b Apa Format

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APA APAFormatting and StyleFormatting and Style

GuideGuide



What is APA format?What is APA format?(American Psychological

Association)

is the most commonly used

format for manuscripts in the

Social Sciences.



What does APA regulate?What does APA regulate?

APA regulates:

Stylistics In-text citations

References (a list of

all sources used in the paper)



APA stylistics: Basics APA stylistics: Basics

the third person point of view rather than

using the first person point of view or the passivevoice

The study showed that«, NOT

I found out that«.

the active voice rather than passive voice

The participants responded«, NOT

The participants have been asked«.

Use:

Point of view and voice in an APA paper



clear: be specific in descriptions &

explanations

concise: condense information when you can

plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives andminimize the figurative language

Language in an APA paper is:

APA stylistics: Language APA stylistics: Language



TheThe

ReferencesReferencesPagePage



The References PageThe References Page

Appears at the end of the paper

On a separate page

List all sources youquote, paraphrase or

summarize in your paper

Center the title±References-- at the top

of the page

Double-spaced



The References PageThe References PageContent & formatContent & format

Include all quoted, paraphrased orsummarized sources in your paper

Start the first line of each entry at theStart the first line of each entry at the

margin; indent the second and subsequent margin; indent the second and subsequent lineslines --hanging indentionhanging indention

Anderson, J. (1999). Anderson, J. (1999). The bell curve.The bell curve.Boston: West PublishingBoston: West Publishing..

Margin




Arrangement of Entries Arrangement of Entries Alphabetize by the authors last Alphabetize by the authors last

namename

If no author is named, alphabetizeIf no author is named, alphabetizeby the first significant word (ignoreby the first significant word (ignore

A, An A, An oror The)The) in the title.in the title.

Put the list in alphabetical order,according to the last name of each author




Authors Names Authors Names Invert authors names (last name first

followed by initials).

Put the authors name first, followed by aPut the authors name first, followed by acomma & then the first initial.comma & then the first initial.

e.g. James Bond to Bond, J

If more than one work by a particularauthor, order them by publication date,oldest to latest (refer next slide)



ExampleExampleTTwo or more works by the same

author published in the same year

References

Able, C. (1991). XXXXXXX

Able, C. (1995a). YYYYYYY

Able, C. (1995b). ZZZZZZZZ



The References PageThe References Page : Dates: Dates

Y ear of publication (in parentheses ) Y ear of publication (in parentheses )

Place a period at the end.Place a period at the end.

(1999).

E.g. Wyatt,C.R.(1993).paper Soldiers: The

American Press and the Vietnam War . New York:

W. W.Norton.




Capitalization of TitlesCapitalization of Titles

for books ,articles,& chapter titles,capitalize the first word

The first word after a colon between atitle & subtitle

Any proper nouns

Italicize titles of books & journals



UseUse & & instead of instead of and and when listing multiplewhen listing multiple

authors of a single work( in text citations &authors of a single work( in text citations &

parentheses too)parentheses too) If used as part of a sentence the word and If used as part of a sentence the word and

is used.is used.

EditionEdition is abbreviated ed.is abbreviated ed.

EditorEditor is abbreviated Ed.is abbreviated Ed.

The References PageThe References Page (cont)(cont)




Place of PublicationPlace of Publication For US give the city & stateFor US give the city & state

For others ,give the city.For others ,give the city.

If city is not well known, then add aIf city is not well known, then add acomma and give the name of thecomma and give the name of theState (and Country if needed).State (and Country if needed).



The References PageThe References PagePublisherPublisher

The name of the Publisher and a period..

Use a shortened version of the publishersname except for an association,

corporation or university press

Author, M. (1999). This is the book title.

Johnstown, PA: Wilson Publishers.



The References PageThe References PageJournal ArticleJournal Article

Journal titles areJournal titles are italicizeditalicized Journals titles are followed with a comma, volumeJournals titles are followed with a comma, volume

(Number), pages.(Number), pages.

--The words Volume & Number are never used.The words Volume & Number are never used.

-- E.g..E.g.. -- each issue starts with page 1each issue starts with page 1Monitor on PsychologyMonitor on Psychology,, 32 (7), 17.32 (7), 17.

