Analysis of wildlife monitoring data€¦ · Wildlifemonitoring Movement Homeranges Habitat 1 Wildlifemonitoring 2 Movement 3 Homeranges 4 Habitat [email protected]...

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Cyril Milleret

Hedmark University College, Norway

March 7, 2013, GISEM’EM Eberswalde,Germany

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

1 Wildlife monitoring

2 Movement

3 Home ranges

4 Habitat

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

CuriosityFascinationEntertainmentTourism

Applied ecologyHuman interactions——— impactWildlife conservation——— management

Ecological researchDistributionReproduction, mortalityBehaviourInteractionsSpecies in the ecosystemTest ecological theory

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

CuriosityFascinationEntertainmentTourism

Applied ecologyHuman interactions——— impactWildlife conservation——— management

Ecological researchDistributionReproduction, mortalityBehaviourInteractionsSpecies in the ecosystemTest ecological theory

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

CuriosityFascinationEntertainmentTourism

Applied ecologyHuman interactions——— impactWildlife conservation——— management

Ecological researchDistributionReproduction, mortalityBehaviourInteractionsSpecies in the ecosystemTest ecological theory

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-How ?

Active observation

-Direct-Indirect, tracks, DNA

Passive observation

-Camera traps-Hunters data-Roads kills

Telemetry-Pit-tags-VHF radiotracking-GPS-tracking

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-How ?

Active observation

-Direct-Indirect, tracks, DNA

Passive observation

-Camera traps-Hunters data-Roads kills

Telemetry-Pit-tags-VHF radiotracking-GPS-tracking

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife monitoring-How ?

Active observation

-Direct-Indirect, tracks, DNA

Passive observation

-Camera traps-Hunters data-Roads kills

Telemetry-Pit-tags-VHF radiotracking-GPS-tracking

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Radio-telemetry Very High Frequency

-Individual marking, usually neck collars

-Tag sends signals

-Signal caught with receivers/antenna

-Antenna used to find the direction of signal

-Position estimated from triangulation

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Radio-telemetry Very High Frequency

-Individual marking, usually neck collars

-Tag sends signals

-Signal caught with receivers/antenna

-Antenna used to find the direction of signal

-Position estimated from triangulation

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

GPS - Global Positioning System technology

-Recent and advanced technology

-Calculate position of animals by usingsatellites

-Program intensity of location

-GPS tag save data

-Recover data:

1 Recover GPS tag (drop-off)2 Location sent as SMS via mobile network

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildife monitoring: Spatial Data

CoordinatesX YZ (height)

Additional attributesIndividual idSexAgeDateTimePrecisionObserver. . .

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistribution

Density

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetationHuman disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetationHuman disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistances

Ranges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetationHuman disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetationHuman disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetation

Human disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetation

Human disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetation

Human disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

Why?How?Spatial dataExample

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patternsDistributionDensity

Individual bearDistancesRanges

Important bear den habitatTopography: elevation, slopeVegetationHuman disturbance

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

Movement Analysis

Distance/direction between locations:-Speed-Activity-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)-Migration-Dispersal

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

Movement Analysis

Distance/direction between locations:-Speed-Activity-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)-Migration-Dispersal

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

Movement Analysis

Distance/direction between locations:-Speed-Activity-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)-Migration-Dispersal

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

Movement analysis in ArcGIS

Points to lineAdd field to attribute tableCalculate Geometry

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

With GME

-Free-Extra software-Run together with R

Download link

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

With

-Open source-Multiple packages available:Adehabitat, raster, maptools, sp

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

AnalysisToolsExample

Wolf and brown bear interaction

Wolf and brown bear interaction

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Home ranges: Definition

The area traversed by the individual in its normal activities of foodgathering, mating and caring for young (Burt 1943).

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Estimation

Many different methods

MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon)Fixed kernelAdaptive kernelBivariate normal ellipseCluster analysisConcave polygonDunn estimatorHarmonic meanJennrich-Turner estimator. . .

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Estimation

Many different methods

MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon)Fixed kernelAdaptive kernelBivariate normal ellipseCluster analysisConcave polygonDunn estimatorHarmonic meanJennrich-Turner estimator. . .

