ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK KELOMPOK I
Sep 12, 2015
ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK
KELOMPOK I
ADMINISTRATION
(Simon 1950)
Secara luas : administration as a cooperative group behaviour
(perilaku kerjasama kelompok)
Secara sempit : pattern of behaviour that are common to many
kinds of cooperating groups and that do not depend upon either
the specific goals toward which they are cooperating or the
specific technologhycal methods used to reach these goals
(pola perilaku yang umum untuk berbagai jenis kelompok
bekerja sama dan yang tidak tergantung pada baik tujuan spesifik
ke arah mana mereka bekerja sama atau metode teknis khusus
yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut)
ADMINISTRATION (Raj Kumar Pruthi, 2005)
Administration is that part of the activity of a body or
group of men which is concerned with the management
of the affairs of that body or group
Administrasi adalah bagian dari aktivitas seseorang atau
sekelompok orang yang peduli dengan pengelolaan
urusan seseorang atau kelompok tersebut
S P. Naidu (1996) :
Administration defined as a cooperative group effort to accomplish the common goals
Administrasi didefinisikan sebagai upaya kerjasama kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan bersama
John M. Pfiffner :
Administration maybe defined as the organization and direction
of human and material resources to achieve desired ends.
(Administrasi: organisasi & pengarahan sumberdaya berupa
manusia dan material utk mencapai tujuan akhir yang
diinginkan)
DEFINISI ADMINISTRASI
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Dwight Waldo (1955): Administration is a type of cooperative human
effort that has a high degree of rationality
(Administrasi adalah sebuah bentuk usaha kerjasama antar manusia yang mempunyai tingkat rasionalitas tinggi)
DEFINISI ADMINISTRASI
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Administrasi
Sistem yang didalamnya terdapat proses
2 orang atau lebih
Sumber daya
Pengorganisasian
Tujuan bersama
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DEFINISI PUBLIK Gripsrud (2010)
1. Public is refer to physical places (ruang terbuka untuk semua individu).
2. The term public is used as a social category with variations on the boundaries of a specific public.
3. Public means that something is the common interest to all those in a polity, while private lacks this quality.
4. 4) The term public is also used as an indication of the aggregation of individual views
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Kesimpulan
ada sesuatu sebagai domain publik, ruang publik, sektor publik, dan kepentingan umum. Istilah-istilah ini semua menunjukkan ada bagian terpisah dalam masyarakat dengan perbedaan karakteristik yang disebut dengan publik.
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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
(Dwight Waldo, 1955)
Public administration is the organization and management of men and materials to achieve the
purposes of government (Administrasi publik adalah
organisasi dan manajemen dari manusia dan sumber
daya untuk mencapai tujuan pemerintah)
Public administration is the art and science of management as applied to affairs of state
(Administrasi publik adalah seni dan ilmu manajemen
yang diterapkan pada urusan negara)
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Public administration Marshall Dimlock 1983 (cited in Parashar 1997, p.142)
Public administration is the production of goods and services designed to serve the
needsof citizens-consumer
Administrasi publik adalah produksi barang dan jasa yang dirancang untuk melayani
kebutuhan warga - konsumen
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Public administration (Robert B.Denhardt dan Catlaw, 2008)
Public adminisration is concerned with managing change processes in persuit of
publicly defined societal values
Adminisration publik berkaitan dengan mengelola proses perubahan pengejaran dari
nilai-nilai sosial yang didefinisikan publik
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Public administration (Rumki Basu, 1994)
Public administration is th management of affairs of the government at all level-nation,
state, local (Administrasi publik adalah
pengelolaan urusan pemerintahan di semua
tingkat negara, negara bagian, lokal)
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Public Administration (Cole Blase Graham Jr.,1986)
In ordinary usage,public administration is a generic expression for the entire bundle of the activities that are involved in the establishment and implementation of public policies.