E.g..E.g.. each issue continues the paging from theeach issue continues the paging from thebeginning of the volumebeginning of the volume

American Psychologist, American Psychologist, 56, 58556, 585--586.586. Only use p. or pp. when a periodical does not haveOnly use p. or pp. when a periodical does not have

a volume numbera volume number



Making the references listMaking the references list

Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journal article?

A webpage?

Find a sample of citing this type of source in the

textbook

³Mirror´ the sample.

Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical

order and the subsequent lines are indented

APA is a complex system of citation, which isdifficult to keep in mind. When compiling the

reference list, the strategy below might be useful:



ININ--TEXT CIT ATIONTEXT CIT ATION



InIn--text Citationstext Citations

BasicsBasics

the author¶s name and the date of publication

for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a

page number as well

Whenever you use a source, provide in

parenthesis:

In-text citations help readers locate the cited source

in the References section of the paper.



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Electronic sourcesElectronic sources

When citing an electronic document,

whenever possible, cite it in the author-

date style.

If electronic source lacks page numbers,

locate and identify paragraph number/

paragraph heading:

Example:

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter

section, para. 6).



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a quotationFormat for a quotation

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic responsefrequently entails a ³delayed, uncontrolled repetitiveappearance of hallucinations and other intrusivephenomena´ (p.11).

A traumatic response frequently entails a ³delayed,

uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations

and other intrusive phenomena´ (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase.

Make sure to include the author¶s name, the year of publication,

the page number, but keep the citation brief²do not repeat the

information.



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:

Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase

provide the author¶s last name and the year of

publication in parenthesis after a summary or

a paraphrase:

e.g. Though feminist studies focus solely on women'sexperiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the

masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).

There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase

include the author¶s name in a signal phrase

followed by the year of publication inparenthesis:

Recently, the history of warfare has been

significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987),

Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to includewomen¶s personal and cultural responses to

battle and its resultant traumatic effects.

Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont¶d):



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase

when including the quotation in a

summary/paraphrase, also provide a pagenumber in parenthesis after the quotation:

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), ³It is no longer true to claim that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored´ (p. 2).

Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont¶d):



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Signal wordsSignal words

Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.

According to X. (2008), ³«.´ (p.3).

X. (2008) argues that ³««´ (p.3).

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of

verbs in signal phrases

Use such signal verbs as:

acknowledge, contend, maintain,

respond, report, argue, conclude, etc..




Two or more worksTwo or more works When the parenthetical citation includes two or

more works, order them in the same way they

appear in the reference list²the author¶s name,

the year of publication²separated by a

semi-colon:

(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)



InIn--text Citations:text Citations: A work with two authors A work with two authors

When citing a work with two authors, use ³and´

in between authors¶ name in the signal phrase

yet ³&´ between their names in parenthesis:

According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate

(1997), ³It is no longer true to claim that women's

responses to the war have been ignored´ (p. 2).

Some feminists researchers question that ³women'sresponses to the war have been ignored´ (Raitt &

Tate, 1997, p. 2).



InIn--text Citations:text Citations: A work with 3 to 5 authors A work with 3 to 5 authors

When citing a work with three to five authors,

identify all authors in the signal phrase or in

parenthesis:

(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)

In subsequent citations, only use the first

author's last name followed by "et al." in the

signal phrase or in parentheses:

(Harklau et al., 1993)




A A work with 6 and more authorswork with 6 and more authors

When citing a work with six and more authors,

identify the first author¶s name followed

by ³et al.´:

Smith et al. (2006) maintained that«.

(Smith et al., 2006)




A work of unknown author A work of unknown author When citing a work of unknown author, use the

the source¶s full title in the signal phrase and

cite the first word of the title followed by the

year of publication in parenthesis. Put titles of

articles and chapters in quotation marks;

italicize titles of books and reports:

According to ³Indiana Joins FederalAccountability System´ (2008), «

Or,

(³Indiana´, 2008)



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:OrganizationOrganization

When citing an organization, mention the

organization the first time when you cite the

source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical

citation:The data collected by the Food and Drug

Administration (2008) confirmed that«

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,

include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the

source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in

later citations:

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

confirmed « FDA¶s experts tested«



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Th

e same last name/th

e same auth

orTh

e same last name/th

e same auth

or When citing authors with the same last names,

use first initials with the last names:

(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)

When citing two or more works by the same

author published in the same year, use

lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references:

Smith¶s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants«



InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Personal communicationPersonal communication

When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,include the communicators name, the fact that it

was personal communication, and the date of the

communication. Do not include personal

communication in the reference list:

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students

had difficulties with APA style (personal

communication, November 3, 2002).

