Chapter 19 CITIES and IMMIGRANTS

Chapter 19Chapter 19 CITIES and IMMIGRANTS CITIES and IMMIGRANTS

AMERICA BECOMES A AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING POT IN THE MELTING POT IN THE LATE 19LATE 19THTH & EARLY & EARLY

2020THTH CENTURY CENTURY

Section 1: Problems Arise as Cities Section 1: Problems Arise as Cities GrowGrow

UrbanizationUrbanization HousingHousing

Row-HouseRow-House TenementsTenements Dumbbell TenementsDumbbell Tenements

TransportationTransportation Water & SanitationWater & Sanitation Law & OrderLaw & Order FirefightingFirefighting

Rapid urbanization Rapid urbanization occurred in the late occurred in the late 1919thth century in the century in the Northeast & MidwestNortheast & Midwest

Most immigrants Most immigrants settled insettled in citiescities because of the because of the available jobs & available jobs & affordable housingaffordable housing

By 1910, immigrants By 1910, immigrants made up more than made up more than half the population of half the population of 18 major American 18 major American citiescities

Americanization MovementAmericanization Movement Education program designed to help Education program designed to help

immigrants assimilate to American culture.immigrants assimilate to American culture. Taught English and “American” culture.Taught English and “American” culture.

UrbanizationUrbanization:: the growth of cities. the growth of cities. Immigrants lived in ethnic neighborhoods Immigrants lived in ethnic neighborhoods

where people spoke the same language.where people spoke the same language. People moved from the farms to the cities People moved from the farms to the cities

for jobs in the factories.for jobs in the factories.

URBAN PROBLEMSURBAN PROBLEMS Problems in Problems in

American cities in American cities in the late 19the late 19thth and and early 20early 20thth century century included:included:

Housing:Housing: overcrowded overcrowded tenements were tenements were unsanitaryunsanitary

SanitationSanitation:: garbage garbage was often not was often not collected, polluted collected, polluted air air Famous photographer Jacob Riis

captured the struggle of living in crowded tenements

URBAN PROBLEMS URBAN PROBLEMS CONTINUEDCONTINUED

Transportation:Transportation: Cities Cities struggled to provide struggled to provide adequate transit systemsadequate transit systems

Water:Water: Without safe Without safe drinking water cholera drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was and typhoid fever was commoncommon

Crime:Crime: As populations As populations increased thieves increased thieves flourishedflourished

Fire:Fire: Limited water supply, Limited water supply, wooden structures wooden structures combined with the use of combined with the use of candles led to major urban candles led to major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were San Francisco 1906 were two major firestwo major firesHarper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans

fleeing the fire over the Randolph Street bridge in 1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITYCAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Section 1 ContinuedSection 1 Continued

SegregationSegregation– Great MigrationGreat Migration– Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws– De Facto De Facto

SegregationSegregation– De Jure SegregationDe Jure Segregation– GhettosGhettos

SegregationSegregation

De facto segregation:De facto segregation: exists by exists by practice & custom (choice)practice & custom (choice)

De jure segregation:De jure segregation: segregation segregation by law. (difficult to fight this!)by law. (difficult to fight this!)

SECTION 2: POLITICAL MACHINES SECTION 2: POLITICAL MACHINES ACQUIRE MORE POWERACQUIRE MORE POWER

As cities grew in the late As cities grew in the late 1919thth century, so did century, so did political machinespolitical machines

Political machines Political machines controlled the activities controlled the activities of a political party in a of a political party in a citycity

Ward bosses, precinct Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city captains, and the city boss worked to ensure boss worked to ensure their candidate was their candidate was electedelected

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSSBOSS

The “Boss”The “Boss” controlled controlled jobs, business jobs, business licenses, and licenses, and influenced the court influenced the court systemsystem

Precinct captains and Precinct captains and ward bosses were ward bosses were often 1often 1stst or 2 or 2ndnd generation immigrants generation immigrants so they so they helped helped immigrantsimmigrants with with naturalization, jobs, naturalization, jobs, and housing in and housing in exchange for votesexchange for votes

