Class: Name: ( ) Date: New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 69 - 16 Coordination in humans 16.1 The human nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3) There are two coordinating systems in humans: the (1) _______________ system (神經系統) and the (2) _______________ system (內分泌系統). A The general plan of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3) Our nervous system consists of two main parts: - The (3) _______________ nervous system (CNS) (中樞神經系統), which consists of the (4) _______________ and the (5) _______________ _______________ (脊髓). - The (6) _______________ nervous system (PNS) (外圍神經系統), which consists of (7) _______________ nerves (腦神經) and (8) _______________ nerves (脊髓神經). B The basic unit of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-4) (9) _______________ (神經元) are the basic unit of the nervous system. 1 Structure of a neurone (10) _____________ _____________ (細胞體): - contains a nucleus and cytoplasm with other organelles (11) _______________ (樹突): - transmits nerve impulses (12) _____________________ (towards / away from) the cell body (13) _______________ (軸突): - transmits nerve impulses (14) _____________________ (towards / away from) the cell body nerve fibres (神經纖維) (15) _____________ _____________ (髓鞘): - a layer of fatty material surrounding nerve fibres Key: transmission of nerve impulse
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Class: Name: ( ) Date:
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
- 69 -
16 Coordination in humans
16.1 The human nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3)
� There are two coordinating systems in humans: the (1) _______________ system (神經系統) and
the (2) _______________ system (內分泌系統).
A The general plan of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-3)
� Our nervous system consists of two main parts:
- The (3) _______________ nervous system (CNS) (中樞神經系統), which consists of the
(4) _______________ and the (5) _______________ _______________ (脊髓).
- The (6) _______________ nervous system (PNS) (外圍神經系統), which consists of
(7) _______________ nerves (腦神經) and (8) _______________ nerves (脊髓神經).
B The basic unit of the nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-4)
� (9) _______________ (神經元) are the basic unit of the nervous system.
1 Structure of a neurone
(10) _____________ _____________ (細胞體):
- contains a nucleus and cytoplasm with other organelles
(11) _______________ (樹突):
- transmits nerve impulses
(12) _____________________
(towards / away from) the cell body
(13) _______________ (軸突):
- transmits nerve impulses
(14) _____________________
(towards / away from) the cell body
nerve fibres (神經纖維)
(15) _____________ _____________ (髓鞘):
- a layer of fatty material surrounding nerve fibres
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� The myelin sheath protects and (16) _______________ the nerve fibres. This serves to:
- prevent the transmission of nerve impulses to the (17) _______________
- (18) _______________ _______________ the transmission of nerve impulses.
2 Types of neurones
Type of neurone Direction of nerve
impulse transmission Location of cell body
Appearance
(19) ______________
neurone (感覺神經元)
From
(20) _____________
to the
(21) _____________
(22) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has a
(23) ____________
dendron and a
(24) ____________ axon
(25) ______________
neurone (運動神經元)
From the
(26) _____________ to
(27) _____________
(28) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has very
(29) ____________
dendrons and a
(30) ____________ axon
(31) ______________
(中間神經元)
From a
(32) _____________
neurone to a
(33) _____________
neurone or other
interneurones
(34) ____________
(Outside / Inside)
the CNS
Has short dendrons and
short axons
C The structure of a nerve (Book 2, p. 16-6)
� A (35) _______________ (神經) is a
bundle of nerve fibres wrapped in
connective tissue.
▲ Structure of a nerve
connective tissue a nerve
a nerve fibre
myelin sheath
blood vessels
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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16.2 Transmission of nerve impulses between neurones (Book 2, p. 16-7)
� Nerve impulses are (1) _______________ messages transmitted along nerve fibres at high
speed.
� Nerve impulses are transmitted from the axon of a neurone to the dendron or cell body of the
next neurone across a (2) _______________ (突觸).
▲ Transmission of nerve impulses across a synapse
The importance of the synapses
� They ensure that nerve impulses travel in (8) _______________ direction only.
� They allow a neurone to (9) _______________ with many other neurones.
� The (3) _______________ _______________
(突觸小體) releases (4) _______________
(神經遞質).
dendron
axon
nerve
axon
mitochondria
synaptic knob
synaptic vesicle
containing neurotransmitter
synaptic cleft
cell body or
dendron of next
neurone
� A nerve impulse arrives.
� The neurotransmitter (5) _______________
across the (6) _______________
_______________ (突觸間隙).
� The neurotransmitter stimulates the dendron
to generate a (7) _______________
_______________.
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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16.3 The central nervous system (Book 2, p. 16-9)
A How is the CNS protected? (Book 2, p. 16-9)
� The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. They are protected
by:
- (1) _______________: The brain is enclosed by the (2) _______________ (顱). The spinal
cord is protected by the (3) _______________ _______________ (脊柱).
