anatomi

LAB 1 ORIENTATION TO MEASUREMENT IN EXCERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

A. TERMINOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC UNIT OF MEASURE

1. Define

a. Exercise

Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive for the purpose of conditioning any part of the body. Exercise is used to improve health, maintain fitness and is important as a means of physical rehabilitation.

b. Exercise physiology

Exercise physiology is the study of how the body reacts to physical exercise, in both the long and short term, and how the body adapts to ongoing exercise and any changes to a routine.

c. Physical activity

Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.

d. Anaerobic

Exercise in which oxygen is used up more quickly than the body is able to replenish it inside the working muscle.

e. Aerobic

Constant moderate intensity work that uses up oxygen at a rate in which the cardio respiratory system can replenish oxygen in the working muscles.

f. Flexibility

A person's flexibility refers to the ability of your joints to move through a full range of motion

g. Body composition

Body composition is the bodys relative amount of fat to fat-free mass. Those with optimal body composition are typically healthier, move more easily and efficiently, and in general, feel better than those with less-than-ideal body composition.

h. Length & height

Length refer to measurement in one dimension (as in the length of a line segment or a piece of string) and height when it used in conjunction with base.

i. Work and its equation

Activity involving mental or physical effort done in order to achieve a result

j. Power and its equation

The ability or capacity to do something or act in a particular way

k. Energy

The strength and vitality required for physical or mental activity or power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to provide light and heat or to work machines

2. What are the 3 energy systems?

(1) aerobic system

(2) anaerobic system

(3) glycolysis

3. What are the 3 scales that can be used to express temperature?

(1) Fahrenheit

(2) Celsius

(3) Kelvin

4. What is the difference between a laboratory test and a field test?

Field test research where need to go out and do by talking and listening to individual to prove the disapprove theory or hypothesis while lab experiment happens in the lab with animals and sometimes humans in a controlled environment.

5. Calculate :

a. Mass/ weight:

97.2 kg = _________ lb

0.45kg = 1lb

97.2kg 0.45kg = 2.16 lb

b. Length/height:

8.2 km= _______ mile

1 km = 0.6213712 mile

8.2 km x 0.6213712 mile = 5.0952438 mile

c. Force:

532 N=_________ lb

1 N = 0.224808942443 lb

532 N x 0.224808942443 lb = 119.598357379676 lb

d. Energy:

1982 J =_________ kcal

1 J = 0.000239005736 kcal

1987 J x 0.000239005736 kcal = 0.47370936902 kcal

e. Pressure:

659 mbar=_________ torr

1 mbar = 0.750061683 torr

659 mbar x 0.750061683 torr = 494.290649097 torr

f. Temperature:

312 o F=_________ K

1 o F = 255.928 K

312 o F x 255.928 K = 79849.536 K

g. Volume:

20.6 fl oz=__________ml

1 fl oz = 29.5725 ml

20.6 fl oz x 29.5725 ml = 609.1935 ml

h. Speed:

65 mph=__________ m.s -1

1 mph= 0.44704 m.s -1

65 mph x 0.44704 m.s -1 = 29.0576 m.s -1

i. Energy :

215 kcal=__________kJ

1 kcal = 4.184 kJ

215 kcal x 4.184 Kj = 899.56 Kj

j. Force:

51.5 kg=__________N

1 kg = 9.80665002864 N

51.5 kg x 9.80665002864 N = 505.04247647496 N

6. Calculate the power output if the performance of work in 1 min is 150 kpm (or kgm)

Power = work time

Power = 150 60

Power = 2.5 kpm/s

7. Calculate work to be perform if 3kg mass moved over a 1 meter distance

Work = force x distance

3kg = 29.41995008592 N

Work = 29.41995008592 N x 1 m =29.41995008592 J

B. COLLECTION OF BASIC DATA AND SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT

Laboratory Data

Date (mm/dd/yy) ___________________Time of day _______________

Room temperature ____________ oC________ K_________ oF

Yourself:

Age (y) : _________Participant initials ___________Race/ethnicity___________

Height (inch) : __________Height (cm) : ___________

Weight (lb) : ___________Weight (kg) : ___________

BMI : _________BMI classification: ______________

BMI classification:

Source: NIH Publication no. 98-4083. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report. NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute); 1998.