Boss Tweed ran NYC

MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDALSCANDAL

Some political bosses were Some political bosses were corruptcorrupt

Some political machines used Some political machines used fake names and voted fake names and voted multiple times to ensure multiple times to ensure victory (“Vote early and victory (“Vote early and often”) – called often”) – called Election Election fraudfraud

Graft (bribes)Graft (bribes) was common was common among political bossesamong political bosses

Construction contracts often Construction contracts often resulted in resulted in “kick-backs”“kick-backs”

The fact that police forces The fact that police forces were hired by the boss were hired by the boss prevented close scrutinyprevented close scrutiny

THE TWEED RING THE TWEED RING SCANDALSCANDAL

William M. Tweed, known as William M. Tweed, known as Boss TweedBoss Tweed, became head of , became head of Tammany HallTammany Hall, NYC’s powerful , NYC’s powerful Democratic political machinesDemocratic political machines

Between 1869-1871, Tweed led Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the the Tweed RingTweed Ring, a group of , a group of corrupt politicians, in corrupt politicians, in defrauding the citydefrauding the city

($10 million)($10 million) Tweed was indicted on 120 Tweed was indicted on 120

counts of fraud and extortioncounts of fraud and extortion Tweed was sentenced to 12 Tweed was sentenced to 12

years in jail – released after years in jail – released after one, arrested again, and one, arrested again, and escaped to Spainescaped to Spain

Boss Tweed

ImmigrantsImmigrants Immigrants were put to work for the Immigrants were put to work for the

machines (those who spoke English).machines (those who spoke English). Would tell new immigrants to follow Would tell new immigrants to follow

the “bosses” rules.the “bosses” rules. The political machines helped The political machines helped

immigrants become citizens, immigrants become citizens, provided housing and jobs.provided housing and jobs.

Would get votes in return.Would get votes in return.

Section 3: New Immigrants ArriveSection 3: New Immigrants Arrive

1919thth century century immigrationimmigration

Eastern EuropeansEastern Europeans Cultural Cultural

DifferencesDifferences– LanguageLanguage– ReligionReligion– RaceRace

Immigration ContinuedImmigration Continued

Melting PotMelting Pot A mixture of people from different A mixture of people from different

cultures and races.cultures and races.

They blend together by abandoning They blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures.their native languages and cultures.– Become “American”Become “American”

FRICTION DEVELOPSFRICTION DEVELOPS Some immigrants tried to Some immigrants tried to

assimilateassimilate into American into American culture, others kept to culture, others kept to themselves & created ethnic themselves & created ethnic communitiescommunities

Committed to culture, but Committed to culture, but tried hard to become tried hard to become Americans, many came to Americans, many came to think of themselves asthink of themselves as Italian- Italian-Americans, Polish-Americans, Americans, Polish-Americans, Chinese-Americans, etcChinese-Americans, etc

Some native born Americans Some native born Americans disliked the immigrants disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and unfamiliar customs and languages – languages – frictionfriction soon soon developeddeveloped

Chinatowns are found in many major cities

EUROPEANSEUROPEANS Between 1870 and Between 1870 and

1920, about 1920, about 20 million 20 million EuropeansEuropeans arrived in arrived in the United Statesthe United States

Before 1890, most Before 1890, most were from western were from western and northern Europeand northern Europe

After 1890, most After 1890, most came from southern came from southern and eastern Europeand eastern Europe

All were All were looking for looking for opportunityopportunity

LIFE IN THE NEW LANDLIFE IN THE NEW LAND Late 19Late 19thth century most century most

immigrants arrived via immigrants arrived via boatsboats

Trip from Europe took Trip from Europe took about a month, took about a month, took about 3 weeks from about 3 weeks from AsiaAsia

The The trip was arduoustrip was arduous and many died along and many died along the waythe way

Destination was Ellis Destination was Ellis Island for Europeans, Island for Europeans, and Angel Island for and Angel Island for AsiansAsians

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORKYORK

Ellis Island- arrival point Ellis Island- arrival point for European for European immigrantsimmigrants

Had to Had to pass inspectionpass inspection at at the immigration stationsthe immigration stations

Processing took hours, Processing took hours, and the sick were sent and the sick were sent homehome

