2013 my lect -wwd hotel palash-“international year of water cooperation-brain storming issues today”-220313

““International year of Water International year of Water Cooperation-Brain storming Cooperation-Brain storming

issues today”issues today”

PRESENTED BY-Er. S.G. PHADKE -22.03.2013

11.What is World Water Day?

World Water Day has been observed on 22 March since 1993 when the United Nations General

Assembly declared 22 March as World Day for Water.

This day was first formally proposed in Agenda 21 of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and

Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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On 30 September 2010, the UN passed a resolution affirming that access to water and sanitation are human

rights, making these rights legally binding in international law by nation states.

Right to life is a fundamental right enshrined in article 21 of Constitution of India and it includes the right to enjoyment of

pollution free water and air full enjoyment of life.Water is defined a safe if it is free from biological contamination

(guinea,cholera ,typhoid) and chemical contamination (excessFlouride,breckshness,iron,arsenic and nitrate)

22. 2013 is the year of Water

Cooperation.

In 2013 World Water Day will share the topic of Water Cooperation. Celebrated

since 1993, World Water Day has grown to become one of the key dates in the UN

calendar

SCARICITY OF WATER

Pollution knows no borders either. Up to 90% of wastewater in developing countries flows untreated

into rivers, lakes and highly productive coastal zones, threatening health, food security and access to safe drinking and bathing water Over 80% of used water

worldwide is not collected or treated (Corcoran et al., 2010).

Causes of Death?Causes of Death?(Every Year)(Every Year)

26000 3.5 Million

3 Million

1.8 Million

Factors often lie at the root of water tension

33. Status of water & waste water

in India.

Sanitation Scenario in Urban India

•26% of the population still defecates in open that annually generates more than 36 million metric tones of

human excreta which lies in open.•38 million metric tones of municipal solid waste are

generated in urban India annually; of which • 94% is dumped on land • only 5% is composted

• Unmanaged wastes are also one of the major sources of Greenhouse Gas Emission (GHG) especially

methane and carbon dioxide- causes global warming

• GLOBLE WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 83%->U-95% R-73%

• GLOBLE SANITATION COVERAGE 59%->U-80% R-39%

Fact File-Water Supply & Sanitation

INDIA’S WATER SUPPLY COVERAGE 82.4%->U-91.9% R-81.4%

INDIA’S SANITATION COVERAGE 46.9%->U-77.9(NON CENSUS58)% R-30.7(NON CENSUS 18)%

44.Pollution issues surface

& ground waters.

River Pollution River Pollution

Water Conflicts Water Conflicts

Ground water PollutionGround water Pollution

Poor management, crumbling Poor management, crumbling infrastructure and depleting resourcesinfrastructure and depleting resources

Aquifer Depletion Aquifer Depletion

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All our Rivers are polluting.

A 2007 study finds that discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and ground water in India. There is a large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India. The problem is not only that India

lacks sufficient treatment capacity but also that the sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.

Majority of the government-owned sewage treatment plants remain closed most of the time due to improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the

plants, together with absentee employees and poor management. The wastewater generated in these areas normally percolates in the soil or evaporates. The uncollected wastes accumulate in the urban areas cause unhygienic conditions and release pollutants that leaches to surface and groundwater. A 1995 report claimed 114 Indian cities were dumping untreated sewage and partially

cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River. Open defecation is widespread even in urban areas of India.

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The list of all the major cities(27)of India and the rivers which flow through the city or on the basin on which the

city flourished

Town River

Agra Yamuna

Ahmedabad Sabarmat

Allahabad Ganga, Yamuna

Ayodhya Saryu

Badarinath Ganga

Calcutta Hooghly

Cuttack Mahanadi

Delhi Yamuna

Dibrugarh Brahmaputra

Ferozepur Sutlej

Gauhati Brahmaputra

Haridwar Ganga

Hyderabad Musi

Jabalpur Narmada

Kanpur Ganga

Kota Chambal

Leh Indus

Lucknow Gomti

Ludhiana Sutlej

Nasik Godavari

Panchiharpur Bhima

Patna Ganges

Srinagar Jhelum

Surat Tapti

Tiruchirapalli Cauvery

Varanasi Ganga

Vijayawada Krishna

Issues Issues

Water Conflicts:Water Conflicts:

The Ganges River possesses strong economic and The Ganges River possesses strong economic and religious importance. The Ganges River as a water source religious importance. The Ganges River as a water source has been strongly disputed between India and Bangladesh. has been strongly disputed between India and Bangladesh. With increasing demands of water in Calcutta for industrial With increasing demands of water in Calcutta for industrial and domestic use, and irrigation use in the Indian state of and domestic use, and irrigation use in the Indian state of West Bengal, water conflicts between the two countries West Bengal, water conflicts between the two countries have increased. With large amounts of pollution in this river have increased. With large amounts of pollution in this river system, the available water is unsanitary and can increase system, the available water is unsanitary and can increase illness, as well as trigger mass migration. illness, as well as trigger mass migration.