C. EVALUATION OF BODY COMPOSITION

Since obesity is a major health problem in our society, the capability to monitor the average

individuals body composition is important from a preventive health standpoint. The two-component model (fat mass and fat-free mass) is still widely used as represented by the following commonly used techniques for assessing body composition:

(a) hydrostatic weighing,

(b) skinfold measurement,and

(c) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Another common method, body mass index (BMI; the ratio of body mass in kg to height squared), while not technically estimating body composition, is nevertheless an index of obesity. Each of these methods used to measure body composition has advantages and disadvantages, with hydrostatic weighing still generally accepted as the gold standard (Brown et al.,2006)

(i) Skinfold

Skinfold technique is a traditionally method that uses the callipers to measure subcutaneous fat in the body. Before measuring, the participant should wear loose-fitting shirts and shorts. The participant should stands while all skindfold sites are measured.

Procedures:

1. Measure skinfolds on the persons right side.

2. Instruct the student to relax the arm or leg being measured.

3. Firmly grasp the skinfold between the thumb and forefinger and lift it away from the other body tissue. The grasp should not be so firm as to be pain-ful.

4. Place the calliper inch below the pinch site, be sure the calliper is in the middle of the fold.

5. The recommended procedure is do one measurement at each site before doing the second measurement at each site and finally the third set of the measurements.

(a) Calliper(b) sites for skinfold measurement

Equation to predict percentage body fat from skinfolds:

Population

Age

Variables

Equation

Comments

Native Japanese

Women

Men

18-23

18-27

Tri +scap

Tri +scap

Db=1.0897-0.00133(2Skf)

Db= 1.0913-0.00116(2Skf)

%Bf=[(4.76Db)-4.28]100

%Bf=[(4.97Db)-5.52]100

White American

Women

Men

18-55

18-55

Tri+iliac+thigh

Chest+abdo+ thight

Db= 1.0994921- 0.0009929 (3skf) + 0.0000023 (3skf)2 0.0001392(age)

Db=1.109380-0.0008267 (3skf) + 0.0000016 (3skf)2 0.0002574 (age)

%Bf= [(5.01Db) 4.57]100

%Bf=[(4.95Db) 4.50]100

Results:

Calculate your percentage of body fat

(ii) Girth

Girths are circumference measures at standard anatomical sites around the body, measured with a tape measure. Girth measurements can be used in determining body size and composition, and to monitor changes in these parameters

(a) Myotape(b) girth measurement

Procedure:

1. Based on your age range and gender determine the required three measurement sites from the table above

2. Record the measurements in centimetres of these three sites (A, B, C)

Age (year)

Sex

Site A

Site B

Site C

18-26

M

F

Right upper arm

Abdomen

Abdomen

Right thigh

Right forearm

Right forearm

27-50

M

F

Buttock

Abdomen

Abdomen

Right thigh

Right forearm

Right calf

3. Calculate the fat percentage based on the chart given.

Results:

DISCUSSION:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

D. EXERCISE RISK ASSESSMENT AND PAR Q FORM

The physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q) is a self-screening tool that can be used by anyone who is planning to start an exercise program. It is often used by fitness trainers or coaches to determine the safety or possible risk of exercising for an individual based upon their answers to specific health history questions. The PAR-Q was created by the British Columbia Ministry of Health and the Multidisciplinary Board on Exercise. This form was adopted directly from the ACSM Standards and Guidelines for Health and Fitness Facilities.

Please complete the EXERCISE RISK ASSESSMENT and PAR Q FORM as accurately and completely as possible.