Immigrants had to show Immigrants had to show they were not criminals, they were not criminals, had had some some money ($25), money ($25), and were able to workand were able to work

From 1892-1924, From 1892-1924, 17 17 millionmillion immigrants immigrants passed through Ellis passed through Ellis Island’s facilitiesIsland’s facilities

ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR

ANGEL ISLAND, SAN ANGEL ISLAND, SAN FRANCISCOFRANCISCO

Asians, primarily Asians, primarily Chinese, arrived on Chinese, arrived on West Coast, gained West Coast, gained admission at Angel admission at Angel Island (San Francisco Island (San Francisco Bay)Bay)

Processing was Processing was harsher than Ellis harsher than Ellis Island Island

Immigrants withstood Immigrants withstood tough questioning tough questioning and long detentions and long detentions in filthy conditionsin filthy conditions

ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND

Section 4: Demands Grow for Section 4: Demands Grow for Restrictions on ImmigrationRestrictions on Immigration

As immigration increased, As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant so did anti-immigrant feelings among nativesfeelings among natives

Anti-Asian feelings included restaurant boycotts

NativismNativism Favoring the interests of native-born Favoring the interests of native-born

people over foreign-born people.people over foreign-born people. Anti-immigrant groups formed.Anti-immigrant groups formed. Most native born Americans were Most native born Americans were

Protestants.Protestants. Did not like Jewish, Catholics, or Did not like Jewish, Catholics, or

Muslim immigrants.Muslim immigrants. Catholics were attacked & Jews were Catholics were attacked & Jews were

not allowed in certain public places.not allowed in certain public places.

CongressCongress Congress passed a literacy test Congress passed a literacy test

requirement for immigrants to enter requirement for immigrants to enter the U.S.the U.S.

Had to read 40 words in English.Had to read 40 words in English. President Cleveland vetoed the bill.President Cleveland vetoed the bill.

It passed in 1917 when Wilson was in It passed in 1917 when Wilson was in office, even though he vetoed it.office, even though he vetoed it.

CHINESECHINESE Between 1851 and Between 1851 and

1882, about 1882, about 300,000 300,000 ChineseChinese arrived on the arrived on the West CoastWest Coast

Some were attracted Some were attracted by the Gold Rush, by the Gold Rush, others went to work others went to work for the railroads, for the railroads, farmed or worked as farmed or worked as domestic servantsdomestic servants

Many Chinese men worked for the railroads

Anti-Asian Anti-Asian Americans were worried about jobs going Americans were worried about jobs going

to Chinese immigrants.to Chinese immigrants. Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act:: 1882 law where no 1882 law where no

Chinese immigrants were allowed to enter Chinese immigrants were allowed to enter the U.S. for 10 years.the U.S. for 10 years.

Law was extended another 10 years in Law was extended another 10 years in 1892.1892.

1902: Chinese immigration was restricted.1902: Chinese immigration was restricted. Law turned over in 1943.Law turned over in 1943.

JAPANESEJAPANESE In 1884, the Japanese In 1884, the Japanese

government allowed government allowed Hawaiian plantersHawaiian planters to to recruit Japanese recruit Japanese workersworkers

The U.S. annexation of The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898 Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese increased Japanese immigration to the immigration to the west coastwest coast

By 1920, more than By 1920, more than 200,000 Japanese200,000 Japanese lived lived on the west coaston the west coast

JapaneseJapanese 1906: San Francisco segregated 1906: San Francisco segregated

Japanese children and put them into Japanese children and put them into separate schools.separate schools.

President Theodore Roosevelt helped President Theodore Roosevelt helped pass the Gentlemen’s Agreement of pass the Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907-1908.1907-1908.

Gentlemen’s AgreementGentlemen’s Agreement:: Japan’s Japan’s government agreed to limit the number government agreed to limit the number of unskilled workers going to the U.S. if of unskilled workers going to the U.S. if San Francisco stopped the segregation.San Francisco stopped the segregation.

Immigration Restrictions ContinuedImmigration Restrictions Continued

Alien Land Law-Alien Land Law- prohibited Japanese prohibited Japanese from owning from owning agricultural land agricultural land