown in Figure 1.
Stationary quarry
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Mobile quarries
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Figure 1: Quarry types
These are the main determiners of quarrying
costs, and thus understanding these costs, how
to infl uence them directly, and how they im-
pact each other is the key to successful quarry
development.
It is important to have a basic understanding of
this process because it is the ‘world’ where those
in quarry work live and do business. In order to
have a good overall picture, it is useful to look
at the typical cost structure of quarry opera-
tions. These are shown in Figure 2, which shows
two cases: a stationary one and a case where
the primary section is mobile = inpit crushing,
which in many cases can yield remarkable ben-
efi ts because material hauling costs can be re-
duced considerably. This issue is reviewed later,
in the LT section of this book.
Stationary:
13 %
9 %
7 %
3 %
2 %
11 %
13 %0 %
14 %
28 %
Capital
Energy
Wear Parts
Spare Parts
Wages
Drilling
Blasting
Hammering
Loading
Hauling
Primary crusher mobile:
18 %
11 %
9 %
4 %
1 %14 %
17 %
4 %
11 %
11 %Capital
Energy
Wear Parts
Spare Parts
Wages
Drilling
Blasting
Hammering
Loading
Hauling
Figure 2: Examples of cost structure in quarrying
In quarrying, it is important to understand that
many activities impact each other, so that
Optimised (blasting + crushing + screening) =
max. ($$$)
And it is NOT
Opt. (blasting) + opt. (crushing) + opt. (screen-
ing)
This calls for a so-called integrated approach.
The blasting process has to be adjusted to dif-
ferent types of rock, because they have diff er-
ent properties and the result will be diff erent
fragmentation. An integrated approach at its
best includes the steps shown in Figure 3.
1–2
Qu
arr
y p
roce
ss
QUARRY PROCESS + PROCESS INTEGRATION
AND OPTIMIZATION (PIO)
Characterise quarry domains(strength and structure)
Benchmarking, modelling andsimulation
Potential impact on wall damageand control
Implement blast design in the field
Measure fragmentation
Evaluate effect of blast designon fragmentation
Implement crushing strategiesand systems
Quantify the effect offragmentation on circuit performance
Figure 3: Integrated methodology in quarrying
The target in quarry development is to maxim-
ise the yield with respect to production costs
according to Figure 4.
Shotrock fragmentation
Product cost curve
Product price curve
versus product quality
USD / tonnes
Opt.
Figure 4. Target in quarry development
Actually, optimising quarrying from the end-
product yield and cost point of view can be
very complicated, and justifi ed to do in detail
in cases where the scope of operation is great
enough. In most cases, it enough to understand
the basic guidelines on how drilling & blasting,
crushing, hauling, etc. impact each other. So
let’s have a look at some highlights of these key
elements in quarrying:
Drilling and blasting
Figures 5 and 6 show the basic impact of drill-
hole diameter on costs and also on some key
parameters with importance for the later stag-
es in the process as well as end-product yield
and quality.
Figure 5: Costs vs. drillhole diameter and boulder size
Impact of drillhole diameter to drilling and blasting costsK
50= 250, drillability = medium, blastability = good
Source: Tamrock
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
64 89 115
Drillhole diameter [mm]
Tota
l co
sts
[US
D/t
]
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
Blasting
Drilling
Blasting
Drilling
Drilling & Blasting Cost(hole dia = 89 mm, bench h =11 m, drillability & blastability=medium)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Block size - mm (100% passing square hole)
Co
st
- U
S c
en
ts/t
on
ne
D & B
Drilling
Blasting
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
Drillhole diameter
Qu
an
tity
/ t
on
Boulder count
Fragmentelongation
% fines in blast
Micro cracks infragments
Figure 6. Impact of drillhole diameter on some im-portant process & quality parameters
1–3
QUARRY PROCESS + PROCESS INTEGRATION
AND OPTIMIZATION (PIO)
Crushing & screening
Crushers and screens will be reviewed more lat-
er in this book, but the following factors must
be stressed:
• Handling of oversize boulders. These should
never be allowed to enter the feeder for
breakage (Figure 7), because it in many cases
means that the later stages in the process are
starved of material and economy will be poor.
Breakage of boulders should be done outside
the crushing process, preferably close to the
quarry face.
• Role of process planning: By using the same
equipment, process capacity can be doubled
but at the cost of quality.
• Selection of stationary vs. mobile confi gura-
tion.
• Selection of the right type of crusher and
screen for the application in question.
Figure 7: No oversize breaking in crushing proc-ess
Loading and hauling
Loading and hauling are one of the major costs
in the quarry process. These could be character-
ised by fi gures 8 and 9. In these graphs, the K50
value shows the percentage passing. So K50 =
250 mm means that 50% of blast distribution
is passing 250 mm. Reasons that costs increase
greatly with coarse blasts are that:
• Material is more diffi cult to load due to
• toe problems being more likely
• bigger boulders
• The scope of equipment is changed due to
more diffi cult and/or longer cycle times
• In the equipment there is
• more wear
• more maintenance
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Rela
tive c
ost
410 290 250 200 150
K50 value
Impact of Blast Distribution to Loading Costs
Figure 8: Infl uence of blasting on loading costs
9092949698
100102104106
Re
lati
ve
co
st
410 290 250 200 150
K50 value
Impact of Blast Distribution to Hauling Costs with Dumbers
Figure 9: Infl uence of blasting on loading costs
Summary of quarry development
Quarry development could be summarised as
follows:
• There is optimal shotrock fragmentation from
the total product cost point of view.
• Oversize boulder frequency has a signifi cant
impact on capacity and cost.
• Smaller drillhole diameter produces less
fi nes. In many cases, this is considered to be
a waste.
• Crushing cost share is almost unchanged
with diff erent K50 values when the crushing
method is the same. Optimum selection de-
pends on:
• Rock type due to abrasion
• ‘Case-specifi c factors’ like life of the quarry,
investment possibilities, etc.
• Optimisation of the whole quarry process in-
stead of sub-optimisation of individual com-
ponents.
• Inpit crushing can give remarkable benefi ts.
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