LAB 2: STRENGTH TESTING

Strength tests are used for a variety of populations, from professional athletes to recreational fitness enthusiasts. The main reasons for performing strength tests are to evaluate initial strength levels and to assess changes in strength. Two basic types of strength tests have evolved: static and dynamic. In a static (or isometric) test, a muscle exerts tension against a fixed, non-moving resistance. In a dynamic (or isotonic) test, one or more body parts moves against a resistance

A. DYNAMIC STRENGTH

Dynamic strength is also referred as isotonic exercise. It is exercise that consists of muscle action that are concentric or eccentric depending on whether the muscle are shorten or lengthened. One of the most operational of dynamic strength test is one repetition maximum (1 RM) test. 1 RM is the maximum load that a person can lift only one time.

ONE MINUTE PUSH UP TEST:

Procedure:

a. Determined the push up position: elbows locked; hands about shoulder width apart, flat against the ground; body parallel to the floor.

b. Lower yourself to the ground, touching your chest to it. Make sure you maintain a tight, rigid body. Think of your legs, hips, and torso as if they formed a cohesive plank or a straight line. Maintain that plank throughout the exercise.

c. Push yourself back up, squeezing your pectoral muscles and completing the full range of motion.

d. At the top, continue until your elbows are completely locked and your shoulder blades are fully protracted.

e. Record the total number of correct push up in one minute as the score. Recovery time is 5 minutes.

Test score: Ratings for Men (Full Push ups), based on Age

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60+

Excellent

> 54

> 44

> 39

> 34

> 29

Good

45-54

35-44

30-39

25-34

20-29

Average

35-44

24-34

20-29

15-24

10-19

Poor

20-34

15-24

12-19

8-14

5-9

Very Poor

< 20

< 15

< 12

< 8

< 5

Ratings for Women (Modified Push ups), based on Age

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60+

Excellent

>48

>39

>34

>29

>19

Good

34-48

25-39

20-34

15-29

5-19

Average

17-33

12-24

8-19

6-14

3-4

Poor

6-16

4-11

3-7

2-5

1-2

Very Poor

< 6

< 4

< 3

< 2

< 1

Table: the age-adjusted standards based on guidelines published by the American College of Sport Medicine (ACSM):

Result: __________ repetitions

Test score: _________________

B. STATIC STRENGTH

Static strength is also known as isometric strength. Isometric strength testing measures maximum resistance muscle can hold without any movement (static) for maximum duration. Isometric means without any change in muscle length.

HAND GRIP STRENGTH TESTING

The measurement of handgrip strength is one example of an isometric muscle action of static exercise. The muscle did not change in length except that caused by elasticity of the muscle and connective tissue. Handgrip test is mainly a function of the muscle in the forearm in addition to those in hand.

Procedures:

a. The participant be in standing position, and facing straight ahead.

b. The grip size should be adjusted so that the middle fingers midportion is approximately at a right angle.

c. When ready the subject squeezes the dynamometer with maximum isometric effort, which is maintained for about 5 seconds. No other body movement is allowed. The subject should be strongly encouraged to give a maximum effort.

d. The participant should make 3 trials alternately with each hand, with atleast 30 seconds or up to 1 minute between trials for the same hand.

Test score:

Results:

1 TRIAL

2 TRIAL

3 TRIAL

BEST RESULT

LEFT

RIGHT

Rating: ____________________________

Discussion:

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questions:

1. Figure 1 is structure of skeletal muscle which consists of muscle fibre, fascicle and connective tissue (perimysium, epimysium and endomysium)

(a) Identify 3 types of connective tissue that present in skeletal muscle

Figure 1

(i) __________________________

(ii) __________________________

(iii) __________________________

2. Complete the following statements by choosing the correct response from the key choice and entering the appropriate letter in answer blank.

a. _______________ is a continuous contraction that shows no evidence of relaxation.

b. A(n) ___________ is a contraction in which the muscle shortens and work is done.

c. To accomplish a strong contraction _________ are stimulated at a rapid rate.

d. When a weak but smooth muscle contraction in desire, _______ are stimulated at a rapid rate.

e. When a muscle is being stimulated but is not able to respond because of oxygen dept, the condition is called _______.

f. A(n) __________ is a contraction in which the muscle does not shortened, but tension in the muscle keeps increasing.