(Dalam pengertian umum, administrasi publik adalah ekspresi generik untuk seluruh rangkaian kegiatan yang terlibat dalam pembentukan dan pelaksanaan kebijakan publik)
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Teori Organisasi
1. Classical organization theory
a. Taylor's scientific management approach
b. Weber's bureaucratic approach
c. Fayol : Administrative theory
2. Neoclassical theory
3. Modern theories
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Taylor's scientific management approach (Bhosale, 2012)
Science
Scientific selection of the worker
Management and labour cooperation
Scientific training of the worker
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Weber's bureaucratic approach (Bhosale, 2012)
Concept of the formal organization :
1. Structure
2. Specialization
3. Predictability and stability
4. Rationality
5. Democracy
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Administrative theory Fayol (1949)
1. Division of work or specialization
2. Authority and responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
7. Remuneration of personnel
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8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure of personnel
13. Initiative
14. Esprit de corps Pride
14 elements of administrative theory :
Neoclassical theory (Bhosale, 2012)
Principles of the neoclassical approach :
1. The individual An individual is not a mechanical tool
2. The work group : informal
3. Participative management
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Perbedaan Teori Klasik dan Neoklasik (Sarker & Khan, 2013)
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Points of distinction Classical approach Neoclassical approach
Focus functions and economic demand of workers Emotion and human qualities of workers
Structure Impersonal and mechanistic Social system
Application Autocratic management and strict rules Democratic process
Emphasize Discipline and rationality Personal security and social demand
Work goal of worker Maximum remuneration and reward Attainment of organizational goal
Concept about men Economic being Social being
Content about men Scientific management, administrative
management, and bureaucratic management
Hawthorne experiment , human relation movement
and organizational behavior
Relation Formal Informal
Nature Mechanistic Organistic
Modern theories (Bhasole, 2012)
a. Concept : Organization is a system which has to adapt to changes in its environment
b. Designed and structured process in which individuals interact for objectives
c. Classified into:
a. the systems approach,
b. socio-technical theory, and
c. a contingency or situational approach.
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Teori Administrasi Publik (Frederickson, Smith, Larimer, J. Licari, 2012)
1. Theories of Political Control of Bureaucracy
2. Theories of Bureaucratic Politics
3. Public Institutional Theory
4. Theories of Public Management
5. Postmodern Theory
6. Decision Theory
7. Rational Choice Theory and Irrational Behavior
8. Theories of Governance
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Public Administration (Felix A.Nigro and Llyod D.Nigro (1989), cited in Stillman (2010, p.2)
1. Coorporative group effort in a public setting
2. Cover all three branches executive,legislative,and judical, and their interrelationship
3. Has an important role in the formulation of public policy, and it thus part of the political process
4. Is different in significant ways from private administration
5. is closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in providing service to the community
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Scope of Public administration (Denhardt, R.B & Denhardt, J.V, 2009)
Concerned with the management of public programs.
Public administrators work at all levels of government, and they manage non provit organizations
The substantive fields within which public managers work range across the varied interests of government and public affairs,
commitment to public service.
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PRINSIP ADMINISTRASI PUBLIK (Simon, 1946)
1. A specialization of the task among the group (spesialisasi tugas pada bidang tugas)
2. Arranging the members of the group in a determinate hierarchy of authority (Hirarki penentuan otoritas)
3. Limiting the span of control at any point in the hierarchy to a small number (Rentang kendali)
4. Grouping the workers, for (a) purpose, (b) process, (c) clientele or (d) place
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UNSUR MANAJEMEN PUBLIK (Allison, 1992)
Personnel Management
Work Force Planning
Collective Bargaining and Labor Management Relations
Productivity and Performance Measurement
Organization/Reorganization
Financial Management
Evaluation Research, and Program and Management Audit.
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Three Functions Of Government Are Related To Three Views Of The Role Of Public Administrators
(Rosenbloom)
1.The managerial approach to public administration,
a. connects to the executive function,
b. concerned with eficiency.
2.The political approach to public administration,
a. related to the legislative function in government
b. concerned about ensuring constitutional safeguards,
3. .........
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Three Functions Of Government Are Related To
Three Views Of The Role Of Public Administrators
(Rosenbloom)
3. The legal approach to public administration,
related to the judicial function,
a. emphasizes the administrators role in applying and
enforcing the law
b. It is also concerned with the adjudicatory role of
public organizations.
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Functional Elements (Luther M Gullick)
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Co-Ordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
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Kesimpulan
Berkaitan dengan kebijakan publik
Menata organisasi, dengan fungsi POSCORB
Untuk mencapai kesejahteraan
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TIGA MASALAH DALAM ADMINSTRASI
PUBLIK ( Robert A Dahl )
Public Administration and Values normative
Public administration and human behavior
Public Administrasi and social setting
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No science of public administration is possible unless:
1. the place of normative values is made clear;
2. the nature of man in the area of public administration is better understood and his conduct is more predictable
3. there is a body of comparative studies from it may be possible to discover principles and generalities that transcend national boundaries and peculiar historical experiences
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KESIMPULAN
Penerapan administrasi publik di satu lingkungan tidak dapat diterapkan secara menyeluruh di
lingkungan yang berbeda.