Issues Issues Ground water Pollution:Ground water Pollution:• Non-point pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides used in

agriculture, often dispersed over large areas, is a great threat to fresh groundwater ecosystems. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers in farms and indiscriminate disposal of human and animal waste on land result in leaching of the residual nitrate causing high nitrate concentrations in groundwater.

• Nitrate concentration is above the permissible level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95 districts and two blocks of Delhi.

DDT, BHC, carbonate, Endosulfan, etc. are the most common pesticides used in India. But, the vulnerability of groundwater to pesticide and fertilizer pollution is governed by soil texture, pattern of fertilizer and pesticide use, their degradation products, and total organic matter in the soil.

Issues Issues Ground water Pollution:Ground water Pollution:The crucial role groundwater plays as a decentralized source of drinking water for millions rural and urban families cannot be overstated. According to some estimates, it accounts for nearly 80 per cent of the rural domestic water needs, and 50 per cent of the urban water needs in India. Groundwater is generally less susceptible to contamination and pollution when compared to surface water bodies. Also, the natural impurities in rainwater, which replenishes groundwater systems, get removed while infiltrating through soil strata. But, In India, where groundwater is used intensively for irrigation and industrial purposes, a variety of land and water-based human activities are causing pollution of this precious resource. Its over-exploitation is causing aquifer contamination in certain instances, while in certain others its unscientific development with insufficient knowledge of groundwater flow dynamic and geo-hydrochemical processes has led to its mineralization.

Issues Issues Ground water Pollution:Ground water Pollution:

Issues Issues Poor management, Population increase, urban growth, Poor management, Population increase, urban growth, crumbling infrastructure and depleting resources:crumbling infrastructure and depleting resources:• 70% of India’s irrigation needs and 80% of its domestic water supplies

come from groundwater. Average water consumption around the world is about 53 liters per head per day. In India, we expect to soon have only about 20.

• We have had droughts for a long time, and now with global climate change, things will become even more difficult. The glaciers are receding from the Himalayan Mountains. They are about one fifth the size they were about 60 years ago.

• The waters from the Himalayan glaciers provide water for about 70 percent of all the people in Asia. In India, we have three major rivers - the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra – and it is likely that they will drain to small rivers. In most of northern India, there will be no water according to some leading water experts.

• The flood area has increased from 25 million hectares to 60 million hectares in the last 30 years. That is an indication that the water is draining away, and these will become dry areas. This is expected to happen in less than 30 years.

Issues Issues Inadequate storage capacity:Inadequate storage capacity:

Developed, arid countries (United States, Australia) have built over 5000 cubic metres of water storage per capita. Middle-income countries like South Africa, Mexico, Morocco and Developed, arid countries (United States, Australia) have built over 5000 cubic metres of water storage per capita. Middle-income countries like South Africa, Mexico, Morocco and China can store about 1000 cubic metres per capita. India’s dams can store only 200 cubic metres per person. India can store only about 30 days of rainfall, compared to 900 days in China can store about 1000 cubic metres per capita. India’s dams can store only 200 cubic metres per person. India can store only about 30 days of rainfall, compared to 900 days in major river basins in arid areas of developed countries.major river basins in arid areas of developed countries.

Issues Issues Aquifer Depletion:Aquifer Depletion:

Already about 15% of India’s food is being produced using non-renewable, “mined”, ground water. There is clearly an urgent need for action. First, India needs a lot more water infrastructure. Compared to other semi-arid countries, India can

store relatively small quantities of its fickle rainfall. New infrastructure needs to be built, from

large multipurpose water projects to small community watershed management and

rainwater harvesting projects.

The presence of coliform suggests that the water is being contaminated with the fecal material of humans, livestocks, pets and other animals. Rivers Yamuna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaggar, Chambal, Mahi, Vardha are amongst the other most coliform polluted water bodies in India. The Mithi River, which flows through the city of Mumbai, is heavily polluted.The levels of BOD are severe near the cities and major towns. In rural parts of India, the river BOD levels were sufficient to support aquatic life.

Collecting plastic bags from dumping ground, river side, ponds is a general scene.

SOLID WASTE IS OF GREAT CONCERN

TO OUR ENVIRONMENT AND SPECIALLY SEWERAGE

SYSTEM.