3. The terms in the key refer to the three ways that muscle cells replenish their ATP supplies. Select the term(s) that best apply to the condition describe and insert the correct key letter(s) in the answer blanks.

_______ a. Accompanied by lactic acid formation.

_______ b. Supplies the highest ATP yield per glucose molecule

_______ c. Involves the simple transfer of a phosphate group

_______ d. Requires no oxygen

_______ e. The slowest ATP regeneration process

_______ f. Produced carbon dioxide and water

_______ g. The energy mechanism used in the second hour of running in a marathon

_______ h. Used when the oxygen supply is inadequate over time

_______ i. Good for sprint

LAB 3: ANAEROBIC EXERCISE

Anaerobic fitness and its corresponding anaerobic activities are primarily dependent upon the energy sources already existing within the muscle fibre, those being adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatinine phosphate (CP).

High intensity exercise relies on the 2 anaerobic systems, the phosphagen system and the fast glycolitic system. Exercise perform at maximal pace for about 5-15 s such as 50-100m sprints in track rely on more phosphagen metabolism. Slightly longer maximal efforts ranging from minimum 15 s to maximum 60s rely predominantly on fast glycolysis to produce the needed energy.

A. SPRINTING TEST-HORIZONTAL POWER

Biochemically, the test is highly dependent upon the capacity and rate of splitting the phosphagen-adenosine triphosphate and creatinine phosphate. The procedures for administrating the spring test should include adequate time for participant to warm up prior to the sprint and cool down afterward.

Procedures:

a. Sprint participant perform a warm-up routine

b. The sprinter assumes the starting position by lowering the centre gravity and lean slightly forward.

c. Time start when the first starting movement of the sprinter, and the sprinter run fast as possible through the 50m finish line. The timer stop their watch when the sprinter reach the finish line.

d. The sprinter repeat the trial after a recovery period (2-5 minutes). The sprinter performs a proper cool-down.

e. Calculate the horizontal power:

Horizontal power (W) = body mass (N) X average speed (m.s-1)

Average speed (m.s-1) = distance (m) / time (s)

Test score:

50 meter sprint (time, s)

Category

Boys

Girls

Well above average

9.5

Source: data from AAHPERD (1976)

Results:

Test score for sprinting: ______________

Calculate horizontal power:

Discussion:

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Questions:

1. What are the muscles that involved in sprinting?

________________________________________________________________________

2. How do energy systems contribute to sprinting?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Discuss type(s)of muscle fibre that involve in sprinting________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

B. JUMPING- VERTICAL POWER

The vertical jump test, because of the vertical displacement of the body mass during the jump, provides a true measure power. The power generated during the jump (W) depends on the force component, taken from the body mass (N), the vertical displacement (m) accomplished during the jump, and the time (s) in the air.

Biochemically, the test jump combines hips extension with ankle plantar flexion. Two types of jump often compared are the counter movement jump (CMJ) and the static jump.

Procedures:

a. The participant executes a 5-10 minutes.

b. The technician explains and demonstrates the proper position for the standing reach:

i. Stand with feet together and dominant side near the wall/equipment

ii. Reach as high as possible with the dominant arm but keep flat on the floor

iii. Place the palm of the hand against the flat measurement scale on the wall.

c. The technician explains and demonstrate the vertical jump and reach

i. Stand with feet together and dominant side near the wall or apparatus.

ii. Make one countermovement of the legs and hip plus one swing arm immediately prior to the push-off phase of the jump.

iii. While in air, reach as high as possible.

iv. Land with knees bent in order to enhance the absorption of forces.

d. The participant repeat for three trials with about 20-30s of recovery between trials.

e. Record the highest jump and calculate the power. (Lewis equation)

Test score:

Power-Lewis (W)

Category

Men

Women

Well above average

>1446

>954

Above average

1353-1446

861-954

Average

1223-1352

774-860

below average

1119-1222

692-773

Well below average