APA Format Examples

APA (5th ed.) Style Guide

How to Create Reference List Entries and How to Cite Them in a Paper

Business Resources

Overview

• Purpose of a style guide– standardize– easier to identify the resources used– provides validation to the research

• Somewhat arbitrary– APA does not always “make sense” but …

Overview

• If there is a question about how to do either a citation or a reference, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the reference source.

• APA has a Web site that can also be useful http://www.apastyle.org/askexpert.html

ONLINE RESOURCES

Academic Search Premier

• Can you pick out the pieces?– Authors? Date? Article title? Periodical title?

Volume [issue]? Pages?

ABI/Inform Global

• Can you pick out the pieces?– Authors? Date? Article title? Periodical title? Volume [issue]? Pages?

• Can you pick out the pieces?– Authors? Date? Article title? Periodical title? Volume [issue]? Pages?

Canadian Business and Current Affairs

• Can you pick out the pieces?– Authors? Date? Article title? Periodical title? Volume [issue]? Pages?

The countdown continues Kevin Libin,  Jason Kirby,  Andy Holloway. Canadian Business. Toronto: Aug 5-Aug 18, 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 14/15;  pg. 71

Structure of a reference:Online Periodical

• If you use a periodical database to get an online, full-text version of the article [HTML, PDF], you need to add some more information.

Retrieved month, day, year, from source.– when YOU retrieved it

Structure of a reference:Online Periodical

Structure of a reference:Online Periodical

Structure of a reference:Online Periodical

Leeds, R. (2003). Breach of trust.

Harvard International Review, 25, 76-

83. Retrieved January 9, 2004, from the

Academic Search Premier database.

Structure of a reference: Periodical [paper copy]

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C.

C. (Year). Title of article. Title of

periodical, xx, yyy-yyy.

• includes items published on a regular basis– journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc.

• hanging paragraph format

Structure of a reference: Periodical [paper copy]

Leonard, D., & McAdam, R. (2003).

Corporate social responsibility. Quality

Progress, 36, 27-33.

Structure of a reference:Nonperiodical

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work.

Location: Publisher.

• items published separately– books, reports, brochures, manuals, and

audiovisual media

Structure of a reference:Nonperiodical

Sonnenberg, F. K. (1994). Managing with a

conscience. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Structure of a reference: Part of a Nonperiodical

• Special consideration– initials of editors go BEFORE surname– insert (Ed.) or (Eds.) after last editor followed

by comma– book title italicized with initial capital, capital

after colon, and capital for proper nouns [including abbreviations]

– page number of chapter

Structure of a reference:Part of a Nonperiodical

Tushman, M. L., Newman, W. H., &

Romanelli, E. (2002). Convergence and upheaval. In H. Mintzberg & J. B.

Quinn (Eds.), Readings in the strategy

process (pp. 394-400). Upper Saddle

River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Structure of a reference:Brochure

Structure of a reference:Brochure

Courtplex Fitness Centre. (2004, Winter).

Group Fitness Schedule [Brochure].

Kelowna, BC: Author.

Structure of a reference:Brochure

Structure of a reference:Brochure

Coldwell Banker Commercial - Horizon

Realty. (n.d.). Mill Creek Commerce

Park [Brochure]. Kelowna, BC: Author.

Structure of a reference:Videotape

Doubletalk Productions ( Producer), &

Shepard, K. (Director). (2001). Who

stole my cheese? [videotape], United

States: Doubletake Productions.

Structure of a reference:Online Document

Author, A. A. (year) Title of work.

Retrieved month, day, year from source.

• electronic sources include aggregated databases, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web- or e-mail based discussion groups / newsletters

Structure of a reference:Online Document

Structure of a reference:Online Document

MacDonald, C. (n.d.). Creating a code of

ethics for your organization. Retrieved

January 13, 2004, from http://www.

ethicsweb.ca/codes/

– Note that this source has no date [n.d.] and that it does NOT end with a period

Structure of a reference:Online Corporate Web Site

Structure of a reference:Online Corporate Web Site

WestJet. (n.d.). Home page. Retrieved

February 8, 2004, from http://c0dsp.

westjet.com/internet/sky/index.jsp

Online database :Hoover’s Company Records

Reference: Database ( Hoover’s)

• Caione,R. ( 2006) General Electric Company. Retrieved March 1, 2006, from Hoover’s Company records.

• In text: ( Caione, 2006)

CITING SOURCES IN APA

Citing a source in the paper

1. One work by one author• Author’s name given in the body of your

paper:– Leeds (2003) reported…

• Author’s name not given in the body of your paper but rather in parentheses:

– In a study on the comparison process (Leeds, 2003)…

Citing a source in the paper

2. Citing a secondary source• In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Leonard

& McAdam, 2003)…• Research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Leonard

& McAdam, 2003) has shown …

– Do NOT include Smith (1998) in the reference list. DO include Leonard and McAdam (2003).

Citing a source in the paper

3. Direct quotations• For direct quotations, include the page

number of the quote

• Stereotypes have been defined as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617).

Citing a source in the paper

4. Electronic sources without page numbers• Use the paragraph number, preceded by the

paragraph symbol - ¶ - or the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading and the paragraph number following it.

• (Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)• (Butler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1)

Citing a source in the paper

5. Personal communications (e.g., letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, memos, irretrievable documents)

• J. L. Lowther (personal communication, June 12, 2004)

• (J. L. Lowther, personal communication, June 12, 2004)

– Do NOT include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only.

Structure of a reference and citation:Census Material

• Reference:

Statistics Canada. (2002). Survey of household

expenditure, 2002 (62F0026MIE). Ottawa,

Ontario: Author.

• Citation:

(Statistics Canada, 2002)

Structure of a reference and citation:Legislation

• Reference:

Competition Act, R.S.C. 1985 c.27 s.6

• Citation:

(Competition Act ), 1985

Structure of a reference and citation:Annual report

• Reference:

WestJet Airlines. (2002). Annual report to

shareholders, Calgary, AB: Author.

• Citation:

(WestJet Airlines, 2002)

Structure of a reference and citation:Online documents - Same author

Health Canada. (n.d.a). Physical activity in Canada. Retrieved January 31, 2004, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/ fitness/work/activity_e.html Health Canada. (n.d.b). Supporting material Retrieved January 31, 2004, from http:// www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hppb/fitness/work/ supp_material_e.html• Citation: Health Canada (n.d.a) reported that ...

• Citation:

(Health Canada, n.d.a

Conclusions

• Take close look at handout – pay particular attention to the last page

• reference list of a paper– hanging paragraph format– double space entire paper, including reference

list

Conclusions

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.)– available in the Reference Collection of Library

• Individual professors may have particular preferences– consult with them on how they might want the

references presented

Prepared by

• Garth Homer, Statistics, Data, and Government Information Librarian, O.C.

• Jan Gattrell, Public Services Librarian, UBC-O

• Consultant - Jan Cioe, Psychology Dept.

UBC-O Okanagan College

2005