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2005-Floods-in-Mumbai-massive flood claimed at least 5,000 lives in the

commercial capital of India. A rainfall of 994 mm for 24 hours lashed the

city

PATANA-38 KILLED &1.86 MILLION PEOPLE AFFECTED THIS

YEAR-2011

FLOODS

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• It is observed that a minimum and maximum per capita

water supply figure is reported for Kerala state as 12 lpcd and 372 lpcd.

• It has been assessed that the Unaccounted for water (UFW) through leakage and wastage in Indian cities ranges anywhere between (20-40%) and more than

80% of this occurs in the distribution system and consumer ends. 

• Filter back wash water samples from many of the water treatment plants were collected and analyzed. It can be seen that some of the samples have rather high

BOD. The quantity of filter backwash water is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycled to the inlet of water

treatment plant, as about 20 times dilution would be available at the inlet. This is being practiced at Peddapur water treatment plant, Hyderabad. 

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CHOICE OF WATER SOURCE FOR DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PROCESS-Is water sources reducing?

EXCELLENT

SOURCE

GOOD SOURCE

POOR SOURCE

REJECTABLE SOURCE

AVERAGE BOD(5DAYS)(mg/L)

0.75 TO 1.5 1.5

TO 2.5

2.5 TO 4 >4

AVERAGE COLIFORM,MOST PROBABLE NUMBER(MNP)

(PER 100ml.)

50 TO 100 100

TO

5000

5000

TO

20000

>20000

pH 6 TO 8.5 5 TO 6 &

8.5 TO 9

3.8 TO 5 &

9 TO 10.3<3.8

>10.3CLORIDES (mg/L) <50 50 TO 250 250 TO

600>600

FLORIDES (mg/L) <1.5 1.5 TO 3 >3 -

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* An estimated 14652 MLD sewage is generated from 112 Class I cities having STPs. The combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these Class I cities is 6047 MLD. Therefore, a capacity gap of 8605 MLD exists in 112 Class I cities having STPs.* An estimated 143 MLD sewage is generated from 22 Class II towns having STPs whereas the combined treatment capacity of the STPs in these 22 Class II towns is 234 MLD.* There remain 302 Class I cities and 467 Class II towns having no sewage treatment facilities. An estimated 11512 MLD sewage is generated from 302 Class I cities not having STPs and 2822 MLD sewage is generated from 467 Class II towns not having STPs.

ARE WE SATISFIED WITH PACE OF DEVELOPMENT

WE HAVE ACHIEVED TODAY IN INDIA IN SEWERAGE SECTOR?

• 4861 out of the 5161 cities/towns in India do not have even a partial sewerage network.• Almost 50 per cent of households in cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad do not have sewerage connections• About 18 per cent of urban households do not have access to any form of latrine facility and defecate in the open• Less than 20 per cent of the road network is covered by storm water drains –– MoUD, Government of India (2010b)• Only 21 per cent of the waste water generated is treated, compared with 57 per cent in South Africa –– MoUD, Government of India (2010b) –– IBNET (2009)

• Of the 79 sewage treatment plants under state ownership reviewed in 2007, 46 were operating under very poor conditions –– CII and CEEW (2010)

5.Water Diseases & our concern.

S.No. Category Description Example Diseases

1. Water-borne Enteric infection Spread through fecal contamination of water

Typhoid, campylobacter, Giardiasis, cryptosporidium, cholera, enterohemorraghic & enterotoxigenic E Coli, norovirus, etc.

2. Water- washed Infections that spread in communities that have insufficient water for personal hygiene

Trachoma, scabies, shigella

3. Water- based Diseases where causative organism requires part of life cycle to be spent in water

Schistosomiasis, dracunculosis

4. Water- related Vector borne diseases where insect vector requires access to water

Malaria, onchocerciasis, trapanosomiasis

Classification of Water - DiseasesClassification of Water - Diseases5

66.Urban Population increase,

Where we stand?

• India’s population at 00.00 hours of 1st March, 2011 is 1,21,01,93,422 consisting of 62,37,24,248 males and

58,64,69,174 females. • Population of Madhya Pradesh is 7,25,97,565 comprising 3,76,12,920 males and 3,49,84,645 females, contributing 6

percent to India’s total population.

• In terms of population size, the state has moved up to 6th rank in this census from its 7th position in Census 2001.

Census 2011 covered 35 States/Union Territories, 640 districts, 5,924 sub-

districts(tahsil), 7,935 Towns and 6,40,867 Villages.

•In 2000, world population reached 6.1 billion, and is growing at an annual rate of 1.2 per cent, or 77 million

people per year. •In 1950, 68% of the world’s population was in developing

countries, with 8% in least developed countries.

