Stress and Anxiety
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Stress and Anxiety
Final Papers, final question
• Question 3 on the final
Final Papers, final question
• Conscious processing a “self-focus” model.– State anxiety leads to an inward focus, in an
attempt to control performance using explicit knowledge.• Interference w automatic processing, leads to
inappropriate controlled processing. (see DST, see Bernstein, see Wulf and so on)• See also Fitts & Posner (1968) – cognitive & automatic
stages of learning
Final Papers, final question
Final Papers, final question
• Conscious processing a “self-focus” model.– Mullen et al.’s findings (putting accuracy)
Conscious processing Distraction
Supports an attentional
interpretation. Not conscious
processing.
Final Papers, final question• Conscious processing a “self-focus” model.– Mullen et al.’s paper
• The discussion is good, and is worth a read.– “Self vs. other” focus relevant to all our stress-related models
• Also see:
• Holistic process goals less harmful than specific process goals
Final Papers, final question
• Stereotype threat, a self-focus model with a bias– You’re self-focus will only impair you if you are aware
of the stereotype and you’re the one who is being stereotyped• Associated with increased mental workload in those who
suffer it (decreased HRV)• It’s a cognitive control issue – impairment is within the
working memory – for cognitive tasks– What about non-cognitive tasks?
Final Papers, final question
• Stereotype threat, a self-focus model with a bias– Sport tasks…• Distraction theory (“Other-focus” - WM capacity needed
for performance, distracting thoughts reduce available capacity under anxiety conditions)• Explicit monitoring theory (“self-focus” – increased
explicit attention to procedural task – performance breakdown)– Can both operate, but have different effects depending on task
type.
Final Papers, final question
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2006
Final Papers, final question
• Stereotype threat, a self-focus model with a bias– Beilock et al.– Expt. 1
Mention of stereotype threat
impaired performance
Final Papers, final question
• Stereotype threat, a self-focus model with a bias– Beilock et al.– Expts. 2 & 3
Adding a dual task under stereotype threat improved performance – the distraction helped.
Final Papers, final question
• Stereotype threat, a self-focus model with a bias
Final Papers, final question
• Ironic processing– Intentional operating process • Thoughts supporting desired outcome• effortful
– Ironic monitoring process• Thoughts not supporting the desired outcome• Unconscious
– If mental capacity is lessened (stress), the operator is undermined while the monitor continues unaffected, so ironic thoughts increase and impair performance
Final Papers, final question
• Ironic processing– Wegner et al. • Expt. 1
– Mental load vs. no mental load, visual monitoring vs. none– Ironic processing increased overshoot, monitoring (glowing
putter) didn’t.
Final Papers, final question
• Ironic processing– Wegner et al. • Expt. 2
– Mental load (count backwards in 3s) vs. physical load (hold a brick)
– Ironic processing increased overshoot, monitoring (glowing putter) didn’t.
Final Papers, final question
• Ironic processing– Wegner et al. • Expt. 2
“more unwanted movements occurred when people attempted to avoid such movements under load”
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