Class: Name: ( ) Date: New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition) - 1 - 11 Cell cycle and division 11.1 Chromosomes (Book 2, p. 11-3) (1) _______________ _______________ (細胞分裂) is a process in which a cell ((2) _______________ cell) divides to form new cells ((3) _______________ cells). Cell division involves the passing on of (4) _______________ information from parent cells to daughter cells. This information is important in determining the structure and functions of the cells and is carried in (5) _______________ _______________ (DNA). Inside the nucleus, DNA and proteins together form structures called (6) _______________ (染色體). When a cell is not dividing, individual chromosomes are not visible. They exist as a mass of long and thin fibres called (7) _______________ (染色質). At the time cell division begins, the chromatin fibres coil up tightly. Each chromosome is seen to consist of two identical (8) _______________ (染色單體). (10) _______________ fibre DNA molecule protein a (9) _______________ ▲ Structure of a chromosome at the time cell division begins two (12) _______________ _______________ (姊妹染色單體) make up one chromosome (11) _______________ (著絲點)
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Class: Name: ( ) Date:
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
- 1 -
11 Cell cycle and division
11.1 Chromosomes (Book 2, p. 11-3)
� (1) _______________ _______________ (細胞分裂) is a process in which a cell
((2) _______________ cell) divides to form new cells ((3) _______________ cells).
� Cell division involves the passing on of (4) _______________ information from parent cells to
daughter cells. This information is important in determining the structure and functions of
the cells and is carried in (5) _______________ _______________ (DNA). Inside the nucleus,
DNA and proteins together form structures called (6) _______________ (染色體).
� When a cell is not dividing, individual chromosomes are not visible. They exist as a mass of
long and thin fibres called (7) _______________ (染色質).
� At the time cell division begins, the chromatin fibres coil up tightly. Each chromosome is seen
to consist of two identical (8) _______________ (染色單體).
(10) _______________ fibre
DNA molecule
protein
a (9) _______________
▲ Structure of a chromosome at the time cell division begins
two (12) _______________ _______________
(姊妹染色單體) make up one chromosome
(11) _______________
(著絲點)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� Chromosomes exist in pairs called (13) _______________ _______________ (同源染色體) in
body cells.
- One member in a homologous pair comes from the male parent and is called the
(14) _______________ _______________ (父系染色體).
- The other one comes from the female parent and is called the (15) _______________
_______________ (母系染色體).
� Each body cell has (16) _______________ sets of chromosomes and is described as
(17) _______________ (二倍體) (2n).
� A gamete (配子) has (18) _______________ set of chromosomes and is described as
(19) _______________ (單倍體) (n).
� The (20) _______________ of chromosomes is always the same among individuals of the
same species but it varies from one species to another.
11.2 The cell cycle and mitotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-6)
� Many body cells can divide by (1) _______________ _______________ _______________
(有絲細胞分裂). The (2) _______________ _______________ (細胞週期) is the sequence of
events that takes place in a body cell from one cell division to the next.
A What are the stages of the cell cycle? (Book 2, p. 11-6)
Stage Description
(3) _______________ (間期) It is also called cell growth.
Mitotic cell division It consists of (4) _______________ division and
(5) _______________ division.
1 Interphase (cell growth)
� Many biochemical activities take place to prepare for cell division, including:
- synthesis of new (6) _______________ and proteins.
- DNA (7) _______________ (複製). Each chromosome becomes duplicated (複製) and it
consists of (8) _______________ identical DNA molecules.
- the growth of cell to its (9) _______________ size.
� Chromosomes are (10) _______________ (visible / invisible) at this stage.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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2 Mitotic cell division
� A body cell divides to form (11) _______________ daughter cells. The daughter cells
contain the same (12) _______________ and (13) _______________ of chromosomes as
their parent cell.
i) Nuclear division
� The nuclear division of mitotic cell division is called (14) _______________ (有絲分裂).
It involves the separation of the (15) _______________ _______________ of each
chromosomes and the equal (16) _______________ of the separated chromatids between
two daughter nuclei.