Urbanization: Facts and Figures

Global Facts and Figures •In 1800, only 2% of the world’s population was urbanized

•In 1950, only 30% of the world population was urban. •In 2000, 47%. of the world population was urban

•By 2030, it is expected that 60% of the world population will live in urban areas.

•Almost 180,000 people are added to the urban population each day

•It is estimated that there are almost a billion poor people in the world, of this over 750 million live in urban areas

without adequate shelter and basic services.

Urban Agglomerations, or More Mega Cities •In 1950, there was only one city with a population of over 10 million

inhabitants:  New York City. •By 2015, it is expected that there will be 23 cities with a population over

10 million. •Of the 23 cities expected to reach 10 million plus by 2015, 19 of them

will be in developing countries. •In 2000 there were 22 cities with a population of between 5 and 10

million; there were 402 cities with a population of 1 to 5 million; and 433 cities in the .5 to 1 million category.

No more than 300 of the country's 7935 cities(INCREASE 0F 2774 CENSUS TOWNS IN 2011) and towns have sewer systems, and many of those systems do not have treatment plants. The bulk of municipal sewage flows untreated into rivers, lakes or the sea. GLOBAL POPULATION-----6,962,900,000 (100 %)• INDIA’S POPULATION-----1,210,193,422 (17.38%) •DURING 1990-2000 GLOBLE POPULATION INCREASED BY 15 % (5.226 TO 6.055 BILLION) • IN LAST DECADE INCREASE IN URBAN POPULATION - 27.5 %.• WHILE RURAL POPULATION INCREASE IS ONLY - 8 %

FACT FILE

• INDIA POPULATION Total :1,210,193,422- Census reveals that 17.38% of the world is Indian

• Rural: 833,087,662 68.84%

• Urban: 377,105,760 31.16%

•

All Towns: MADHYA PRADESH

•Census 2001 394

•Census 2011 476Increase: 82

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India:

For the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in population is more in urban areas that in rural areas

• Rural – Urban distribution: 68.84% & 31.16%

• Level of urbanization increased from 27.81% in 2001 Census to 31.16% in 2011 Census

• The proportion of rural population declined from 72.19% to 68.84%

India's Total Population 121 Crores.                        Daily Death - 62389                        Daily Birth - 86853

Census reveals that 17.38% of the world is Indian

77.What is wetland & Ramsar

convention?

A wetland is an area of water saturated with water either permanently or seasonally. Wetlands are categorized by their characteristic vegetation, which is adapted to these unique soil conditions. The water found in wetlands can be saltwater, freshwater, or brackish. Wetlands include swamps, marshes, and bogs, among others.

Ramsar Convention: In Ramsar city(in Mazandaran Province) in Iran international wetland conservation treaty, an international agreement signed on 2nd Feb.1971 by 160 countries and this day is observed as Wetland Day.

Wetlands are defined as follows:Wetlands are defined as follows: Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, Article 1.1: "...wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peat landpeat land

or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres."of which at low tide does not exceed six metres."

Article 2.1: "[Wetlands] may incorporate riparian and Article 2.1: "[Wetlands] may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six meter's at low tide bodies of marine water deeper than six meter's at low tide lying within the wetlands".lying within the wetlands".

What is wetland & Ramsar Convention?What is wetland & Ramsar Convention?

The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance now includes 1,950 sites (known as Ramsar Sites) covering

around 1,900,000 km2 (730,000 sq mi),

Ashtamudi Wetland. 19/08/02. Kerala. 61,400 ha. 08°57'N 076°35'E(Ramsar site no. Ashtamudi Wetland. 19/08/02. Kerala. 61,400 ha. 08°57'N 076°35'E(Ramsar site no. 1204.)1204.)

BhitarkanikaMangroves.19/08/02.Orissa.65,000 ha. 20°39'N 086°54'E.(Ramsar site BhitarkanikaMangroves.19/08/02.Orissa.65,000 ha. 20°39'N 086°54'E.(Ramsar site no.1205.)no.1205.)

Bhoj Wetland. 19/08/02. Madhya Pradesh. 3,201 ha. 23°14'N 077°20'E.

(Ramsar site no.1206.)(Ramsar site no.1206.)

Chilika Lake. 01/10/81; Orissa; 116,500 ha; 19º42'N 085º21'E.(Ramsar site no. 229. )Chilika Lake. 01/10/81; Orissa; 116,500 ha; 19º42'N 085º21'E.(Ramsar site no. 229. )

Deepor Beel. 19/08/02. Assam. 4,000 ha. 26°08'N 091°39'E.(Ramsar site no. 1207.)Deepor Beel. 19/08/02. Assam. 4,000 ha. 26°08'N 091°39'E.(Ramsar site no. 1207.)