- (4) _______________: The CNS is covered by three membranes.
- (5) _______________ _______________ (腦脊髓液): This fluid fills the space between the
inner and middle membranes and the (6) _______________ _______________ (中央管) of
the spinal cord.
▲ Structures protecting the brain and the spinal cord
� Functions of the cerebrospinal fluid:
- Provides nutrients and oxygen to the (12) _______________ and removes waste from
them
- Serves as a (13) ______________ ______________
- Provides (14) ______________ support to the brain and the spinal cord.
brain
(7) _______________
three
(8) _______________
spinal cord
central canal
cavity filled with
(9) _______________
_______________
spinal cord central canal
three
(10) _______________
(11) _______________
_______________
spinal nerve
Ventral Dorsal
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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B The brain (Book 2, p. 16-10)
� The brain consists of three main parts:
Part of the brain
Structural feature Function
Cerebrum
� Highly (18) _______________ at the
surface to hold more neurones, so
that (19) _______________ can be
more efficient
� Outer layer made up of
(20) ______________ matter (灰質) ;
inner layer made up of
(21) ______________ matter (白質)
� Site of
(22) _______________ (智力)
� Controls
(23) _______________ actions
(隨意動作) e.g. speaking and
writing
Cerebellum
� Highly (24) _______________
� Outer layer made up of
(25) _______________ matter;
inner layer made up of
(26) _______________ matter
� (27) _______________ muscular
movements for maintaining
(28) _______________
_______________ when we move
Medulla
oblongata
� Outer layer made up of
(29) _______________ matter;
inner layer made up of
(30) _______________ matter
� (31) _______________ centre
(反射中樞) for many reflex actions
(反射動作), e.g. saliva secretion,
swallowing and coughing
� Controls other
(32) _______________ actions
(不隨意動作), e.g. breathing and
heart beat
(15) _______________ (大腦)
(16) _______________ (小腦)
(17) _______________ _______________ (延髓)
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� The grey matter consists mainly of the (33) _______________ _______________ of
neurones. Their nuclei give a grey colour to this region. The white matter consists of
(34) _______________ _______________. Their (35) _______________ _______________
give the white colour to this region.
� The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the (36) ______________ ______________ (大腦皮層),
which is divided into different functional areas:
Label Area in cerebral cortex Function
A (37) _______________
area (感覺區)
Receives nerve impulses from receptors to give
(38) _______________
B (39) _______________
area (運動區)
Sends nerve impulses to effectors to produce
(40) _______________
C (41) _______________
area (聯合區)
(42) _______________ information from different
sensory areas, so that the brain can make decisions
before sending nerve impulses to motor areas
� Go to
Practical 16.1 Examination of a human brain model
(Book 2, p. 16-13; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 16-1)
C The spinal cord (Book 2, p. 16-15)
� The outer region of the spinal cord is made up of (43) _______________ matter. The inner
H-shaped region is made up of (44) _______________ matter. At the centre of the grey matter
is the central canal which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
legs, trunk, arms, face, tongue
thinking, judgement
touch, hearing, smell, taste
sight
memory
B C A A B
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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▲ Structure of the spinal cord
� Functions of the spinal cord:
- It (51) _______________ nerve impulses between the brain and other parts of the body.
- It is the (52) _______________ centre for many reflex actions involving the trunk and
limbs.
16.4 Reflex action and voluntary action (Book 2, p. 16-18)
A What is a reflex action? (Book 2, p. 16-18)
� A (1) _______________ _______________ is an inborn, rapid and automatic response to a
stimulus. It is also stereotyped (有固定形式的).
� All reflex actions are involuntary because they do not involve the (2) _______________.
� Reflex actions produce (3) _______________ (slow / fast) responses. They protect us from
danger.
Example of reflex action Parts of CNS involved
Withdrawal reflex (退縮反射) and
knee jerk reflex (膝躍反射)
(4) _______________ _______________ and
(5) _______________ _______________
Saliva secretion, swallowing and
coughing (6) _______________ _______________
(45) _______________ matter:
- consists of nerve fibres
(46) _______________ matter:
- consists mainly of the cell bodies of neurones
nerve fibres
(47) _______________
neurone
(48) _______________
(49) _______________
neurone
(50) _______________ _______________
_______________ (背根節):
- contains cell bodies of sensory neurones
central canal
dorsal root
ventral root
spinal nerve
Key: transmission of nerve impulse
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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B Examples of reflex actions (Book 2, p. 16-19)
1 The withdrawal reflex
Step Description
I a The hand touches a sharp object.
II b The arm muscle (effector) contracts.
III c The hand withdraws to prevent damage.
IV d Nerve impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord.
V e Pain receptors in the skin are stimulated and they generate nerve impulses.
VI f Nerve impulses travel along the interneurone and the motor neurone to the arm