� Mitosis can be divided into four stages:
Stage Description
�
(17) _______________
(前期)
� Chromosomes shorten and thicken. They
become (18) _______________.
� The (19) _______________
_______________ breaks down.
�
(20) _______________
(中期)
� The chromosomes line up along the
(21) _______________.
� (22) ______________ ______________
(紡錘絲) attach to the chromosomes.
�
(23) _______________
(後期)
� The spindle fibres (24) _____________.
The (25) _______________
_______________ separate and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
� The (26) _______________ starts to
divide.
�
(27) _______________
(末期)
� New (28) _______________
_______________ form around each
group of chromosomes.
� The chromosome uncoil to become
(29) _______________ again.
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ii) Cytoplasmic division
� Cytoplasmic division is also called (30) ______________ (胞質分裂). The (31) _____________
of the parent cell divides into two equal halves, forming two daughter cells.
� In animal cells, the cell membrane around the centre of the cell (32) _______________
inwards until the cell separates into two.
cell membrane
constricts inward
▲ Cytoplasmic division in animal cells
� In plant cells, a (33) _______________ _______________ (細胞板) is formed between
the two daughter nuclei. It grows outwards from the centre of the cell, dividing the
(34) _______________ into two halves.
cell plate
grows outwards
▲ Cytoplasmic division in plant cells
B What is the importance of mitotic cell division? (Book 2, p. 11-11)
� Mitotic cell division produces daughter cells that are genetically (35) _______________
_______________ (identical to / different from) their parent cell.
� Mitotic cell division is important for growth, repair and (36) _______________ reproduction
(無性生殖).
� Go to
Practical 11.1 Examination of different stages of the cell cycle
(Book 2 p. 11-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-1)
Practical 11.2 Investigation of the relative time spent in each stage of the cell cycle
(Book 2 p. 11-10; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-5)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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11.3 Meiotic cell division (Book 2, p. 11-13)
� (1) _______________ _______________ _______________ (減數細胞分裂) occurs only in
gamete-producing cells and results in the formation of (2) _______________.
� Meiotic cell division reduces the chromosome number by (3) _______________.
It gives rise to (4) _______________ haploid daughter cells which are genetically
(5) _______________ _______________ (identical to / different from) the parent cell and
among themselves.
A How does meiotic cell division occur? (Book 2, p. 11-13)
� Meiotic cell division occurs after (6) _______________. It consists of first meiotic division
and second meiotic division. Each of them starts with nuclear division ((7) _______________
(減數分裂)), followed by cytoplasmic division.
� First meiotic division involves the pairing and separation of (8) _______________
_______________. Second meiotic division involves the separation of the
(9) _______________ _______________ of each chromosome.
� Stages of first meiotic division:
Stage Description
�
Prophase I
� Chromosomes shorten, thicken and become visible.
� Members of each pair of (10) _______________
_______________ pair up.
� The nuclear membrane breaks down.
�
Metaphase I
� Homologous pairs line up along the
(11) _______________.
� Spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes.
�
Anaphase I
� The spindle fibres contract. The two members of
each homologous pair separate and move to
(12) _______________ poles of the cell.
� The (13) _______________ starts to divide.
�
Telophase I
� New (14) ______________ _______________ form
around each group of chromosomes.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� Stages of second meiotic division:
Stage Description
�
Prophase II
� The (15) _______________
_______________ breaks down again.
�
Metaphase II
� Chromosomes line up along the equator.
� New (16) _____________ _____________
attach to the chromosomes.
Anaphase II
� The spindle fibres contract. The
(17) _______________ _______________
separate and move to opposite poles of the
cells.
� The cytoplasm starts to divide.
Telophase II
� New nuclear membranes form around each
group of chromosomes.
� The chromosomes uncoil to become
(18) _______________ again.
� Go to
Practical 11.3 Examination of meiotic cell division in a testis squash
(Book 2 p. 11-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-11)
Practical 11.4 Examination of meiotic cell division in an anther squash
(Book 2 p. 11-16; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 11-15)
B What is the importance of meiotic cell division? (Book 2, p. 11-17)