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

MCP: Minimum Convex Polygon

Smallest convex polygon enclosing all the locationsRemove % of locations farthest from the centroid = 95% MCP

Angles <180 degrees

MCP:-Home ranges limits-Area size

Enclosing unsuitable area

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

MCP: Minimum Convex Polygon

Smallest convex polygon enclosing all the locationsRemove % of locations farthest from the centroid = 95% MCP

Angles <180 degrees

MCP:-Home ranges limits-Area size

Enclosing unsuitable area

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

MCP Example: Wolf monitoring

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

MCP in ArcGIS

Minimum bounding geometryConvex Hull

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Home range: Utilisation distribution

Probability distribution of an animal within its home rangeHigh value= highest probability of usePeaks= animals spend a lot of timeRasters

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Kernel-method

Kernel-methodEach pixel= probability of animal occurrence.Probability density function

Results-Home range limits-Area size-Density distribution

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Kernel-method

Kernel-methodEach pixel= probability of animal occurrence.Probability density function

Results-Home range limits-Area size-Density distribution

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Kernel-method

Kernel-methodEach pixel= probability of animal occurrence.Probability density function

Results-Home range limits-Area size-Density distribution

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Kernel-method

Kernel-methodEach pixel= probability of animal occurrence.Probability density function

Results-Home range limits-Area size-Density distribution

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Kernel-method

Kernel-methodEach pixel= probability of animal occurrence.Probability density function

Results-Home range limits-Area size-Density distribution

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Utilisation distribution/density

Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animalwithin its area

Isocline95% limit home range50% core area (activity area)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Utilisation distribution/density

Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animalwithin its area

Isocline95% limit home range50% core area (activity area)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Utilisation distribution/density

Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animalwithin its area

Isocline95% limit home range50% core area (activity area)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Utilisation distribution/density

Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animalwithin its area

Isocline95% limit home range50% core area (activity area)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Utilisation distribution/density

Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animalwithin its area

Isocline95% limit home range50% core area (activity area)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)The radius of the "hats"How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

hLow h: distinct patternsHigh h: smooth

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)The radius of the "hats"How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

hLow h: distinct patternsHigh h: smooth

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)The radius of the "hats"How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

hLow h: distinct patternsHigh h: smooth

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

Home range size increases with increasing h

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionMCPKernel

kernel in ArcGIS

Spatial Analyst ToolsKernel DensityBetter to use GME, R.

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

What is habitat?

The habitat consists of all landscape features that an individualselects to cover its needs for survival and reproduction.

Habitat useThe way in which an individual or species uses habitats to meet itslife history needs

Habitat selection studiesIncludes the selection of environmental resources among theiravailability

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

A hierarchical process

How to define availability?

-Species distribution

-Home range selection

-Within home range

-Selection of food item

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

What is a model?

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

What is a model?

A model is a reflection of the realityExample of models: Maps

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

What is a model?

Y= a + bXDescribes the relation between X and Y with the help of a and bY can be predicted based on X if we know the values of a and b

ExampleP(moose) = 0,4 + 0,6*clearcut

Y = P(moose) = probability of moose occurrenceX = Proportion of area covered with clearcutsa = 0,4b = 0,6

Probability of moose occurrenceIn an area with 50% covered with clearcuts is:P(moose) = 0,4 + 0,6*0,5 = 0,7 = 70 %

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Habitat model?

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Habitat variables

Habitat variablesBased on biological knowledge

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Variables

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Statistics

Use statistical programs Methods-Descriptive(ENFA, k-select)-Modelling(RSF, RSPF)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Habitat suitability maps

Predicting habitat selection based on the modelColour scale = likelihoods of an animal to select an area

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Wildlife monitoringMovement

Home rangesHabitat

DefinitionAnalysisStatisticsPrediction

Why habitat suitability maps

-Decision making tool in areal planning(e.g urban development, road construction)

-Habitat suitability models of severalspecies can be used for landscapeconservation areas, (e.g national parks,ecosystem conservation)

[email protected] Analysis of wildlife monitoring data