Tidak akan ada generalisasi benar-benar universal tentang administrasi publik tanpa studi yang
mendalam dari berbagai karakteristik nasional dan
sosial pada administrasi publik.
studi administrasi publik harus di lakukan secara lebih luas, berdasarkan variasi historis, sosiologis,
ekonomi, dan lainnya
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Comparison Of Government Management And Private Business
John T. Dunlop
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No Comparasion Government Management Private Business
1 Time perspective Short time horizons dictated by political necessities
and the political calendar
A longer time perspective oriented toward market
developments/technological innovation and investment, and
organization building
2 Duration. The length of service of politically appointed top
government managers is relatively short
private managers have a longer tenure both in the same position
and in the same enterprise
3 Measurement of performance. Little on the standards and measurement of
performance
various tests of performance (financial return, market share,
performance measures for executive compensation
4 Personnel constraints. The civil service and political appointees, more under
the control of staff
much more authority, line responsibility
5 Equity and efficiency. Providing equity among different constituencies relatively greater stress is placed upon efficiency and competitive
performance.
6 Public processes versus private processes. To be exposed to public scrutiny and to be more
open
more private and its processes more internal and less exposed
to public review.
7 Role of press and media. Contend regularly with the press and media; its
decisions are often anticipated by the press.
Private decisions are less often reported in the press, and the
press has a much smaller impact
8 Persuasion and direction Variety of pressures and must often put together a
coalition of inside and outside groups; to many
superiors
private management proceeds much more by direction or the
issuance of orders to subordinates by superior managers with
little risk of contradiction; one higher authority
9 Legislative and judicial impact. Often subject to close scrutiny by legislative oversight
groups or even judicial orders
uncommon in private;
10 Bottom line. Rarely have a clear bottom line, have a clear bottom line : profit, market performance, and
survival.
PERBEDAAN PUBLIC DAN PRIVATE MANAJEMEN Rainey, Backoff dan Levine
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No Topic Proposition
I. Environmental Factors
1 Degree of market exposure (reliance reduction, operating) 1 Less market exposure results in less incentive to on appropriations)cost efficiency, effective performance.
2 Less market exposure results in lower allocational efficiency (reflection of consumer preferences, proportioning supply to demand, etc.).
3 Less market exposure means lower availability of market indicators and information (prices, profits, etc.).
2 Legal, formal constraints (courts, legislature hierarchy) 1 More constraints on procedures, spheres of operations legislature, less of autonomy of managers in making such choices)
2 Greater tendency to proliferation of formal specifications and controls
3 Political influences 1 More external sources of formal influence, and greater fragmentation of those sources
2 Greater diversity of intensity of external informal influences on decisions (bargaining, public opinion, interest group reactions)
3 Greater need for support of constituencies client groups, sympathetic formal authorities, etc.
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No Topic Proposition
III. Internal Structures and Processes
1 Complexity of objectives, evaluation : and decision criteria 1 Greater multiplicity and diversity of objectives and criteria
2 Greater vagueness and intangibility of objectives and criteria
3 Greater tendency of goals to be conflicting (more tradeoffs)
2 Authority relations and the role of the administrator 1 Less decision-making autonomy and flexibility on the part of the public administrators
2 Weaker, more fragmented authority over subordinates and lower levels (1. Subordinates can bypass, appeal to alternative authorities. 2. Merit system constraints.)
3 Greater reluctance to delegate, more levels of review, and greater use of formal regulations, More political, expository role for top managers
3 Organizational performance 1 Greater cautiousness, rigidity, less innovativeness
2 More frequent turnover of top leaders due to elections and political appointments results in greater disruption of implementation of plans
4 Incentives and incentive structures 1 Greater difficulty in devising incentives for effective and efficient performance
2 Lower valuation of pecuniary incentives by employees
3 Variations in personality traits and needs, such as higher dominance and flexibility, higher need for achievement, on part of government managers Lower work satisfaction and lower organization commitment
PERBEDAAN PUBLIC DAN PRIVATE MANAJEMEN Rainey, Backoff dan Levine
Perbedaan antara Presiden dan Chief Executive Officer (Richard E. Neustadt )
1. Time-Horizon
2. Authority
3. Career-System
4. Media relations
5. Performance measurement
6. Implementation
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