Or,

(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,

2001).



Documents from the InternetDocuments from the InternetElectronic sourcesElectronic sources

Many different documents are availableMany different documents are available

JournalsJournals

NewspapersNewspapers

BooksBooks

Government report Government report

BrochureBrochure

garbagegarbage



APA Minimum requirement

Document title, a date, a source location(URL), and the author(s).

Steps:

1. Determine the type of web page.

2. Find the title, the date, the author, thepublisher.

3. Hint: Save theURL

to find the neededinformation::



Example ofExample of An article An article

publish

ed on th

e webpublish

ed on th

e webHealthy Eating. (1999, July 17).Healthy Eating. (1999, July 17). Barriers toBarriers to

closing the diet gapclosing the diet gap. Retrieved July 22, 2001. Retrieved July 22, 2001from http://www.eatright.org/ articles/july01/from http://www.eatright.org/ articles/july01/dietgap. htmldietgap. html

NOTE: No period after the URL!NOTE: No period after the URL!



Example of an electronic copyExample of an electronic copyof a journal on the netof a journal on the net

Whitcome, R., List, T., Wilson, K. & Rogers. (2001). A snitch inWhitcome, R., List, T., Wilson, K. & Rogers. (2001). A snitch in

time: A review of the proximity of a Crime stopper reportertime: A review of the proximity of a Crime stopper reporterto the perpetrator.to the perpetrator. Journal of Criminal Behavior, 66,Journal of Criminal Behavior, 66, 222222--243. Retrieved September 4, 2001 from Ebscohost database243. Retrieved September 4, 2001 from Ebscohost database[Masterfile] at http://www.ebscohost.com[Masterfile] at http://www.ebscohost.com

Note that the article includes the

printed page numbers



A message posted to a list (even A message posted to a list (even

th

ough

you get it in email form):th

ough

you get it in email form):

A message posted to a list (even A message posted to a list (even

though you get it in email form):though you get it in email form):

Russet, P. (1998, October 12). TLRT:Russet, P. (1998, October 12). TLRT:

Messaging across the internet [MessageMessaging across the internet [Message AAHESGIT #119]. AAHESGIT #119]. Message postedMessage posted totohttp://www.cren.net:8080/guest/archives/AAhttp://www.cren.net:8080/guest/archives/AAHESGIT /log0110HESGIT /log0110 / /



Article Article

with no author, no datewith no author, no date

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). RetrievedGVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved

August 8, 2000, from August 8, 2000, fromhttp://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1

997997--1010 / /





InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Electronic sourcesElectronic sources

When citing an electronic document,

whenever possible, cite it in the author-

date style.

If electronic source lacks page numbers,

locate and identify paragraph number/

paragraph heading:

Example:

According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter

section, para. 6).



APA Tables APA Tables

Label a table with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on separate

lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.

Cite a source in a note below the table:

CountryCountry Regular usersRegular users

FranceFrance 9 ml9 ml

Table 1

Internet users in Europe

Note. The data are adapted from ³The European Union and

Russia´(2007). Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu



APA Figures APA Figures

Label a figure with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on the same line

below the figure, flush-left .

Cite the source below the label and the title:

F igure 1. Internet users in Europe

Note: Eurostat Statistical books. (2007) The European Union and

Russia: Statistical comparison. 2007 edition. Retrieved from

http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu

You might provide an additional title centered above

the figure.



If you need help with APAIf you need help with APA

There are several reference sources to get ananswer to your specific question about APA:There are several reference sources to get ananswer to your specific question about APA:

P ublication Manual of the American P sychological

Association, 6th ed.

http://www.apastyle.org

REFERENCEOWL website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu

PurdueWriting Lab @ HEAV 226



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