East Calcutta Wetlands.19/08/02.West Bengal.12,500 ha. 22°27'N 088°27'E.(Ramsar East Calcutta Wetlands.19/08/02.West Bengal.12,500 ha. 22°27'N 088°27'E.(Ramsar site no.1208.)site no.1208.)

Harike Lake. 23/03/90; Punjab; 4,100 ha; 31º13’N 075º12’E. (Ramsar site no. 462.)Harike Lake. 23/03/90; Punjab; 4,100 ha; 31º13’N 075º12’E. (Ramsar site no. 462.)

Kanjli. 22/01/02;. Punjab; 183 ha; 31°25'N 075°22'E(Ramsar site no. 1160.)Kanjli. 22/01/02;. Punjab; 183 ha; 31°25'N 075°22'E(Ramsar site no. 1160.)

Keoladeo National Park. 01/10/81; Rajasthan; 2,873 ha; 27º13’N 077º32’E. Keoladeo National Park. 01/10/81; Rajasthan; 2,873 ha; 27º13’N 077º32’E.

Wetland Sites in IndiaWetland Sites in India

India presently has 19+6 sites designated as Wetlands of International Importance, with a surface area of 648,507

hectares.

Salient Features of Upper & Lower Lakes

UPPER LAKE V/S LOWER LAKEITEM UPPER LAKE LOWER LAKE

Year of construction 11TH Century AD In 1794 ADType of dam Earthen dam Earthen damLocation Latitude – Longitude -

23°12' – 23°16' N77°18' – 77°23' E

23º 14' --- 23º16'N77º 24' --- 77º 25' E

Catchment’s area 361 sq. km. 9.6 Sq. Km.Submergence area at FTL 31 sq. km 1.287 Sq. Km.No. of inflow points 14 28Main source of inflow Raiin water Rain water during rains,

Seepage from the Upper Lakeand domestic sewage

Storage Capacity 117 3.5 MCM.Sewage inflow (average Peak flow) 18 MLD About 50 MLDMain use of water Potable Washing of clothes, boatingShore line 59 km. 6.15 Km.Maximum length 1.615 Km.Maximum width 0.954 Km.Maximum depth 9.4 m.Elevation of top of waste weir 499.88 m.Water level of lower lake 499.88 m.

11.7 m.

13.918.48

508.05504.383

101.60

Full tank level

Elevation of top of spillway/waste weir

Problems of Lakes

Dhobighat

Bathing

Inflow of untreated sewage

Debries due to idol emersion

Trapa cultivation & boating

COMPLETED SUB PROJECTS• 1 Deep. & Widening of Spill Channel

• 2 Restoration of Takia Island• 3 Desilting & Dredging

• 4 Afforestation• 5 Catchment Area Treatment• 6 Solid Waste Management

• 7 Link Road from Retghat to Lalghati• 8 Lake View Promenade

• 9 Biological Control thru’ Aquaculture

• 10 Deweeding• 11 Installation of Floating Fountains

• 12 Fringe Area Protection• 13 Prevention of Pollution (Sewerage)

Scheme & Garland Drain• 14 Prevention of Pollution from

Dhobighats• 15 Const. Of Bhadbhada bridge

• 16 Interpretation Centre

CONTINIOUS SUB PROJECTS•17 Water Quality Monitoring

•18 Public Awareness & Participation

Project worksProject works (16+2)

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• Sewerage system is an intricate Civil Engineering work which is designed for two extreme conditions of minimum flow in the initial range of population and maximum flow for design period loads .

• Sewerage scheme is designed only for DWF i.e. designed as separate system and not as combined system for Techno-economic reasons .

• In case of combined system we shall have to spend 3.5 times more for collection and transmission of sewage and then also due to dilution of sewage , mal function of STP.

• A Sewerage System is technically viable if per capita water supply in the area is least 135 lpcd and water supplied through house connections.

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Must Consider following Points:

• Sewerage System is financially viable if the area has reasonable population density.

• In case sewer connections are not done for a longer period without any flow , the assets created may become non functional. In any sewerage system waste water is to be collected from house holds in sewer lines and therefore most important component of the system is sewer connections to function the total sewerage system

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Must Consider following Points(2/2):

• Works on PPP-success models.

• Water Leaks & losses need to be tackled.

• 24x7 water supply in all cities based on pilot projects

• Water audit

• Rehab to existing water systems

FOR TIME AND ATTENTION GIVEN

[email protected]

Tel.-R-0755-2499282 Mob. 98262-64526