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Aryan MoritaBiomedika Kedokteran Gigi
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Small cells
Visible only w/ the aid of microscope
Prokaryotes organism First name (genus), last name(species)
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comparative structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:
prokaryotic:
nucleoid
no organelles
eukaryotic:
nucleus
organelles
(Madigan et al., Fig 2.1)
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Cocci Bacilli
Spirilla
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CAPSULE
Usually composed of polysaccharide
(B.anthracisproduces polypeptide capsule)
Can be visualized by light microscopy using
negative staining techniques
Main function : protection of bacterium fromadverse environmental conditions
Often associated with virulences
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CELL WALL
Non selectively permeable
Function : protect from mechanical damageand osmotic lysis, cell shape
Difference in structure and chemical
composition of the cell walls account for
variation in bacteria pathogenicity and also
influence other characteristics
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CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
Function : passive diffusion, active transport
of nutrient, electron transport for respiration
Composed of phospolipid and protein
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CYTOPLASM
Aqueous fluid containing nuclear material,
ribosomes, nutrient & enzymes, and other
molecules
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RIBOSOMES
Composed of ribonucleoproteins
Consist of 2 subunitsThe Svedberg (S) unit is measure of
sedimentation ratedependent on both the
size and shape of particles.
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NUCLEAR MATERIAL
Composed of a single haploid cicular
chromosome containing dsDNA
Can be seen by electron microscope and also
light microscope using Feulgen staining
method
No nuclear membrane
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PLASMID
Small circular pieces of DNA which areseparate from the genome, capable of
autonomous replicationCopies of plasmid can be transferred from cell
to cell during binary fission or through
conjugationMay code for characteristics such as antibiotic
resistance and exotoxin production.
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FLAGELLA
Bacteria which possess flagella are motile
Many species of gram negative bacteria haveflagella
Composed of a protein called flagellin
Consist of filament, hook, and basal body
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Type of Bacterial Flagella
monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous
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PILI
Fine, straight, hair-like appandages
Composed of the protein pilin
Have 2 major functions (sex pili andattachment properties)
In pathogenic bacteria, pili function as adhesin
for receptors on mamalian cells.
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ENDOSPORES
Dormant highly resistant bodies
Formed by some bacteria to ensure survivalduring adverse environmental conditions.
The resistance of endospores is attributed totheir layered structured, dehydrated state,negligible metabolic activity, and high content
of dipicolinic acid Can be destroyed only by moist heat at 121oC
for 15 minutes
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Bacterial endospore
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ENDOSPORES STRUCTURE
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SPOROGENESIS
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Microbial Biochemicals
Macromolecule Basic Composition Examples
Protein Amino acids (tryptophan,
leucine)
Enzymes, cell walls,
cytoplasmic membranes,
flagella
Polysaccharide Monosaccharides (glucose,
fructose)
Capsules, storage granules
Lipid Fatty acids, glycerol Cytoplasmic membranes
Nucleic acid Adenine, guanine,
cytosine, thymine, ribose
RNA, DNA
Glycoprotein Polysaccharide, protein Fimbriae
lipoprotein Lipid, protein Cell wall
lipopolysaccharide Lipid, polysaccharide Endotoxin
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BACTERIAL REPLICATION
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PHASE OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
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Growth Requirements
temperature acidity nutrient
Oxygen
metabolism water
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Metabolic Activities
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SELESAI !!!!
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NEXT WEEK:BACTERIA INFECTION
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